OF GUJARAT ... Kand Formation Maniara Fort ... Erinpora and Sendra Ambaji granite which have been...

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GUJARAT

Riding along Western part of India, one can reach the incredibly beautiful State of Gujarat, situated between Latitudes North 20° 2 Min. 24° 44 Min. and East Longitudes 63° 04 and 74° 30, having an aerial extent of 1,96,024 Sq. Km.

The western and southern parts of Gujarat are bordered by a1550 Km long coastal track along the Arabian sea which forms 1 13rd of Indian coast line.

The coastal track borders the Kutch Peninsula, the Saurashtra Peninsula and the central plains of Gujarat.

The state boasts of infinite natural riches.

Set amidst picturesque landscape, the State has safely hidden in its womb the statigraphic geological sequences except Triassic.

Blessed with nature's most valuable gift, Gujarat can be described as one of the mineral bowls of India.

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF GUJARAT

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

The State of Gujarat is divided into six physiography units:-

1. The Southern Aravalis and the adjoining hilly tract Covers Aravali range generally rising 400 mtrs. above MSL. and forms the main catchment area of rivers viz. Banas, Sabarmati and Mahi.

2. The Deccan plateau and adjoining tract of Southern Gujarat A wide expanse of high level dissected lava flows in the East with a low level dissected plateau in the West. The most prominent rivers Narmada, Tapi, dissect this tract in East-West direction.

3. The Central Plains of Gujarat Alluvial plains of Tapi, Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati rivers, the Banas debouches into Rann of Kutch whereas all the other rivers join the Gulf of Cambay.

4. The Saurashtra Peninsula It comprises a high level, dissected lava plateau and flat top hills of sand stone in the North-East. Southern part covers Barda hills, Alech hills, the Girnar hills and the Gir ranges. It has a radial drainage pattern .

5. The Kutch Peninsula It is a Central high Plateau dissected on all sides except east.

6 . The Rann of Kutch Three levels of silted and raised Rann surfaces (Banni plains) and a few islands excluding three (Pachham, Khadir and Bela) rising slightly above the general level of Rann.

GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF GUJARAT

Gujarat is in the foreland of peninsular which, has to rock relief, is believed to be in part of first form crust of the earth. The oldest mountain range of India , the Aravalis came into

existence some 600,000,000 years ago. And the penetrating spurs

and ridges of the same crystalline series in

North and East Gujarat indicate that Gujarat was an integral part during that gigantic episode.

The present configuration of peninsula started

taking its shape approximately

120,000 ,000 years earlier due to the breaking

up of the Gondwana land. This Gondwana land was a

connected and continuous series of South continent from South America to Australia. Then with the emergence of Himalayas and the Shivalik, in about 15,000,000 years, the isostatic balance was restored, the modern India frontier was sculptured out and the special type of climate, the monsoon, came in to being.

By this circumstances, not only the ancient piece of Gujarat became sea facing but a few more detailed retouches, afterwards, controlled and directed far reaching consequences in both political and economic


development. An island Rajasthan sea receded through Kutch leaving the Indus to flow into Gulf of Cam bay and the twin sisters Tapi and Narmada completely reversed their courses from East to West. Then many throbs of earth movement pulsated and raised the coastal strip and this led the former island of Saurashtra and Kutch to get connected with the mainland and the little and great Rann to appear on the surface. As a result of these elevations the Indus was gradually pushed westward, the Saraswati got land locked and dried up and following process of desiccation, a vast desert unrolled its carpet of yellow sand from the North tip of Gujarat to far beyond. Gujarat's eXisting topography is a composite effect of all the chronological happenings and offers breathtaking diversity in land form s through a bird's eye view.

In the middle, there is a great alluvium tract formed by the water courses from Banas to Narmada. It is definitely an India Gangatic condition on a smaller scale and the only fortunate one in the whole of peninsula. The rugged eastern flag is supported by mineral / ore rich metamorphic formations which in Narmada valley give place to the step like Deccan basalt. On the west, wavy sand dunes and mirage producing salt land stop before the linear arrangement of the massive marine Mesozoic rocks and then bedded basalt again in Kutch and Saurashtra. Near the periphery, the Girnar hill is a unique culmination of intrusive differentiations. Lastly, the coast girdle is made of tertiary deposit which is in the limelight at present for various minerals.

Ref: Gujarat-its Geogrpahy and Geology by Prof. S. Mukherjee


GEOLOGY OF GUJARAT

The Gujarat State exposes rock belonging to the Precambrian, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Eras. Stratigraphically , the record is incomplete as the rocks of Paleozoic era are totally absent in Gujarat. The hard rock covers about 49 % of total area of Gujarat. The rest being occupied by sediments of Quaternary period. The hard rocks comprise Precambriam Metamorphites and associated Intrusives, sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and the trap I flows constituting Deccan Volcanics of Cretaceous, Eocene age .

Era Period Epoch Super Group I Group I Intrusives I Formation Extrusives

Cenozoic

Mesozoic Cenozoic

Quaternary

Tertiary

Holocene

Pleistocene

Pliocene MioPliocene

Miocene

Eocene

Palaeocene-Eocene Paleocene Cretaceous-Eocene

Undifferentiated Sediments! Rann deposits

Chhaya Formation I i

Sand han Formation Dw arka Formation

i Formation Gaj Formation Kand Formation

Maniara Fort Formation

Kharinadi Formation

Tarkeshw ar Formation Fulra Formation Kakdinadi Formation Nummulitic Formation

I Matanomadh Formation

Deccan Traps, associated volcanic and inter

trappeans

Cretaceous Lameta formation Upper Bagh Formation

Wadhwan Group, Bhuj Lower-middle formation

Dhrangadhra Group, Lower Himmatnagar

formation Katrol (Jhuran) form ation

Cretaceous

Jurassic Upper Chari (Jumara)

Middle Pachchham (Jhurio) formation

Neoproterozoic Syn-to-Oist-Delhi Idar Granite intrusive Erinpura

Granite & Gneiss, Godhra Granite & Gneiss

Sendra-Palaeo-proterozoic Sirohi Group Ambaji Meso-proterozoic Kumbhalgarh Group Granite &

Gogunda Group Gneiss Delhi Phulad Supergroup Ophiolite

Complex

Paleo-Proterozoic

Aravali Supergroup

Champaner Group Lunavada Group Jharol Group Dadhaliya Udaipur Group Ultramafic

suite

Pre-Lunavada Gneissic Complex, Pre-Champaner Gneissic Complex


ARCHAEAN -PROTEROZOIC

Pre-Champaner gneissic complex represent a suite of rocks comprising gneisses which form the basement for Champaner group. Three phases of structural deformation are recorded from this suite of rocks. Pre Lonavada gneissic complex underlies the Lonavada group of Meta sedimentaries. At least three granitic intrusive phases have been identified with this complex. ----

(A) PROTEROZOIC

1. Palaeo Proterozoic Aravali Super Group

The Aravali Super Group of rocks in Gujarat is divided in to four groups viz. Udaipur , Jharol , Lonavada and Champaner groups.

Palaeo Proterozoic - Meso Proterozoic Delhi Super Group

Palaeo Proterozoic - Meso Proterozoic rocks are represented by Delhi Super Group and is exposed in main Aravali hill ranges . The meta sediments and meta volcanic of Delhi Super Group in Gujarat, are intruded by variants of Erinpora and Sendra Ambaji granite which have been classified into Gogunda, Kumbhalgarh and Sirohi groups in ascending order of super position.

3 . Neo-Proterozoic Syn to Post Delhi Intrusives

Godhra granite gneiss Godhra granite gneiss occurs in Chhotaudepur, Godhra and adjacent areas.

Erinpura granite and gneiss Erinpura granite and gneiss represent the late to post Delhi acid intrusives.

Idar Granite Idar Granite occurs around Idar as detached hillocks, tors, bosses, knobs and rugged pinnacled hills.

(B) MESOZOIC

After the major depositional , metamorphic and deformative episodes or Archaean and Proterozoic , there was a hiatus up to the close of Triassic in the geological activity in Gujarat. During Jurassic and cretaceous period of Mesozoic era the area witnessed intense geological activity in terms of sedimentation and volcanism. Mesozoic sediments occupy about 14,800 sq. mtr. area in part of Kutch , Sabarkantha , Panchmahal, Vadodara , Surendranagar, Rajkot dists, and the Deccan Traps occupy 61 ,000 sq. mtr. in Kutch and Saurashtra peninsulas and in the southern and eastern parts of the State .

Kutch Mesozoic of Kutch ranges in age form middle Jurassic to late cretaceous and are bordered by the Deccan Trap in south and by the saline marsh or Rann of Kutch, in north. Mesozoic of Kutch is known for rich fossil record of marine Jurassics in India. The Mesozoic rocks have been classified as Patchum Charee, Katrol and Umiya groups. ' Subsequently , Biswas (1971) revised the stratigraphy of Kutch and proposed new nomenclature by classifying different litho-stratigraphic units in to Jhurio , Jhumra, Jhuran and Bhuj formation.

Patchum IJhurio) formation comprises inter-calated sequence of silted stone, shale, marlite, clay stone, coralline limestone, calcareous sand stone and grey and pink limestone . Charee IJhumra) formation comprises a sequence of shale siltstone, sandstone alternating with golden oolite. KatrollJhuran) formation: it is divided in to four litho stratigraphic units. The basal unit comprises inter calacted sequence of grey, gypsicious, shale and siltstone with ocherous nodules. The second unit is dominantly calcareous sandstone with inter-calation of shale. The third unit comprises dominantly gypsicious shale w ith minor silty and sandy inter-calation and ocherous bands. The upper most unit consists of calcareous quartzic sandstone and conglomerate inter calated with shale and siltstone. Umiya IBhuj) formation sandstone iron stone , trappable conglomerates.

comprises clays and

Mesozoic of Saurashtra It consists of mainly two groups; Dhangadhra group and Wadhwan group as early Cretaceous and middle Cretaceous age. Mesozoic rocks or Saurashtra are sandstone, limestone, shale etc.

MESOZOIC - TERTIARY

Deccan Traps The Cretaceous - Eocene period witnessed major volcanic activity in form of widespread outpouring or lava in vast area of w estern India . It covers about 61,000 sq. mtr. area in Gujarat. The trap country is characterized by flat top hills and step like terraces formed as a result of variation in hardness of different flows and also within the same


flows. At some places it is circular / conical hills like Girnar , Barda, Pavagadh, Osham hills in Kutch . In eastern Gujarat, the Deccan trap occurs isolated outcrop in Vadodara and Panchmahal districts. While sporadic occurrences are found in Kheda and Sabarkantha districts. Tholeiite Gabbro, Granofire, and Nephaline syenites are important rocks.

TERTIARY

After diastropic activity and eruption of Deccan trap lava flows, the tertiary sedimentation commenced in Gujarat. Well developed tertiary sections are exposed in Kutch mainland and in parts of Saurashtra and Cam bay basin.

Kutch Tertiary rocks of Kutch are known for their rich marine fossil assemblage. After the eruption of lava flows of Deccan volcanic activity, there was a period marked by a phase of extensive lateritisition under tropical condition. Subsequently, the tertiary sediments were deposited over the Mesoazoic sedimentary rocks and Deccan traps along the coastal strip of Kutch mainland. Tertiary formation of Kutch consist of three different facies, the lower one is volcanic and is represented by the lavas of Deccan trap. The middle and main part is typical marine, transgressional facies and represent stratigraphic units to the Laki Kirthar, Nari and Gaj series of Sindh, Baluchistan. The upper part is fluviatile and represent the stratigraphic equivalent to Manchar series of Sindh Baluchistan.


South Gujarat Tertiary rocks in Surat Bharuch area of south Gujarat comprises of laterite, clay sandstone, limestone etc. The Tadkeshwar formation comprises of shale and sandstone with intercalation of calcareous sediment. Bentonite, ocherous clay , the Babaguru formation consist of gravel , sandstone, shale interbedded w ith conglomerate shale. Kand formation comprises of flaggy fossiliferous limestone. The Jhagadia formation conformably overlies the Kand formation and consists of calcareous sandstone and conglomerate clay . Cam bay Basin covers the alluvial plains of Gujarat which is a potential area for oil.

QUATERNERY

The quaternary deposits hold a place of great significance in geology of Gujarat . About 1 lakh sq. mtr. area of state is covered by quaternary sediments deposited during Pleistocene and Holocene epoch.

FUELING THE GROWTH


MINERAL RESOURCES

Mineral I Location I Origin I ~~r~~~~~1 I Reserves I Uses I Remarks

Agate Bharuch I Sedimentary The Not Semi Leading Banded Kutch dists. origin conglomerate assessed precious position variety of beds with stone for in India chalcedony Babaguru & decorative

Kand & formation are jewellery Agate bearing purpose in Bharuch dist.

Attapulgitc Not Polygorskete & with assessed and member

Ahmedabad dolomite, sorptive of dists . limestone and properties sorptive

chalk of of clay clay -Eocene age gives fuller's

colloidal earth and sorptive uses as oil well drilling mud, adhesive, sea lants etc.

Barite Kutch & Sedimentary Local No Rubber, Ahigh BaS04 Panchmahal ongm occurrences impoltant glass, specific

or transported barite paper, gravity module of deposits plastic, mineral Barite in noticed paints Kakdi Nadi III

fannation at Gujarat Lifri and Naun in

For & Quartzite copper area, Kui-of Chemical, Chitrasani Kumbhalgadh sugar Belt is group refining also

etc. known For Lead minor electrical occurrence

instruments etc. For Zinc


MINERAL RESOURCES

Mineral I location I Origin I ~~rs~!W~~1 I Reserves I Uses I Remarks

Bauxite - Kutch, Sedimentary Associated IDS mT Chief source 5th

A mixture Jamnagar, with laterite of all of position in of Junagadh, overlying grade aluminium India in gibbsite, Amreli, the Deccan metal and reserves boehemite Bhavnagar, trap or also used in and Kheda and tertiary abrasive and diaspore Surat dists. formation refractory

mT Patan, of basaltic with of fluid mud, bentonite Bhavnagar, lava flows basaltic swelling foundry, is regarded Bharuch, (sedimentary) flows of (sodium) palatisation as one of Jamnagar, Deccan trap and non - and the world 's Kutch, formation swelling chemicals best Mehsana, (Calcium) etc. deposits Sabarkantha, to

Kheda, Bhavnagar Surendranagar &65 mT Porbandar in Kutch

Not assessed mixing with plastic

non-plastic variety of

day to impart desired Kaolin plasticity in pottery porcelene and refractory

Great Once the The Rann, Not Important It is Water Rann of Rann which former sea assessed source of important

Kutch was a bed of basin now NaCI, for sea which being filled MgCb, of various has raised up with CaSO" types of due to alternate Kcal, K, S04 salts earthquake layers of silt, & bromide or natural clay and forces in due sand. course of time


MINERAL RESOURCES

Mineral I Location I Origin I ~:r~:r~~1 I Reserves I Uses I Remarks

Building Almost all Igneous All types of Potentiality Construction Variety of Stone dists. sedimentary rock of work rocks are

and formations building available metamorphic have stone in for building

utilization of the State stone rocks in IS

building prominent stone

Calcite Amreli and Sedimentary It occurs as Calcium Jamnagar vems In manufacture of

Carbonate limestone, mortar, chemical uses

basalt and in manufacture dolomite of bleaching

powder, cement, ceramic glass etc.

Chalk Junagadh, Sedimentary Chalk mT As Gujarat is Fine Porbandar, deposit is of which as filler in the only grained Rajkot, associated 19.24 mT in rubber, textile,

state Porbandar, in manufacture white Jamnagar with 22.35 mT in of cement, also producing limestone dis!s. miliolitic Jarnnagar used in Agri as chalk

limestone or and 42.20 ncutrilizcr

quaternary mTin

age Rajkot di st.

China Mehsana, Sedimentary China clay is 163 mT of In ceramic Important (Kaolinite) Patan, found which 100 industries, as raw

Sabarkan1ha, associated mTin refractory material Surat, with Idar

KUlch, 60 material, as for mTin filler in

Panchmahal, granite or Sabarkantha rubber, paper ceramic Kutch, and2.15 & plastic industry Amreli series and mTin industries

dists. latet ire of Mehsana

cretaceous , "'-, age

j

j '-

/ ~-


MINERAL RESOURCES

Mineral I Location I Origin I ~~r~~~~~1 I Reserves I Uses I Remarks

Coal Sub- Kutch and Sedimentary Associated 3.02 mT Heating

bituminous Saurashtra with Umiya purpose, low

dists. sandstone and temperature

shale carbonization, cooking for

formations producing uppermost high Jurassic to temperature

Albian age in and for

Surendranagar metallurgical

whereas purposes.

associated with upper Jurassic to cretaceous sandstone in Kutch

Diatoma- Bhavnagar Sedimentary Diatomite bed 0.488 mT Filler, life A siliceous ceous earth dist. found to rest saVing sediments

drugs, made up of absorbent in over lateritic preparation diatoms material and of vegetable m,croscop'c in turn is confonnably

oil etc. plants

overlain by clay beds

Dolomite Amreli, Metamorphic It constitutes As

CaCOJ, Vadodara, part of in Vadodara ornamental

MgC03 Narmada, Champaner stores, manufacture

Bharuch, senes cement, Banaskantha, magnesia, paint, Sabarkantha pigments, tiles

and etc.

Panchmahal

Feldspar Banaskantha, Igneous Associated Not assessed Ceramic flux,

NAISi308 Vadodara, with igneous glass, source

N for Panchmahal , rocks for potassium saits, sand

Na, K Sabarkantha, paper etc. Ca and Ba Kheda,

Dahod dists.

MINERAL RESOURCES


Mineral I Location I Origin I ~:r~:~~~1 I Reserves I Uses Remarks

Fire Clay Surendranagar, Sedimentary Associated 155.22 In It endures (Refractory Panchmahal, with upper mT manufacture 1500 Deg. C clay) Bharuch and Gondvana

of refractory or more bricks,

Rajkot dists. sediments electrical without any and occur porcelain, change other below wall tiles, than Dhrangadhra stone wares, dehydration sandstone

insulation products, foundry etc.

Fluorite Baroda dist. Igneous Associated 11.6 Metallurgical

CaF, and Bharuch with mT industries as

and carbonatite flux for manufacture

Panchmahal rocks of of cretaceous hydrofluoric

age acid for fluorine based chemicals, cement etc.

Graphite-C Panchmahal Metamorphic Occurs in 2.13 Used in Naturally and rock of tnT facings, occurnng Vadodara Champaner

crucible etc. carbon Grit free

dist. series consist graphite is Sabarkantha mainly of preferred for and quartzite and lubritants.

Banaskantha phyllite Crystalline

dists. graphite is

motor commutators and crucibles

Gypsum Bhavnagar, Sedimentary Associated 3.37 As plaster of

CaS04, Junagadh, with rock silt, mT paris, Portland

, H,O Jamnagar, limestone and cement, and filler in paper,

Kutch etc. shale, Gaj textile, paint clay is and rubber gypsum industries

bearing area


MINERAL RESOURCES

Mineral location Origin I ~~r~~f~~1 Reserves Uses Remarks

Lignite Kutch, Sedimentary Occurs in 2139.08 Utilized as

(Brown Bhavnagar, Eocene mT substitute coal) Surat, formation of fuel for

Bharuch, tertiary in bituminous Navsari Kutch, coal.

Tadkeshwar formation from upper eocene to oligocene in Bharuch and confined to Cam bay shale of lower Eocene age in Surat and in Bhavnagar confined to Eocene age.

Limestone Kutch, Sedimentary Associated 11987 For

Porbandar, and with all mT manufacture

Junagadh, metamorphic, stratigraphic or Cement, bleaching

Amreli, Igneous horizons powder, Soda Bhavnagar, in Gujarat ash, Caustic Dahod, soda, Cal.

Panchmahal, Carbide etc.

Bharuch, Also as flux in blast

Narmada, fumace. Sabarkantha, Rajkot, Surendra & Kheda dis!.

Manganese Metamorphic Associated 2.5 mT in Different Manganese Ore Vadodara with schist, Panchmahal industries in alloy

MnO" phyllite and like

fanns is an metallurgical, H2O gneiss and chemical essential

quartzite and textile input in rock of steel making Champaner senes

MINERAL RESOURCES

Igneous

Chhotaudepur tal. of Baroda dis!.

Perlite Osam hills Igneous POPCORN of Rajkot mineral

Quartz Amreli, Igneous Si02 Vadodara,

Kheda, Panchmahal, Dahod dists.

Siderite Kutch Sedimentary FeC03


with rocks mT monuments, metamorphic of Ajabgadh

statues, equivalent of

fluorine, series of slabs for limestone and Delhi decoration dolomite

ctc.

Occurs raw

fonn of mT material for

intrusions in glass, pottery and ceramic

gabro and industries diorite of Gimar hills

Formed by Not Ultra light Hydrated the assessed weight glass, a hydration of

aggregates, as volcanic filter aid in

rhyolitic water rock chiefly obsidian treatment and arhyolite

purification, in processing of sugar

Generally 4 mT Manufacture

quartz of glass,

occurs In refractory bricks and

veins lenses metallurgical or ribs fluxes

associated with pegmatite intrusives

Straty fonn 4.65 mT Production of Most of the deposit hydrogen reserves along

steam & mined out hydrogen is

lignite used in bearing Vanaspati (oil shales in and fat

lower manufacture)

tertiary (madh series) in Kutch


MINERAL RESOURCES

Bhavnagar, water

Jamnagar, purification and

Kutch, Dahod, mT manufacture of glass, synthetic

Panchmahal, foundry etc . production in Rajkot, India Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Bharuch, Surat dists.

Soap Sabarkantha Metamorphic Occurs in 7000 mT Filler for

Stone dis!. Aravali (poor paint,

(Steatite) system and reserve) paper and

rubber & comprises of in plaster quartzite, foundry Schist and facing and

ultra basic lubricants

rocks and quartz

Vadodara Sedimentary Associated 0.001 Light

Hydrated and with mT weight and

silicate of camptonite Vel)' poor insulating concrete

AI,Mg dists. dyke as small

and Fe subjected to patch is there

extensive weathering

Wollas- Banaskantha Formed by Is developed 3.4 mT In Ceramic

tonite metamorphism along the industries,

CaSiOJ of si liceous contact zone as extender

limestone of granite in paints

and highly distorted bands of Calcgneisses

Source Mineral Treasure of Gujarat - 2002, CGM, Gujarat

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OF GUJARAT ... Kand Formation Maniara Fort ... Erinpora and Sendra Ambaji granite which have been...

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