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Electric Vehicles By Kody Baker, P.Eng, and John A Foster, P.Eng October 25, 2013
Electric Vehicles
By Kody Baker, P.Eng, and John A Foster, P.Eng
October 25, 2013
Outline● Introductions (John, Kody, Presentation)● Growth
○ vehicles now, future, battery tech
● Charging standards, incentives, regulations● Grid Impact
○ v2G Lite
● Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis○ Carbon footprint for BC and elsewhere○ Trip and usage analysis
● Q&A
Introductions
● Kody: Has managed EV projects with REV Technologies and now Perkuna Engineering.○ Military Microgrid w/ V2G, Airport GSE, Mining...
● John: Produced Neighbourhood EV’s at Dynasty Electric Car, now with ClearLead Consulting;○ Energy DSM for Buildings, Marine, EV
Introduction
● What is an EV?○ Not a hybrid! BEV - Battery Electric Vehicle○ Well, maybe. PHEV - Plug-in Hybrid EV○ 2 wheels, 4 wheels … 100 wheels
● Why EV’s?
1st Age of EVs
2nd Age of EVs (1990-2005)
3rd Age of EVs (2008+)
The 2nd to 3rd Age of EVsGM EV1 (1997) Nissan Leaf
(2008)Tesla Model S (2012)
Battery Type Lead Acid & NiMH Lithium-Ion Lithium-Ion
Battery Size 16.5 kWh 24 kWh 85 kWh
Range 100 km 150 km 430 km
Charging Standard
Proprietary J1772 L2 & CHAdeMO
Proprietary, with adapters available
Charging Power 1 kW 6.6 kW 90 kW
Price $35k $28k+ $65k+
Status Quo
Growth - Near Future
● New entrants: BMW, Audi, Toyota, Volvo…● Cumulative EV Sales (as of July, 2013):
○ BC: 655○ Canada: 4,543○ USA: 140,955
● Annual sales of PEVs in 2022 projected:○ BC: 33,200○ Canada: 230,479○ USA: 416,153
(Navigant Research forecast 3Q 2013)
Battery Tech
Charging standardsJ1772 L2 J1772 L3 CHAdeMO Tesla (AC | DC)
Voltage 240 VAC 200-600 VDC Up to 500 VDC 240 VAC | 400 VDC
Max Current 80 A 400 A 125 A 84 A | 300 A
Max Power 19.2 kW 240 kW 62.5 kW 20kW | 120 kW
Typical Power 4.8 - 6.6 kW N/A 44 kW 10 kW | 90 kW
Incentives
BC EV Incentives:
● Organized by the BC Clean Energy Vehicle Program (www.cevforbc.ca)
● Available until March 31, 2014● $5000 incentive towards vehicles● $500 incentive towards home EVSE
Also available: $4500 for MURB EVSEs
Previous Incentives
● $2.7 million Community Charging Infrastructure Fund
● Results: 456 Level 2 EVSEs installed across BC
MURB=Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (apartments)
Current regulations: BC Electric Code: each EV circuit rated as continuous
Extremely costly to retrofit for many EV’s
Future: could load-share by wireless
New buildings in Vancouver: 20% of stalls must have receptacles (L1) + space in electrical room for 100%
Regulations: MURB Charging
Grid Impact
Generation demand
● Demand: Mostly at night● Distribution: Local clusters● Capacity: 15% increase if all cars→ EV’s
Grid Impact - V2G
● Can improve the efficiency, stability, and reliability of a grid
● A V2G-capable vehicle offers reactive power support, active power regulation, tracking of variable renewable energy sources, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering.
● These technologies can enable ancillary services, such as voltage and frequency control and spinning reserve.
Carbon footprint for BC
Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis
What do we want:
10% or 10X?10% increment or factor of 10 improvement?
Car Carbon in BC: EV vs ICE
Life Cycle CO2:
EV Car: 16 Tonnes (Hydro power)
vs Escalade: 163 Tonnes
Factor of 10x! Sounds great!
… but this is only in the most extreme case
Outside BC - coal fired EV’s: ~ 10% better than ICE?
(Colorado; 67% coal, 23% NG)
→ EV cars do not make any appreciable difference to Climate
Change … without a shift to renewables
Car Carbon Lifecycle: EV vs ICE
GHG ENERGY
Effects of Occupancy and Speed
Electric mobility choice:
● EV cars: only 10% improvement● EV transit and eBikes: Factor of 10 improvement● Locking in to EV cars prevents 2) ● Hyperloop: > 10x?
Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis
Bicycle: 10x to 100x less energy than car
Hydro electricity + LiIon batteries takes
4 times less energy than human pedalling!due to energy in food processing and transportation
(local organic diet is about on par with hydro electric)
Lemire-Elmore, Justin. (2004). “The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles.” (Includes battery embedded energy.)
eBikes
Trip and Usage Analysis
● Median commute distance in BC: 6.5 km● Average commute time in BC: 23.4 min.● 93.4% of all BC commutes under 60 minutes
Key Takeaways
- Questions -
APEGBC DEERE(Division of Efficiency and Renewable Energy)
How to get involved:http://www.apeg.bc.ca/services/divisions/deere/index.html
Contact Info
Kody Baker, P.Eng
John Foster, P.Eng
Referenceshttp://www.greencarreports.com/news/1087416_plug-in-electric-car-sales-in-canada-sep-2013-volt-repeat
http://www.livesmartbc.ca/learn/emissions.html
Barry Saxifrage: http://www.vancouverobserver.com/blogs/climatesnapshot/do-electric-cars-cause-more-or-less-climate-pollution-gasoline-cars-take-look?page=0,1
O’Regan, Moles, Jakeman, and Walsh “Comparison of CO2 emissions associated with motorized transport modes and cycling in Ireland.”Lemire-Elmore, Justin. (2004). “The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles.”http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf
Mike Salisbury, Southwest Energy Efficiency Project Feb 2013 "Transportation Fuels for Colorado's Future"Jonn AXSEN* and Kenneth S. KURANI 2011, “Interpersonal influence within car buyers’ social networks”http://swenergy.org/publications/documents/Transportation_Fuels_for_Colorado_Feb_2013.pdfPatrick Condon, Eric Doherty, Kari Dow, Marc Lee and Gordon Price, April 2011 “Building Complete Communities and a Zero-Emission Transportation System in BC”http://ecoplanning.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/CCPA-BC_Transportation.pdfhttp://www.teslamotors.com/blog/hyperloopGuy Impey 2013 “Electric Vehicle Charging – Impact Review for Multi-User Residential Buildings in British Columbia“http://sustain.ubc.ca/courses-teaching/seeds/seeds-library
