Evaluation of Compliance to a Convenience Store Ordinance in Two Cities
Cammie Chaumont Menéndez, PhDNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Society for the Advancement of Violence and Injury ResearchBaltimore, MDJune 6 2013June 6, 2013
Proportion of Fatalities Attributed to l l d *Violence in Selected Occupations*
*Bureau of Labor Statistics
Proportion of Fatalities Attributed to l l d *Violence in Selected Occupations*
*Bureau of Labor Statistics
Workplace Violence Prevention in Convenience Stores
• Crime Prevention Through Environmental DesignCrime Prevention Through Environmental Design– Increasing effort and risks while reducing rewards
• Situational Crime Prevention– Framework applied to specific scenarios– Framework applied to specific scenarios
• OSHA Guidelines• OSHA Guidelines– “Recommendations for Workplace Violence Prevention Programs in Late‐Night Establishments”Prevention Programs in Late Night Establishments
Convenience Store OrdinanceConvenience Store Ordinance
Houston DallasHouston• Convenience Store Task
Force
Dallas• May 10, 2010
• January 1, 2010
Ordinance RequirementsOrdinance Requirements
Increasing the Effort Increasing the Risks Reducing the Rewards
Target Hardening Formal Surveillance Target RemovalTarget HardeningDrop Safe
Formal SurveillanceRegistration of C‐storeHeight StripsAlarm System
Target RemovalDrop Safe
Surveillance by EmployeesCameras
Rule SettingTrespass AffidavitTrainingO diOrdinance
Natural SurveillanceUnobstructed Visibility through Windowsthrough Windows
Study ObjectivesStudy Objectives
• Determine the compliance of convenience stores to the ordinance requirementsstores to the ordinance requirements
• Evaluate factors associated with store compliance
MethodsData Collection
• Survey instruments:Su ey st u e ts:– Questionnaire
• Knowledge of ordinance requirements• Compliance with ordinance requirements• Additional security features• Robbery risk factors and crime historyy y• Store ownership characteristics• Store manager and employee demographics
Ch kli t– Checklist• Compliance to visible ordinance requirements• Robbery risk factors
• Administered ~ 1 yr after ordinance effective date
MethodsStatistical Analysis
• χ‐square analysis
• Multiple logistic regression– 3 separate outcomes– 48 potential covariates included– Forward stepwise elimination
Preliminary ResultsProportion in Compliance
Preliminary ResultsProportion in Compliance
Preliminary ResultsStore CharacteristicsStore Characteristics
Compliant % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total* 112 482Total* 112 482CityHouston 24 (27) 58 (278)Dallas 76 (85) 42 (204)Square footage≤ 999 29 (32) 37 (175)1,000‐4,999 39 (44) 48 (230)5,000‐9,999 30 (34) 15 (71)Store typeFranchise 35 (39) 19 (92)Single owner – multiple 6 (7) 14 (69)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Single owner operator ‐ 1 store
30 (34) 48 (229)
Stores owned by same owner1 49 (55) 67 (323)1 49 (55) 67 (323)2‐4 19 (21) 14 (69)5‐99 7 (8) 6 (31)≥ 100 25 (28) 10 (50)
Preliminary ResultsStore CharacteristicsStore Characteristics
Compliant % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total* 112 482Total* 112 482CityHouston 24 (27) 58 (278)Dallas 76 (85) 42 (204)Square footage≤ 999 29 (32) 37 (175)1,000‐4,999 39 (44) 48 (230)5,000‐9,999 30 (34) 15 (71)Store typeFranchise 35 (39) 19 (92)Single owner – multiple 6 (7) 14 (69)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Single owner operator ‐ 1 store
30 (34) 48 (229)
Stores owned by same owner1 49 (55) 67 (323)1 49 (55) 67 (323)2‐4 19 (21) 14 (69)5‐99 7 (8) 6 (31)≥ 100 25 (28) 10 (50)
Preliminary ResultsStore CharacteristicsStore Characteristics
Compliant % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total* 112 482Total* 112 482CityHouston 24 (27) 58 (278)Dallas 76 (85) 42 (204)Square footage≤ 999 29 (32) 37 (175)1,000‐4,999 39 (44) 48 (230)5,000‐9,999 30 (34) 15 (71)Store typeFranchise 35 (39) 19 (92)Single owner – multiple 6 (7) 14 (69)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Single owner operator ‐ 1 store
30 (34) 48 (229)
Stores owned by same owner1 49 (55) 67 (323)1 49 (55) 67 (323)2‐4 19 (21) 14 (69)5‐99 7 (8) 6 (31)≥ 100 25 (28) 10 (50)
Preliminary ResultsStore CharacteristicsStore Characteristics
Compliant % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total* 112 482Total* 112 482CityHouston 24 (27) 58 (278)Dallas 76 (85) 42 (204)Square footage≤ 999 29 (32) 37 (175)1,000‐4,999 39 (44) 48 (230)5,000‐9,999 30 (34) 15 (71)Store typeFranchise 35 (39) 19 (92)Single owner – multiple 6 (7) 14 (69)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Corporate chain store 28 (31) 19 (91)Single owner operator ‐ 1 store
30 (34) 48 (229)
Stores owned by same owner1 49 (55) 67 (323)1 49 (55) 67 (323)2‐4 19 (21) 14 (69)5‐99 7 (8) 6 (31)≥ 100 25 (28) 10 (50)
Preliminary ResultsStore CharacteristicsStore Characteristics
Compliant % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total* 112 482
Opened 24 hours 54 (61) 23 (109)
Sidewalk in front of store 86 (96) 81 (388)
Located within ½ mile of expressway 61 (68) 51 (245)
Located within 1 mile ofLocated within 1 mile of
Known drug trafficking activity 23 (26) 23 (112)
Loitering 37 (41) 33 (157)
Subsidized public housing 28 (31) 17 (82)
Private multi‐family units 49 (55) 47 (228)
Near neglected/vandalized areas 18 (20) 20 (95)Near neglected/vandalized areas 18 (20) 20 (95)
Preliminary ResultsStore CharacteristicsStore Characteristics
Compliant % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total* 112 482
Opened 24 hours 54 (61) 23 (109)
Sidewalk in front of store 86 (96) 81 (388)
Located within ½ mile of expressway 61 (68) 51 (245)
L t d ithi 1 il fLocated within 1 mile of
Known drug trafficking activity 23 (26) 23 (112)
Loitering 37 (41) 33 (157)
Subsidized public housing 28 (31) 17 (82)
Private multi‐family units 49 (55) 47 (228)
Near neglected/vandalized areas 18 (20) 20 (95)
Preliminary ResultsManager CharacteristicsManager Characteristics
Compliant% (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total 112 482
GenderMen 80 (90) 83 (398)Women 20 (22) 16 (79)
Age≤34 years 30 (34) 26 (123)35‐44 years 34 (38) 28 (130)≥45 years 36 (40) 45 (215)
Highest educational attainmentSome/completed high school/GED 40 (45) 43 (204)Some college/Associate’s degree 26 (29) 29 (135)Bachelor’s/Master’s/Professional degree 29 (33) 25 (120)
NativityBorn in the United States 38 (42) 23 (111)Born outside the United States 61 (68) 75 (363)
Race/Ethnicity/ yWhite, Non‐Hispanic 12 (13) 15 (70)Black, Non‐Hispanic 30 (34) 10 (48)Asian 47 (53) 61 (295)Other (including Hispanic) 9 (10) 13 (63)
Preliminary ResultsManager CharacteristicsManager Characteristics
Compliant% (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total 112 482
GenderMen 80 (90) 83 (398)Women 20 (22) 16 (79)
Age≤34 years 30 (34) 26 (123)35‐44 years 34 (38) 28 (130)≥45 years 36 (40) 45 (215)
Highest educational attainmentSome/completed high school/GED 40 (45) 43 (204)Some college/Associate’s degree 26 (29) 29 (135)Bachelor’s/Master’s/Professional degree 29 (33) 25 (120)
NativityBorn in the United States 38 (42) 23 (111)Born outside the United States 61 (68) 75 (363)
Race/Ethnicity/ yWhite, Non‐Hispanic 12 (13) 15 (70)Black, Non‐Hispanic 30 (34) 10 (48)Asian 47 (53) 61 (295)Other (including Hispanic) 9 (10) 13 (63)
Preliminary ResultsFactors Associated with Compliance
Unadjusted and adjusted models by timing of ordinance compliance, Houston and Dallas convenience stores, 2011.
ORadj (95% CL)C li b f di i ff tCompliance before ordinance in effect
Store open 24 hours 2.6 (1.5, 4.4)Store located in Dallas 2.8 (1.6, 5.0)Store located in high risk area 1.9 (1.0, 3.5)
Compliance after ordinance in effectCompliance after ordinance in effectStore open 24 hours 4.6 (2.3, 9.0)Store located in Dallas 6.3 (2.8, 14.2)Expressway within 1/2 mile of store 2.7 (1.1, 4.5)
Not compliant with ordinanceNot compliant with ordinanceStore not open 24 hours 3.3 (2.3, 4.9)Store located in Houston 2.5 (1.8, 3.6)
Bolded font indicates statistical significance at p<0.05.
DiscussionDiscussion
• High compliance – individual safety measuresHigh compliance individual safety measures
li f di• Low compliance to safety ordinance– Not compliant = 482 stores
• Opportunity for improvement
DiscussionDiscussion
• Dallas vs Houston differences in complianceDallas vs. Houston differences in compliance
S hi h i k f bb• Stores at high risk for robbery
• Single‐owner operator of smaller stores– Difficult to reach demographiccu o eac de og ap c
Next StepsNext Steps
• Complete analysesComplete analyses– Focus on single owner stores
• Present findings to police departments
• Work with community partners on dissemination efforts
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsResearch PartnersHouston Police DepartmentDallas Police DepartmentChairs of Mayor’s Task Force for Convenience Store Security, HoustonChairs of Mayor’s Task Force for Convenience Store Security, DallasSouth Texas Area Dealers AssociationVietnamese Community of HoustonChinese Community Center, HoustonKorean Community Center of Houston Korean Society of DallasGreater Dallas Asian American Chamber of CommerceNorthern Texas Trade Association
Research TeamHarlan AmandusScott Hendricks Nan Wu
Thank you!Thank you!Questions/comments: [email protected]
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Occupational Safety Burden of l l d *Violence in Selected Occupations*
*Numerator ‐ Bureau of Labor Statistics; Denominator ‐ Bureau of Census
Preliminary ResultsProportion in Compliance
p<.0001
p<.0001
p=.005
Preliminary ResultsStore CharacteristicsStore Characteristics
Compliance Before % (N)
Compliance After % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total* 67 45 482CityHouston 28 (19) 18 (8) 58 (278)Dallas 72 (48) 82 (37) 42 (204)Square footage≤ 999 34 (22) 23 (10) 37 (175)1,000‐4,999 42 (28) 36 (16) 48 (230)5 000 9 999 24 (16) 41 (18) 15 (71)5,000‐9,999 24 (16) 41 (18) 15 (71)Store typeFranchise 34 (23) 35 (16) 19 (92)Single owner – multiple 4 (3) 9 (4) 14 (69)Corporate chain store 28 (19) 27 (12) 19 (91)Single owner operator ‐ 1 store 33 (22) 27 (12) 48 (229)Single owner operator 1 store 33 (22) 27 (12) 48 (229)Stores owned by same owner1 52 (35) 44 (20) 67 (323)2‐4 12 (8) 29 (13) 14 (69)5‐99 6 (4) 9 (4) 6 (31)≥ 100 30 (20) 18 (8) 10 (50)Opened 24 hours 51 (34) 60 (27) 23 (109)Sidewalk in front of store 84 (56) 89 (40) 81 (388)Located within ½ mile of expressway
55 (37) 69 (31) 51 (245)
Located within 1 mile of Known drug trafficking activity 30 (20) 13 (6) 23 (112)Known drug trafficking activity 30 (20) 13 (6) 23 (112)Loitering 40 (27) 31 (14) 33 (157)Subsidized public housing 37 (25) 13 (6) 17 (82)Private multi‐family units 58 (39) 36 (16) 47 (228)Near neglected/vandalized areas 25 (17) 7 (3) 20 (95)
Preliminary ResultsManager Characteristics
Compliance before % (N)
Compliant % (N)
Not compliant% (N)
Total 67 45 482GenderMen 81 (54) 80 (36) 83 (398)Women 19 (13) 20 (9) 16 (79)Age16‐19 years 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (1)20‐24 years 5 (3) 4 (2) 4 (18)25‐34 years 30 (20) 20 (9) 22 (104)35‐44 years 22 (15) 51 (23) 28 (130)45‐54 years 33 (22) 20 (9) 33 (156)55‐64 years 9 (6) 4 (2) 11 (52)≥ 65 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (7)≥ 65 years 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (7)Highest educational attainmentSome/completed high school/GED 32 (21) 54 (24) 43 (204)Some college/Associate’s degree 31 (20) 20 (9) 29 (135)Bachelor’s/Master’s degree 29 (19) 22 (10) 24 (112)Professional/Doctoral degree 4 (3) 2 (1) 2 (8)Professional/Doctoral degree 4 (3) 2 (1) 2 (8)NativityBorn in the United States 27 (18) 53 (24) 23 (111)Born outside the United States 72 (48) 44 (20) 75 (363)Race/EthnicityWhite, Non‐Hispanic 10 (7) 13 (6) 15 (70), p ( ) ( ) ( )Black, Non‐Hispanic 24 (16) 40 (18) 10 (48)Asian 52 (35) 40 (18) 61 (295)Other (including Hispanic) 12 (8) 5 (2) 13 (63)
Preliminary ResultsFactors Associated with Compliance
Unadjusted and adjusted models by timing of ordinance compliance, Houston and Dallas convenience stores, 2011.
ORunadj (95% CL) ORadj (95% CL)C li b f di i ff tCompliance before ordinance in effect
Store open 24 hours 2.95 (1.76, 4.94) 2.63 (1.54, 4.35)Store located in Dallas 3.02 (1.73, 5.28) 2.81 (1.59, 4.97)Store located in high risk area 1.67 (0.93, 3.03) 1.85 (1.01, 3.45)
Compliance after ordinance in effectCompliance after ordinance in effectStore open 24 hours 5.45 (2.84, 10.46) 4.56 (2.31, 9.00)Store located in Dallas 6.76 (1.12, 14.93) 6.32 (2.80, 14.23)Expressway within 1/2 mile of store 2.31 (1.17, 4.54) 2.71 (1.06, 4.46)
Not compliant with ordinanceNot compliant with ordinanceStore not open 24 hours 4.42 (2.82, 6.92) 3.32 (2.26, 4.88)Store located in Houston 4.53 (2.80, 7.36) 2.50 (1.75, 3.58)
Bolded font indicates statistical significance at p<0.05.
