OF VENKATESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION · PDF filefinal environmental impact assessment report of...

KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LIMITED (A Government of Karnataka Enterprise)

DECEMBER, 2016

Consultants Environmental Health & Safety

Consultants Pvt. Ltd Bangalore, Karnataka.

(accredited by QCI-NABET)

Project by The Chief Engineer

Irrigation North Zone, Karnataka Neeravari Nigama ltd.,

Club road, Belgaum Karnataka

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

OF

VENKATESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME BAGALKOT DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

OF

VENKATESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME AT

BAGALKOT DISTRICT, KARNATAKA.

PROJECT BY

THE CHIEF ENGINEER

KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD

IRRIGATION NORTH ZONE

CLUB ROAD, BELAGAVI - 590 001

KARNATAKA

CONSULTANTS

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY CONSULTANTS PVT LTD

# 13/2, 1ST MAIN ROAD, NEAR FIRE STATION, INDUSTRIAL TOWN,

RAJAJINAGAR,BANGALORE-560 010,

QCI NO. 51 REV. 47 November 07, 2016

1

DECEMBER, 2016

1Cover page (front) photo - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunflower_near_Raichur,_India.JPG

http://oddiant.poatemisepare.ro/the-most-beautiful-butterflies-in-the-world/

DOCUMENT NO. EHSC/KNNL/VLIS

Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report

Bagalkot District, Karnataka

Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd ii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore

REVISION RECORD

Rev. No Date Purpose

EHSC/01 24.09.2016 Issued as Final EIA Report for Comments and Suggestions to

Client and experts

EHSC/02 28.09.2016 Issued as Final EIA Report for submission to KSPCB for

conducting Environmental Public Hearing

EHSC/03 16.12.2016 Issued as Final EIA Report for Comments and Suggestions to

Client and experts

EHSC/04 19.12.2006 Issued as Final EIA Report for submission to SEIAA for issue of

Environmental Clearance



Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd iii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore



Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd iv EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore



Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd v EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore



Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd vi EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore



Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd vii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore

ABBREVIATIONS

AIS & LUS All India Soil and Land Use Survey

APHA American Public Health Association

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BPL Below Poverty Line

BSI Botanical Survey of India

CA Compensatory Afforestation

CAD Command Area Development Plan

CADA Command Area Development Authority

CAT Catchment Area Treatment

CGWB Central Ground Water Board

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CWC Central Water Commission

dB(A) Decibels - A scale rating

DC Deputy Commissioner

DDP Dry land Development Programme

DG Diesel Generator

DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme

DRSM Dry rubble stone masonry

DWL Depth to Water Level

E-FLOW Environmental/ecological flow

EIA Environment Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environment Protection Agency

EPH Environmental Public Hearing

ERDAS Earth Resources Data Analysis System

GBDP Green Belt Development Plan

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEM Ground Water Estimation Committee methodology

GIS Geographical Information System

GOI Govt. of India

GOK Government of Karnataka

Ha Hectare

HESCOM Hubli Electricity Supply Company

IMD Indian Meteorological Dept.,

IRS Indian Remote Sensing satellites

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources

IWDP Integrated Watershed Development Programme

KFD Karnataka Forest Dept.,

KNNL Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd

KPTCL Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd

KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

KSRSAC Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre

KWDT Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal

K Kelvin

LA Land Acquisition

LISS Linear Imaging Self-Scanning

M.CUM Million Cubic Meter

MOEF Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

INZ Irrigation North Zone



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NAAQ National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NBSS&LU National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use

NDMA National Disaster Management Authority

NGO Non Governmental Organisation

NTFP Non Timber Forest Produce

NWDPRA National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas

OFD On-farm Development Works

PAF Project Affected Family

PAP Project Affected Person

PDO Panchayath Development Officer

PDS Public Distribution System

PHC Public Health Centre

PLDB Primary Land Development Bank

PM Particulate Matter

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PWD Public Works Dept.

R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement

RET Rare, Endangered and Threatened

RF Reserve Forests

RFCTLARR Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,

Rehabilitation and Resettlement

RL Reduced Level

SC Scheduled Caste

SHG Self Help Group

SOI Survey of India

ST Scheduled Tribe

TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet

TOR Terms of Reference

VLIS Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme

WL(P)A Wildlife (Protection) Act

WRD Water Resource Dept.,

WUA Water Users Association

ZSI Zoological Survey of India



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1.1

1.1 Project Proponent ..................................................................................................... 1.1

1.2 Brief Description of the Project and its Importance to the Region .................... 1.1

1.3 Need for the Study .................................................................................................... 1.2

1.4 Scope of the EIA........................................................................................................ 1.2

1.5 Components of EIA ................................................................................................... 1.3

1.6 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................. 1.3

Chapter 2. Project Description .......................................................................................... 2.1

2.1 Need for the project ................................................................................................. 2.1

2.1.1 Agro – climatic zones ........................................................................................ 2.1

2.1.2 Hydrology ............................................................................................................ 2.1

2.1.3 The Krishna River and Interstate aspects ......................................................... 2.1

2.1.4 Erratic droughts in command area ................................................................. 2.2

2.1.5 Lack of irrigation facility .................................................................................... 2.2

2.2 Present proposal ....................................................................................................... 2.2

2.2.1 Water availability ............................................................................................... 2.3

2.2.2 Environmental flow ............................................................................................. 2.7

2.2.3 Existing cropping pattern .................................................................................. 2.7

2.2.4 Proposed cropping pattern .............................................................................. 2.7

2.2.5 Crop water requirments .................................................................................... 2.7

2.2.6 Command area ................................................................................................. 2.8

2.2.7 Irrigation planning .............................................................................................. 2.9

2.2.8 Natural Catastrophes in command area ..................................................... 2.10

2.2.8.1 Floods .......................................................................................................... 2.10

2.2.8.2 Earthquake ................................................................................................. 2.10

2.2.8.3 Landslides ................................................................................................... 2.11

2.2.9 Land Requirement ........................................................................................... 2.11

2.2.10 Benefit cost ratio ............................................................................................ 2.11

Chapter 3. Baseline Environment Scenario ..................................................................... 3.1

3.1 Study area .................................................................................................................. 3.1

3.2 Physical Environment ................................................................................................ 3.1

3.2.1 Topography ........................................................................................................ 3.1

3.2.2 Climate & Meteorology..................................................................................... 3.1

3.2.2.1 Meteorology data collected at site ......................................................... 3.1

3.2.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................ 3.3

3.2.2.3 Rainfall .......................................................................................................... 3.3

3.2.3 Ambient Air Quality ............................................................................................ 3.4

3.2.3.1 Results of Ambient Air Quality .................................................................... 3.5

3.2.4 Ambient Noise Levels ......................................................................................... 3.9

3.2.4.1 Results of Ambient Noise Levels ................................................................. 3.9

3.2.5 Hydrology, Geology and Minerals ................................................................. 3.11

3.2.5.1 Drainage..................................................................................................... 3.11

3.2.5.2 Geology ...................................................................................................... 3.11

3.2.5.3 Structure ..................................................................................................... 3.12

3.2.5.4 Geomorphology ........................................................................................ 3.12

3.2.5.5 Mineral Resources ..................................................................................... 3.12



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3.2.5.6 Hydrology ................................................................................................... 3.12

3.2.5.7 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................ 3.12

3.2.5.8 Hydrological surveys ................................................................................. 3.12

3.2.5.9 Depth of Water Level ................................................................................ 3.13

3.2.5.10 Water Table Elevation ............................................................................. 3.13

3.2.5.11 Water quality............................................................................................ 3.13

3.2.5.8 Ground Water Resources ......................................................................... 3.14

3.2.6 Surface and Ground Water Quality .............................................................. 3.18

3.2.6.1 Surface and Ground Water Quality Results ........................................... 3.18

3.2.7 Soil Characteristics ........................................................................................... 3.26

3.2.7.1 Soil types in the study area ...................................................................... 3.27

3.2.7.2 Crops and cropping pattern ................................................................... 3.28

3.2.7.3 Soil status .................................................................................................... 3.28

3.2.7.4 Results of soil quality analysis ................................................................... 3.33

3.3 Land use assessment of study area ...................................................................... 3.41

3.3.1 Approach and Methods ................................................................................. 3.41

3.3.2 Results and Observations ................................................................................ 3.42

3.3.2.1 Project location and Extent ..................................................................... 3.42

3.3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover ....................................................................... 3.42

3.3.2.3 Soil type and Erosion classification.......................................................... 3.43

3.3.2.4 Drainage and Watershed ........................................................................ 3.43

3.4 Biological Environment ........................................................................................... 3.47

3.4.1 Location of site & study area .......................................................................... 3.47

3.4.2 Common useful trees of the region ............................................................... 3.47

3.4.3 Trees found in Agriculture and Horticulture gardens ................................... 3.49

3.4.4 Common grasses and ferns ............................................................................ 3.49

3.4.5 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................... 3.51

3.4.5.1 Approach ................................................................................................... 3.51

3.4.5.2 Methodology ............................................................................................. 3.51

3.4.5.3 Screening secondary literature ............................................................... 3.52

3.4.6 Observations and Discussion .......................................................................... 3.52

3.4.6.1 Overview of Forest types of the Study Area .......................................... 3.52

3.4.6.2 Bio-diversity Aspects of Flora in the Study Area .................................... 3.52

3.4.6.3 Biodiversity Aspects of Fauna in the Study Area ................................... 3.53

3.5 Aquatic Environment .............................................................................................. 3.53

3.5.2 Methodology .................................................................................................... 3.53

3.5.2.1 Limnological Features ............................................................................... 3.53

3.5.2.2 Biological Features .................................................................................... 3.53

3.5.3 Results and Discussions .................................................................................... 3.54

3.5.3.1 Krishna River Water Quality and its importance .................................... 3.54

3.5.3.2 Planktons .................................................................................................... 3.56

3.5.3.3 Littoral Fauna ............................................................................................. 3.57

3.5.3.4 Summary ..................................................................................................... 3.57

Chapter 4. Anticipated Impacts & Mitigation Measures .............................................. 4.1

4.1 Impacts during construction phase ....................................................................... 4.1

4.1.1 Air Environment ................................................................................................... 4.1

4.1.1.1 Sources of air pollution ............................................................................... 4.1

4.1.1.2 Mitigation measures .................................................................................... 4.1



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4.1.2 Noise Environment ............................................................................................. 4.1

4.1.2.1 Sources of noise pollution ........................................................................... 4.1

4.1.2.2 Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM) ......................................... 4.2

4.1.2.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................... 4.2

4.1.3 Water Environment ............................................................................................ 4.3

4.1.3.1 Sources of water pollution.......................................................................... 4.3

4.1.3.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................... 4.3

4.1.4 Soil Environment ................................................................................................. 4.3

4.1.4.1 Estimation of Soil Loss .................................................................................. 4.3

4.1.5 Solid & Hazardous Environment...................................................................... 4.11

4.1.5.1 Sources of pollution ................................................................................... 4.11

4.1.5.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................. 4.11

4.1.6 Impact on Hydrology & Geology .................................................................. 4.11

4.1.6.1 Geological Environment .......................................................................... 4.11

4.1.6.2 Seismic Tectonics ....................................................................................... 4.11


4.1.7 Impact on Biological Environment................................................................. 4.12

4.1.7.1 Predicted project impacts on Flora and Fauna ................................... 4.12


4.2 Impacts during Operation phase ......................................................................... 4.13

4.2.1 Application of fertilizers and pesticides ..................................................... 4.13

4.3 Evaluation of Impacts............................................................................................. 4.14

Chapter 5. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................... 5.1

Chapter 6. Environmental Monitoring Program .............................................................. 6.1

Chapter 7. Additional Studies ........................................................................................... 7.1

7.1 Social Impact Assessment ....................................................................................... 7.1

7.2 Need for Social Impact Assessment ....................................................................... 7.1

7.3 Villages affected due to the project ..................................................................... 7.1

7.4 Brief history of the districts ........................................................................................ 7.2

7.4.1 Bagalkot District .................................................................................................. 7.2

7.4.1.1 Highlights – 2011 census ............................................................................. 7.2

7.5 Description of Socio Economic Environment ........................................................ 7.3

7.5.1 Demographic profile of the project villages .................................................. 7.3

7.5.1.1 Population details ........................................................................................ 7.3

7.5.1.2 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population ................................ 7.4

7.5.1.3 Educational status ....................................................................................... 7.5

7.5.1.4 Health status ................................................................................................. 7.6

7.5.1.5 Occupational status ................................................................................... 7.6

7.6 Land use and land ownership ................................................................................. 7.7

7.7 Religious and cultural institutions ............................................................................ 7.7

7.8 Consultations with the PAPs ..................................................................................... 7.8

7.9 Positive and Negative impact of the Project ........................................................ 7.9

7.10 Land Acquisition Process& Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan ................ 7.10

7.10.1 Land acquisition process .............................................................................. 7.10

7.10.2 Request for acquisition of land and initial steps ........................................ 7.10

7.10.3 Publication of preliminary notification ........................................................ 7.11

7.10.4. Publication of declaration for acquisition ................................................. 7.11

7.10.5. Land acquisition award ............................................................................... 7.11



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7.11 Valuation of Land ................................................................................................. 7.12

7.12 Land acquisition of the project and rough cost estimates ............................. 7.13

7.13 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan ..................................................... 7.13

7.14 Land value fixation ............................................................................................... 7.14

7.14.1 Environmental Public Consultation .............................................................. 7.14

7.15 Risks and Hazards associated with the project ................................................. 7.14

7.16 General Trenching and Excavation Rules ......................................................... 7.15

7.17 Work at Height Hazards ........................................................................................ 7.16

7.18 Construction machinery and tools hazards ...................................................... 7.16

Chapter 8. Project Benefits ................................................................................................ 8.1

Chapter 9. Environment Management Plan ................................................................... 9.1

9.1 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan ................................................................ 9.5

9.1.1 Cost Estimates as per Soil conservation treatments suggested ................... 9.7

9.1.2 Reclamation of salt affected soils .................................................................... 9.7

9.1.2.1 Management of saline and sodic soils .................................................... .9.8

9.2 Command area development plan ...................................................................... 9.8

9.2.1 Water Users‟ Association (WUA) ....................................................................... 9.8

9.3 Green belt development plan ................................................................................ 9.9

9.3.1 Agro forestry activities in command area ...................................................... 9.9

9.4 Fisheries Development Plan ................................................................................... 9.10

9.4.1 A matter of concern ........................................................................................ 9.10

9.4.2 Prevention of flow of domestic sewage into the Krishna river ................... 9.11

9.4.3 Over – fishing problem ..................................................................................... 9.11

9.4.4 Occurrence and proliferation of Alien fish species ..................................... 9.12

9.4.5 Presence of exotic Alligator catfish, Atractosteus spatula in the Krishna river

........................................................................................................................... 9.13

9.5 Muck Disposal plan ................................................................................................. 9.13

9.6 Ground Water Management Plan ....................................................................... 9.13

9.7 Public Health Delivery plan .................................................................................... 9.13

9.8 Sanitary and Solid Waste Management Plan ..................................................... 9.13

9.9 Cost for implementing EMP ................................................................................... 9.14

Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................... 10.1

Chapter 11. Disclosure of Consultants ........................................................................... 11.1

Chapter 12. Compliance to Terms of Reference ......................................................... 12.1

Chapter 13. Photographs ................................................................................................ 13.1



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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Drought details project command area Taluks ............................................. 2.2

Table 2.2 Salient Features of the project ......................................................................... 2.2

Table 2.3 Minimum flows recorded between 1990-2010 at Kudachi gauging station

............................................................................................................................. 2.3

Table 2.4 Existing cropping pattern in the command area .......................................... 2.7

Table 2.5 Proposed cropping pattern .............................................................................. 2.7

Table 2.6 Crop water requirements calculations by using Modified Penmens Method

............................................................................................................................. 2.8

Table 2.7 Irrigation system and distribution network details .......................................... 2.8

Table 2.8 List of benefitting villages .................................................................................. 2.8

Table 2.9 Technical details of the project ....................................................................... 2.9

Table 2.10 Benefit-cost ratio for VLIS ............................................................................... 2.11

Table 3.1 Meteorological data of Bagalkot district for the period Jan-2010 to Dec

2010 ..................................................................................................................... 3.2

Table 3.2 Meteorological data collected for the study period .................................... 3.3

Table 3.3 Details of AAQM parameters with analysis methodology ............................ 3.5

Table 3.4 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations ........................................ 3.5

Table 3.5 Results of Particulate Matter (PM10) ................................................................. 3.5

Table 3.6 Results of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ............................................................... 3.7

Table 3.7 Results of Sulphur di-oxide (SO2) ....................................................................... 3.7

Table 3.8 Results of Nitrogen di-oxide (NO2) .................................................................... 3.8

Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Index for dust ................................................................... 3.8

Table 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Index for gases .............................................................. 3.8

Table 3.11 Details of Noise Level Monitoring ................................................................... 3.9

Table 3.12 Details of Noise Level Monitoring locations .................................................. 3.9

Table 3.13 Results of Ambient Noise levels ...................................................................... 3.9

Table 3.14 Geological succession of the study area ................................................... 3.12

Table 3.15 Status of ground water development ......................................................... 3.18

Table 3.16 Details of Water sampling locations ............................................................ 3.18

Table 3.17 Results of Surface Water Quality .................................................................. 3.21

Table 3.18 Results of Ground Water Quality (Post-Monsoon season) ........................ 3.23

Table 3.19 Results of Ground Water Quality (Pre-Monsoon season) .......................... 3.24

Table 3.20 Results of Ground Water Quality (Monsoon season) ................................. 3.25

Table 3.21 Details of soil sampling locations .................................................................. 3.28

Table 3.22 Soil quality analysis results (Post monsoon season) .................................... 3.31

Table 3.23 Soil quality analysis results (Pre monsoon season) ..................................... 3.31

Table 3.24 Soil quality analysis results (Monsoon season) ............................................ 3.32

Table 3.25 Salt affected soil details in the command area ........................................ 3.33

Table 3.26 Rating Chart for Soil Test values and their Nutrient Indices ...................... 3.40

Table 3.27 Land use and Land cover data of study area ........................................... 3.42

Table 3.28 List of commonly found tree species in the study area ............................ 3.47

Table 3.29 List of commonly found shrub species in the study area .......................... 3.49

Table 3.30 Details of plot selected in the study area ................................................... 3.51

Table 3.31 List Shannon - Wiener diversity of plant community structure in the study

area ................................................................................................................. 3.52

Table 3.32 Season Area Simpson index Shannon index Trees Shrubs ........................ 3.52



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Table 4.1 Noise levels of common construction equipments ....................................... 4.2

Table 4.2 Sub catchment/Watershed and codification of study area ....................... 4.8

Table 4.3 Watershed details of Bagalkot district ............................................................. 4.8

Table 4.4 Estimation of soil loss in VLIS command area ................................................. 4.8

Table 4.5 Soil Erodibility Index ............................................................................................ 4.9

Table 4.6 Parameter based ecological sensitivity of the study area ......................... 4.12

Table 4.7 Proposed Fertilizers and Pesticides Usage for Mudhol Command Area .. 4.14

Table 4.8 Criteria for evaluation of impacts .................................................................. 4.14

Table 4.9 Evaluation of Impacts ...................................................................................... 4.15

Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program for Construction phase (2 years) ........ 6.1

Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Program for Operation phase (3 years) ............ 6.2

Table 7.1 Details of project impacted villages................................................................ 7.2

Table 7.2 Population and sex ratio of the project impacted villages .......................... 7.3

Table 7.3 SC/ST population in project villages ................................................................ 7.4

Table 7.4 Male- female literacy ........................................................................................ 7.5

Table 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women ................................................. 7.6

Table 7.6 Compensation matrix ...................................................................................... 7.13

Table 7.7 Compensation matrix ...................................................................................... 7.13

Table 7.8 Cost Estimates of land ..................................................................................... 7.14

Table 7.9 Emergency contact numbers ........................................................................ 7.17

Table 7.10 Emergency contact number of KNNL ......................................................... 7.17

Table 8.1 Crop yield details before the advent of irrigation ......................................... 8.2

Table 8.2 Crop yield details after the advent of irrigation............................................. 8.2

Table 9.1 Environment Management Plan ...................................................................... 9.1

Table 9.2 Details of watershed treatment ....................................................................... 9.5

Table 9.3 Cost estimates for Soil conservation treatments suggested......................... 9.7

Table 9.4 Year wise cost estimates for soil conservation practices .............................. 9.7

Table 9.5 Green belt developments Plan around intake canal and jack well .......... 9.9

Table 9.6 Species recommended for plantation ............................................................ 9.9

Table 9.7 Muck disposal plan (cum) .............................................................................. 9.13

Table 9.8 Cost for implementing Environmental Management Plan ......................... 9.14



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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 2.1 Location map of VLIS ............................................................................................. 2.4

Fig 2.2 Google view of lift point and Krishna River.......................................................... 2.5

Fig 2.3 Schematic diagram of VLIS ................................................................................... 2.6

Fig 2.4 Krishna River and command area photographs................................................ 2.9

Fig 3.1 Wind rose diagram for the study period .............................................................. 3.4

Fig 3.2 Location map of AAQM and Noise Monitoring stations ................................... 3.6

Fig 3.3 Graph showing PM10 trend during the study period .......................................... 3.7

Fig 3.4 Graph showing PM2.5 trend during the study period .......................................... 3.7

Fig 3.5 Graph showing SO2 trend during the study period ............................................ 3.8

Fig 3.6 Graph showing NO2 trend during the study period ........................................... 3.8

Fig 3.7 Over all summary of Noise level trends during day time in the study period 3.10

Fig 3.8 Over all summary of Noise level trends during night time in the study period

................................................................................................................................ 3.10

Fig 3.9 Noise level trends for Post monsoon season (Nov, 2015 – Jan, 2016) ............ 3.10

Fig 3.10 Noise level trends for Pre monsoon season (Feb, 2016 – April 2016) ............ 3.11

Fig 3.11 Noise level trends for Monsoon season (May, 2016 – July 2016) .................. 3.11

Fig 3.12 Drainage Map of the study area ...................................................................... 3.15

Fig 3.13 Depth to water level........................................................................................... 3.16

Fig 3.14 Water table elevation ........................................................................................ 3.17

Fig 3.15 Surface and Ground Water Quality sampling locations ............................... 3.20

Fig 3.16 Types of soil in the study area ........................................................................... 3.29

Fig 3.17 Map showing Soil sampling locations .............................................................. 3.30

Fig 3.18 Land use details of Project site .......................................................................... 3.43

Fig 3.19 Land use/ Land cover map of study area ...................................................... 3.44

Fig 3.20 Slope map of study area ................................................................................... 3.45

Fig 3.21 Soil erosion intensity map of study area........................................................... 3.46

Fig 3.22 Map of 25 Km radius from the boundary of project showing forest areas . 3.50

Fig 3.23 Fish species recorded at Krishna River ............................................................. 3.61

Fig 4.1 Sub watersheds within the study area ................................................................. 4.7

Fig 4.2 Values indicating Soil loss factor ........................................................................... 4.8

Fig 4.3 Estimation of Soil loss in watershed ....................................................................... 4.9

Fig 5.1 Google map showing proposed VLIS command area and surrounding

irrigated areas .......................................................................................................... 5.1

Fig 7.1 Population Sex ratio of the villages ...................................................................... 7.3

Fig 7.2 SC Population in the project villages ................................................................... 7.4

Fig 7.3 ST Population in the project villages ..................................................................... 7.4

Fig 7.4 Male & Female Literates ........................................................................................ 7.5

Fig 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women ...................................................... 7.7

Fig 7.6 Interaction with PAPs .............................................................................................. 7.9

Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report


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LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure - 1 ToRs accorded by KSEIAA

Annexure - 2 Administrative approval accorded by GoK

Annexure - 3 Hydrology related Annexures

Annexure - 4 Ecology and Biodiversity related Annexured

Annexure - 5 Aquatic Ecology related Annexured

Annexure - 6 Socio-economic survey questionnaire



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Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Project Proponent

“Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL) has been registered as a wholly owned

Government of Karnataka Company as per the provisions of the Companies act,

1956 with effect from 9th December 1998. The Company is responsible for planning,

investigation, estimation, execution, operation and maintenance of all irrigation

projects. The Company is also entrusted with the responsibility of Rehabilitation and

Resettlement of the people affected by its Projects. The Company is authorized to

sell water and recover revenues from individuals, groups of farmers including those

in the Command Area Development Authority, towns, city municipalities and

industries.

The population in Karnataka is mainly dependent on agriculture. The area though

being subjected to vagaries of the monsoons has highly fertile land. Making

available water for irrigation, the economic picture of the area would be

transformed contributing greatly to the development of the region in particular and

Karnataka State in general.

'Karnataka is the second driest state in India after Rajasthan'2. Large parts of the

state are prone to severe and repeated droughts and 3/4 of all farmland is rain-fed.

As a result, farm productivity is low. Rain Water is only available for 3 to 4 months in a

year in the state and the groundwater tables are falling drastically due to overuse

and over exploitation. Hence there is an urgent need to conserve both soil and

water to raise farm productivity.

M/s Environmental Health & Safety Consultants Private Limited, Bangalore was

entrusted by KNNL to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment studies &

preparation of Environmental Management Plan for Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation

Scheme (VLIS). KNNL is the employer and executing agency for the project. The

proposed project is categorized as „B‟ project since the command area of the

project is <10,000 Ha and falls under 1(c) of EIA Notification, 2006. Hence, the Terms

of Reference (ToR) for the project was accorded by State Level Expert Appraisal

Committee Karnataka vide letter No. SEIAA 25 IND 2015 dated 13.10.2015

(Annexure-1).

This EIA report presents baseline data collected during three seasons viz, Post

Monsoon (November 2015 – January 2015), Pre – Monsoon (February 2016 – April

2016) and Monsoon (May 2016 – July 2016) for Physical, Biological and Socio-

Economic components of environment, identification, prediction and evaluation of

impacts based on the project activities and to prepare Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) for mitigation of adverse impacts due to the proposed

project.

1.2 Brief Description of the Project and its Importance to the Region

The proposed scheme envisages lifting of 0.75 TMC of water from the Krishna River

near Kulahalli Village, Jamakhandi Taluk, benefitting 6 villages of Jamakhandi Tq

and 4 villages of Mudhol taluk and providing irrigation facility to 7,200 ha of land

during Khariff season only.

The entire population in this region is mainly dependent on agriculture, which in turn

forms the back – bone of economy of this region. Due to lack of rainfall, the region

experiences scarcity and periodical famine. To minimize the dependence of

agriculture on rainfall, VLIS has been proposed by KNNL, Govt. of Karnataka to

provide irrigation to the left out areas of Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk. The annual

2 http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2009/10/01/india-restoring-the-fertility-of-parched-lands-in-karnataka




average rainfall of Bagalkot district is 585 mm3 and they lie in rain – shadow area.

The project has been accorded administrative approval from Govt., of Karnataka

vide order no. WRD 17 HBP 2013 dated 12.02.2015 and the total cost of the project is

174.42 Crores.

1.3 Need for the Study

"Every anthropogenic activity has some impact on the environment. More often, it is

harmful to the environment than benign. However, mankind as it is developed

today cannot live without taking up these activities for his food, security and other

needs. Consequently, there is a need to harmonize developmental activities with

the environmental concerns. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one of the

tools available with the planners to achieve the above-mentioned goal.

It is desirable to ensure that the development options under consideration are

sustainable. In doing so, environmental consequences must be characterized early

in the project cycle and accounted for in the project design.

The objective of EIA is to foresee the potential environmental problems that would

arise out of a proposed development and address them in the project's planning

and design stage. The EIA process should then allow for the communication of this

information to:

The project proponent;

The regulatory agencies; and,

All stakeholders and interest groups.

EIA integrates the environmental concerns in the developmental activities right at

the time of initiating for preparing the feasibility report. In doing so, it can enable the

integration of environmental concerns and mitigation measures in project

development. EIA can often prevent future liabilities or expensive alterations in

project design"4.

1.4 Scope of the EIA

The present study includes detailed inventory of existing status of environment in the

Study area for various identified environmental components viz. air, noise, water,

land, biological and socio-economic aspects. Under the scope of EIA, it is

envisaged to study:

To assess the present status of air, noise, water, land, biological

and socio-economic components of the environment.

To identify, predict and evaluate significant impacts due to

project activities on various environmental components during

the Construction and Operational stages of the project.

To delineate proposed pollution control measures and

accordingly formulating Environmental Management Plan

(EMP).

To delineate post-project environmental monitoring

programme to be implemented by KNNL.

3 Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Haveri, Karnataka (2011), Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India 4 http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/iass/eia/Chapter1.htm




1.5 Components of EIA

The proposed project requires comprehensive EIA. Following components are

included in the EIA report.

Project Description

Baseline Environmental Scenario

Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Additional Studies - Public Consultation, Risk Assessment, Social

Impact Assessment for Land Acquisition

Project Benefits

Environmental Monitoring Program

Environmental Management Plan

Summary & Conclusion

1.6 Approach and Methodology

The EIA report has been prepared and presented as per requirements of the EIA,

Notification 2006 and its amendments of MoEF under the Environment (Protection)

Act, 1986. The sequence of approach adopted for EIA studies and to obtain

Environmental Clearance for the project is given below in the form of flow chart.




Chapter 2. Project Description

2.1 Need for the project

2.1.1 Agro – climatic zones

The entire population of this region is mainly

dependent on agriculture, which in turn forms

the back – bone of economy of this region.

Due to lack of rainfall, the region experiences

scarcity and periodical famine. The dominant

soils in this region are black cotton with low

water holding capacity, moderately deep fine

texture and heavy black soil with high water

holding capacity but poor internal drainage.

All these soils are generally suitable for

irrigating “Khariff” crops. The study area

belongs to Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk of

Bagalkot District and falls under Northern Dry

Zone5.

2.1.2 Hydrology

Bagalkot district is drained by the river Krishna

and its tributaries Ghatprabha and

Malaprabha. All these rivers enter district on

the western side and flow in an easterly

direction to join the Bay of Bengal. Krishna

River enters the district at Terdal village in Jamakhandi taluk and flows in south-easterly

direction and forms the northern boundary of the district separating it from Bijapur

district. The Ghataprabha River flows in the middle part of the district and joins the

Krishna in Chikkasangama village in Bilgi taluk. The Malaprabha flowing in the southern

part joins the Krishna at Kudal Sangama in Hungund Taluk. The Ghataprabha and

Malaprabha canal systems serve the western parts of the district. The Dam across the

Krishna River at Almatti and the canal systems serve the eastern parts. Rainfalls being as

low as 560 mm annually, these canals are the lifelines, providing much needed irrigation

and drinking water to the district6.

2.1.3 The Krishna River and Interstate aspects

Krishna is an Inter - State River and rises in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 1338 m

(4385 ft) near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra State. It flows across the whole width of

the peninsula, from west to east, for a length of about 1392 km through Maharashtra,

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The catchment area of Krishna basin is 2.59 lakh sq. km.

In 1973, the Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal (KWDT) adjudicated on the sharing of Krishna

river water between the three riparian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra

Pradesh. KWDT – 1 in its final order dated 24.12.1973 has allocated the 75% dependable

flows of 2060 TMC of Krishna waters amongst three riparian states and the share of

Karnataka state aggregated to 734 TMC of water. Water utilization for the propoed

scheme is within the state allocation of KWDT-1 award for the state of Karnataka.

5Soil Erosion in Karnataka (2014), National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Technical Bulletin No. 162, Page 11-15. 6Ground Water Information Booklet - Vijayapura District (2012), Central Ground Water Board, South Western Region, Bangalore,

Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, Pg 1.




2.1.4 Erratic droughts in command area

Proposed command areas Taluks are severely prone to erratic droughts due to lack of

south-west monsoons. The drought details from 2001 to 2015 are given below.

Table 2.1 Drought details project command area Taluks7

Taluk Year 2001 to 2015

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Jamakhandi

Mudhol

Drought causes agriculture a risky venture. Due to which people are constantly

translocating to adjoining towns and cities. The people of the region have no other

employment opportunities except agriculture and there is potential land bank to grow

suitable crops in the region. Hence providing irrigation and stabilizing the agricultural

production, provides a much needed relief to the people. It improves the per capita

income and standard of living of the people. Further it utilizes the water and land

resources and substantially improves GDP contribution from agriculture.

2.1.5 Lack of irrigation facility

The proposed command area of the project was surrounded by Jamakhandi Branch

Canal on the west and Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal on the south. However, due to

higher elevation and topographical features, it was impossible to provide irrigation with

the existing projects. Hence, proposed project is of utmost important and nessary for the

region to eradicate regional imbalances.

2.2 Present proposal

The proposed scheme envisages lifting of 0.75 TMC of water from the Krishna River near

Kulahalli Village, Jamakhandi Taluk, benefitting 6 villages of Jamakhandi Tq and 4

villages of Mudhol taluk and providing irrigation facility to 7,200 ha of land during Khariff

season only.

The project site (head works) is approachable by Jamkhandi - Banahatti main road and

is at a distance of 4.7 km from Banahatti town. The lift point is 13 km from Jamakhandi

taluk head quarters. Nearest airport is the Belgaum airport that is 130 km and the nearest

railway station is Chinchli railway station which is 32 km. The salient features of the

project along with schematic diagram and location map is given below:

Table 2.2 Salient Features of the project

1. Name of the Scheme Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme

2. Name of the river Krishna

3. Geographical Location of Lift

point

Latitude – 16031′33.8″N

Longitude –75009′26.3″E

4. Location of the Lift point Near Kulahalli village (900 m), Jamakhandi

taluk, Bagalkot district.

5. Type of project Irrigation

6. Mode of Irrigation Gravity Flow irrigation

7. Estimated cost of the project Rs. 174.42 Cr

8. Command Area 7,200 ha

9. No. of villages benefitting 10

10. Allocated water 0.75 TMC

11. Cropping pattern Kharif (June - Sept.)

7 Karnataka State Disaster Management Centre, Govt. of Karnataka




12. Irrigation intensity 100%

13. Submergence area Nil

14. Rehabilitation and

Resettlement

Nil

15. Total Land required 123 Ha (28 Ha head works + 95 Ha canal

network)

16. Total forest land required Nil

17. Protected areas within 10 Km

radius of project components

Nil

18. Power Requirement 4.89 MW (6560 HP) – Hubli Electricity Supply

Company Limited (HESCOM).

2.2.1 Water availability

VLIS is proposed on the upstream of Hipparagi barrage located at a distance of 2.7 Km

and 83 Km from Almatti Reservoir. The inflow and discharge (at Cumecs) at Kudachi

Gauging station located in the upstream of proposed lift location (29 Km) from 1990-

2010 is given below.

Table 2.3 Minimum flows recorded between 1990-2010 at Kudachi gauging station

Year/Month June July Aug. Sept.

1990 9.24 727.27 4854.56 148.29

1991 75.63 326.03 1433.47 293.23

1992 24.09 4.44 519.14 170.04

1993 - 330.24 873.02 284.25

1994 545.67 1682.95 757.61 105.12

1995 - 20.42 39.84 376.57

1996 - - 518.47 112.79

1997 98.08 388.92 1102.06 86.94

1998 - 333.64 338.08 613.84

1999 381.56 281.77 290.15 77.62

2000 - 271.100 57.96 60.58

2001 52.96 278.68 611.88 17.35

2002 716.56 232.04 707.77 663.59

2003 531.9 439.88 682.16 425.27

2004 137.78 407.13 851.67 695.87

2005 292.28 2951.43 6211.69 2218.32

2006 459.11 3953.48 7077.85 848.38

2007 496.49 3239.11 2309.62 1418.77

2008 231.16 655.89 2686.34 1198.79

2009 - 1909.57 630.71 580.57

2010 282.6 1260.26 1599.41 1471.18

Avg. 289.00 984.71 1626.35 565.11




Fig 2.1 Location map of VLIS




Fig 2.2 Google view of lift point and Krishna River




Fig 2.3 Schematic diagram of VLIS




2.2.2 Environmental flow

River Krishna being the inter state river, the water utilization for the project is governed by

the award of KWDT. The awards of the tribunal ensures E-flow while allocation. The total

divertible water available at proposed lift point is 0.75 TMC. The proposed project is

planning to utilize the water only during June-Sept. The project is designed keeping in

view of the demand of downstream flow (e-flow). As per the above table, sufficient e-

flow is available for downstream ecosystem services.

2.2.3 Existing cropping pattern

The present agricultural practices including the crops grown are tuned to the rainfall

regime. The crops grown are Khariff crops only which are as under. The estimated

percentage area of these crops and their corresponding yields are given below;

Table 2.4 Existing cropping pattern in the command area

Sl. No. Crops Intensity (%) Crop Area (Ha)

1 Local Jowar 1.00 50.40

2 Hy. Maize 21.00 1058.40

3 Bajra 1.00 50.40

4 Ground nut 23.00 1159.20

5 Jowar 21.00 1058.40

6 Vegetables 13.00 655.20

7 Sunflower 20.00 1008.0

Total 100.00 5040.00

2.2.4 Proposed cropping pattern

In view of introducing flow Irrigation system in the entire command area of 7200 ha, the

following cropping pattern (for Khariff Season) is proposed.

Table 2.5 Proposed cropping pattern

Sl. No. Crops Intensity (%) Crop area (ha)

1 Local Jowar 1.00 72.0

2 Hybrid Maize 21.00 1512.0

3 Bajra 1.00 72.0

4 Groundnut 23.00 1656.0

5 Hybrid Jowar 21.00 1512.0

6 Vegetables 13.00 936.0

7 Sunflower 20.00 1440.0

Total 100.00 7200.00

2.2.5 Crop water requirments

Sl

No Month Fort night

Water Requirement Discharge Required

(Cumecs) In TMC in MCM

1 June I Fort night 0.019 0.53 0.41

II Fort night 0.123 3.48 2.684

2 July I Fort night 0.083 2.35 1.82

II Fort night 0.096 2.71 2.09

3 August I Fort night 0.107 3.04 2.35

II Fort night 0.122 3.46 2.670

4 September I Fort night 0.086 2.43 1.88

II Fort night 0.115 3.26 2.51

Total 0.75 21.26




Table 2.6 Crop water requirements calculations by using Modified Penmens Method

Crop Intensity

crop

area

Ha.

1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-

31

Total

Water

depth

in mm

at

canal

head

Total

water

req.

in

m

cum

Jun Jun July July Aug Aug Sep Sep

Local

Jawar

1.00% 72.00 7.35 5.94 5.68 27.07 25.46 45.24 45.33 45.33 207.40

0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03

0.15

Hybrid

Maize

21.00% 1512.00 7.35 30.58 36.85 41.74 49.52 55.51 52.95 45.23 319.71

0.11 0.46 0.56 0.63 0.75 0.84 0.80 0.68

4.83

Bajra

1.00% 72.00 7.35 5.94 5.68 27.07 25.46 45.24 45.33 45.23 207.29

0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03

0.15

Ground nut

23.00% 1656.00 7.35 62.78 32.26 36.85 38.29 43.53 23.56 45.23 289.84

0.12 1.04 0.53 0.61 0.63 0.72 0.39 0.75

4.80

Vegetables

13.00% 936.00 7.35 42.89 32.26 36.85 43.90 49.52 34.45 45.23 292.45

0.07 0.40 0.30 0.34 0.41 0.46 0.32 0.42

2.74

Sunflower

20.00% 1440.00 7.35 42.89 32.26 36.85 43.90 49.52 34.45 45.23 292.45

0.11 0.62 0.46 0.53 0.63 0.71 0.50 0.65

4.21

Hybrid

Jawar

21.00% 1512.00 7.35 62.78 32.26 36.85 38.29 43.53 23.56 45.23 289.84

0.11 0.95 0.49 0.56 0.58 0.66 0.36 0.68

4.38

Total 100.00% 7200.00 0.53 3.48 2.35 2.71 3.04 3.46 2.43 3.26

21.26

2.2.6 Command area

The command area of 7,200 ha is spread across Jamakhandi and Mudhol Taluk of

Bagalkot District. 10 villages will be benefitted under this scheme and they are as follows.

Table 2.7 Irrigation system and distribution network details

Sl.No Name of the canal Length of the

canal (Km)

Irrigable command

area (ha)

1 Main canal 3.5 2100

2 Navalagi Canal 12.10 2300

3 Siddapura canal 8.0 2800

Total 23.6 7200

Table 2.8 List of benefitting villages

Sl. no. Benefitting villages Name of the Taluk No. of

households

Population as

per census 2011

1 Kalahalli

Jamakhandi

626 3,441

2 Navalagi 1,498 7,875

3 Bandigani 362 2,140

4 Jagadal 1,389 7,815

5 Chimmada 1,902 10,839

6 Siddapur 1,030 5,058

Total (A) 6,807 37,168

7 Mugalkhod

Mudhol

1,475 8,642

8 Shirol 2,309 12,171

9 Kulali 1,559 8,353

10 Belagali 369 2,048

Total (B) 5,712 31,214

Grand total (A + B) 12,519 68,382




Proposed lift location (Krishna River) Flow of Krishna River during Monsoon

Command area

Fig 2.4 Krishna River and command area photographs

2.2.7 Irrigation planning

An intake channel (450 m) is proposed to lift the water from Krishna River. A Jackwell

cum pump house will be constructed to pump the water to the Delivery chamber

through a MS rising main of 9 Km length (1.3 m dia). The RL of delivery chamber is kept

at RL 604 m. The distribution network comprises Main Canal taking off from Delivery

Chamber at RL. 602.00 m. the technical details of the project are given below;

Table 2.9 Technical details of the project

A. Lift Location

Name of the river Krishna

Lift Point Near Kulahalli Village, Jamakhandi

Taluk, Bagalkot District

Ground Level RL 518.00 m

CBL 514.50 m

Delivery Level 604.00 m

B. Intake Canal

Length 450 m

Bed width 1.5 m

Side slope 1:01

Free board 0.6 m

C. Jackwell cum pump house

No. of Pumps 3 + 1 standby

Total Power Requirement 4.89 MW (6560 HP)




Source HESCOM

D. Rising Main

Length 9.0 Km

Diameter 1.3 m

Material Mild Steel (MS)

E. Delivery Chambers

RL of DC-1 604.00 m

Length 11.0m

F. Canals

1.Main canal

Ground level 606.00

Length 3500m

Irrigating area 2100 ha

2.Navalagi Canal

Ground Level 605.00

Length 12000m

Irrigating area 2300m

3.Siddapur Canal

Ground level 605.00

Length 8000m

Irrigating area 2800ha

2.2.8 Natural Catastrophes in command area

2.2.8.1 Floods

Karnataka is facing moderate to severe floods. Floods are associated with cloud bursts,

cyclones or depressions in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. In Karnataka, a part of

Krishna basin and Godavari basin experiencing floods even during drought conditions

and in other parts of the state due to heavy discharges from Maharashtra8. The project

location falls in 'low damage risk zone' and hence the risk of flood chances are very less

and do not affect the structural components of

the project.

2.2.8.2 Earthquake

In Karnataka, 22.13% of the total geographical

area is under moderate earthquake damage risk

zone & remaining area of the state is under low

damage risk zone15.The state of Karnataka has

reported more than 500 earthquake tremors in the

last three decades with most of them having low

magnitude.

The Karnataka state is categorized as moderate to

low seismic risk zone. From the zoning map it can

be observed that the project area falls in zone I

(Seismic Map, 1893 – 2002), which means that the

area has very low damage risk. Here the maximum

intensity is estimated as MMV or less. This zone is

comes under category of Very Low Damage Risk

Zone.

8Karnataka State Profile, National Institute of Disaster Management, Govt. of India (http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/dp/Karnataka.pdf)




2.2.8.3 Landslides

Hilly regions of Western Ghats in Karnataka are prone to landslides during rainy season.

The project district is part of the northern Karnataka and hence not prone to landslides.

2.2.9 Land Requirement

The total land required for the project is 123 Ha for construction of canal network; Jack

well cum pump house, rising main etc., the compensation will be paid as per Right to

Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and

Resettlement Act, 2013.

2.2.10 Benefit cost ratio

The benefit cost ratio has been worked out to 1.14 considering the annual administrative

expenses, depreciation charges and electrical energy charges.

Table 2.10 Benefit-cost ratio for VLIS

A Gross Receipts Before irrigation After irrigation

1 Gross value of farm produce 2491.31 6775.52

2 Dung receipts (at 30% of the fodder

expenditure)

112.11 203.27

3 Total A : Gross receipts(1+2) 2603.42 6978.79

B Expenses

1 Expenditure on seeds 223.03 360.01

2 Expenditure on Manure etc. 223.03 360.01

3 Expenditure on hired labour (human and

bullock)

753.98 1315.80

4 Fodder expenses ( as percentage of gross

value of produce)

(15% 10% of item A.1 ) 373.70 677.555

5 Description on implements (2.7% of item A.1 ) 67.27 182.94

6 Share and cash rent (5% 3% of item A.1 ) 124.57 203.27

7 Land revenue (2% of item A.1 ) 49.83 49.83

8 Total B expenses (1 to 7) 1963.31 3372.95

C Net value of produce

1 Total gross receipts 2603.42 6978.79

2 Minus Total expenses 1963.31 3372.95

3 Net value produce @:(1-2) 640.11 3605.83

D Annual benefits

1 Net value after irrigation 3605.83

2 Minus net value before irrigation 640.11

3 Net annual benefits (D) (1-2) 2965.72

E Annual Costs

1 Interest of capitals at 10% ( estimated total

cost of the projects 10% including cost of land

development @Rs 2000/- per ha

1751.44

2 Depreciation of the project at 1% of the cost

of the project for 100 years life all the project

and at 2% for 50 years life all the projects

348.85

3 Annual operation and maintenance charge

at Rs 1175 per Ha

84.60




4 Maintenance of the head works at 1% its cost 63.52

5 Depreciation of pumping system @ 8.33% of

cost

64.50

6 Depreciation of Raising main @3.33% of cost 214.97

7 Power charges for lift irrigation at ( applicable

for lift irrigation)

66.40

8 Total (E) annual costs 1-7 2594.29

Benefits Cost Ratio=D3 Annual Benefits / E.8 Annual Costs 1.14




Chapter 3. Baseline Environment Scenario

Collecting the baseline environmental status of the project area helps to predict the

magnitude of impacts that are likely to be caused due to the proposed project on

different environmental components. It also helps to identify critical environmental

attributes required to be monitored during and after the proposed project.

3.1 Study area

In order to assess the baseline environmental status, study area was considered and the

data was collected for Post Monsoon (November 2015 – January 2016), Pre – Monsoon

(February 2016 – April 2016) and Monsoon (May 2016 – July 2016). In addition to the

baseline environmental monitoring, field inspection in the study area, collection of

primary & secondary information for all the environmental components and discussions

with the officials and local public were conducted by the experts. The baseline

environmental status presented below comprises of;

Physical Environment

Land use assessment of study area

Biological (Terrestrial) Environment

Aquatic Environment

Socio – economic Environment

3.2 Physical Environment

3.2.1 Topography

Topography is relatively plain area (13%) with gentle to mild slopes with 1-3% (81%).

Slope map of the project is enclosed in Section 3.3.

3.2.2 Climate & Meteorology

Air borne pollutants is dispersed by atmospheric motion. Knowledge of these motions,

which range in scale from turbulent diffusion to long-range transport by weather

systems, is essential to simulate such dispersion and quality of impacts of air pollution on

the environment. The purpose of EIA is to determine whether average concentrations

are likely to encounter at fixed locations (Know as the receptor), due to the given

sources (locations and rates of emission known) under idealized atmospheric conditions.

Secondary meteorological data is obtained from IMD for Bagalkot, from where the

meteorological data (Temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall, Wind speed and Wind

direction etc.) were collected.

3.2.2.1 Meteorology data collected at site

Study period is considered from Nov, 2015 to July, 2016. The site specific meteorological

data was collected from Watchdog 2900 ET installed at site which records Solar

Radiation (SRD) (Watt / sq. m), Relative Humidity (HMD) (%), Temperature (TMP) (°C),

Rainfall (RNF) (mm), Wind Direction (WND) (Deg), Wind Gust (WNG) (km/hr), Wind Speed

(WNS) km/hr), Dew Point (DEW) (°C).




Table 3.1 Meteorological data of Bagalkot district for the period Jan-2010 to Dec 20109

Month

Temperature

(⁰C)

Mean Dew Point

Temperature in

(⁰C)

Mean RH % Rainfall (mm)

Mean Station

level pressure in

hPa

Mean of Av.

Wind speed

for 24

hrs.(kmph) Mean

Max

Mean

Min. 0830hrs. 1730hrs. 0830hrs. 1730hrs. Total Heaviest 0830hrs. 1730hrs.

January 27.4 15.8 17.1 21.3 75 70 15.2 15.2 956.6 953.5 3.1

February 29.8 20.0 17.9 20.9 67 58 0.0 0.0 955.7 951.5 2.8

March 34.6 20.7 20.7 20.8 72 46 0.0 0.0 954.6 950.1 2.9

April 36.8 22.9 23.1 21.6 71 44 6.8 4.6 953.3 948.7 4.5

May 37.8 25.9 22.8 22.9 68 45 44.0 19.4 950.2 945.0 5.9

June 30.9 23.6 22.5 22.9 77 64 46.2 13.0 949.4 946.8 8.1

July 28.3 19.6 22.9 232 83 77 41.6 10.6 948.5 946.0 7.0

August 29.0 20.0 21.8 24.1 81 76 77.4 39.6 948.4 946.1 6.2

September 28.4 20.7 22.1 22.7 81 72 95.6 25.6 949.6 947.5 2.9

October 28.4 20.0 22.4 27.7 81 93 64.2 32.6 952.0 947.4 3.1

November 29.0 19.6 21.6 23.2 85 -- 66.8 28.8 952.0 948.5 4.0

December 28.6 17.1 19.1 22.6 79 -- 0.0 0.0 953.0 948.6 3.2

9 Source - IMD




Table 3.2 Meteorological data collected for the study period

Wind

speed

(m/s)

Wind

direction

(deg)

Temperature

(deg c)

Precipitation

rate

(mm/hr)

Relative

Humidity

(%)

Surface

pressure

(mb)

Cloud

cover

(tenths)

Nov

2015

Max 7.20 352.00 33.65 1.27 90.00 955.00 8.00

Min 0.00 0.00 16.05 0.00 20.00 945.00 3.00

Avg 2.34 122.55 25.49 0.04 48.57 949.94 4.21

Dec

2015

Max 6.20 360.00 34.05 0.00 87.00 958.00 3.00

Min 0.00 0.00 11.75 0.00 12.00 946.00 3.00

Avg 1.86 141.96 23.63 0.00 48.90 951.37 3.00

Jan

2016

Max 7.20 359.00 34.25 0.00 77.00 958.00 3.00

Min 0.00 0.00 12.05 0.00 12.00 946.00 2.00

Avg 1.87 151.30 23.41 0.00 43.29 951.60 2.54

Feb

2016

Max 7.20 359.00 38.45 0.00 80.00 955.00 3.00

Min 0.00 0.00 15.05 0.00 12.00 944.00 2.00

Avg 2.08 174.04 26.80 0.00 38.51 950.41 2.54

Mar

2016

Max 9.30 360.00 39.45 0.00 76.00 955.00 5.00

Min 0.00 0.00 19.05 0.00 9.00 943.00 1.00

Avg 2.21 185.55 29.88 0.00 33.61 949.05 2.09

Apr

2016

Max 13.90 359.00 41.35 6.35 74.00 952.00 8.00

Min 0.00 0.00 21.95 0.00 8.00 941.00 3.00

Avg 2.58 230.78 32.12 0.18 35.15 946.52 4.29

May

2016

Max 13.40 358.00 40.85 6.10 91.00 950.00 8.00

Min 0.00 0.00 20.85 0.00 9.00 937.00 4.00

Avg 3.74 249.90 31.58 0.16 41.63 945.33 4.76

June

2016

Max 11.30 355.00 37.45 9.91 98.00 950.00 8.00

Min 0.00 0.00 22.25 0.00 23.00 940.00 6.00

Avg 4.29 271.12 27.43 0.33 65.55 944.76 6.72

July

2016

Max 12.30 355.00 32.25 6.10 99.00 950.00 8.00

Min 0.50 91.00 21.45 0.00 34.00 940.00 7.00

Avg 4.54 277.39 25.77 0.31 71.84 944.83 7.22

3.2.2.2 Temperature

During the study period, maximum temperature of 41.350C was observed in April, 2016,

while minimum of 11.750C was recorded in December, 2015 (winter season).

3.2.2.3 Rainfall

During the study period maximum rainfall of 9.91 mm/hr was observed in the month of

June, 2016. An average of 1.14 mm/hr was observed during the study period.




Fig 3.1 Wind rose diagram for the study period

Windrose shows that the predominent wind direction during the study period is West and

West North West (WNW).

3.2.3 Ambient Air Quality

According to preliminary investigations, the ambient air quality in the study area is found

to be good in the absence of industrial growth in the command area. However, as part

of the baseline data collection and in order to understand the status of ambient air

quality during the study area, two ambient air quality monitoring stations were

established and continuously monitored during the study period. The criteria followed for

selection of ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) locations and parameters monitored

are given below;

The stations were selected at a place where interferences are not

present.

Height of the inlet was maintained at 3 ± 0.5 m above the ground.

The sampler was kept more than 20 m away from trees.




There was unrestricted airflow in three of four quadrants.

The sampling stations selected were away from major pollution

sources10.

Table 3.3 Details of AAQM parameters with analysis methodology11

Pollutants Frequency of

Monitoring

NAAQM

Standards,

2009

Unit Method of analysis

Du

st

PM10 Particulate Matter One month per

season for 24

Hrs at all

stations

100 µg/m3 Gravimetric method

PM2.5 Particulate Matter 60 µg/m3 Gravimetric method

Ga

ses SO2 Sulfur dioxide 80 µg/m3 Improved West and

Geake Method NO2 Nitrogen Di Oxide 80

µg/m3 Jacob & Hochheisser

Modified Method

Table 3.4 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Monitoring Station Code Name of the location Geographical Coordinates

A1 Bandigani Village 16°29'25.51"N, 75°11'39.01"E

A2 Shirol Village 16°23'47.60"N, 75°15'51.53"E

3.2.3.1 Results of Ambient Air Quality

The results of ambient air quality reveal that, PM10 was in the range between 60 – 69

g/m3 and whereas PM2.5 was in the range between 21 – 28 g/m3. SO2 and NO2 are in

the range between 2.51 – 9.7 g/m3 and 8.2 – 13.89 g/m3 respectively. The air quality

index in the study area found to be satisfactory for PM10 and PM2.5 and good for gases

(SO2 and NO2).

Table 3.5 Results of Particulate Matter (PM10)

LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (PM10)

98 85 50 35

A1 69 48 62.9 5.36 62.67 68.54 68 63 65

A2 69 52 64.7 4.52 64.54 69 68 66 65

10Methods for Measurement of Air Pollution (2005), Part 14 Guidelines for Planning the Sampling of Atmosphere, IS 5182 (Part 14): 2000. 11National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 2009, CPCB, New Delhi.




Fig 3.2 Location map of AAQM and Noise Monitoring stations




Fig 3.3 Graph showing PM10 trend during the study period

Table 3.6 Results of Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Fig 3.4 Graph showing PM2.5 trend during the study period

Table 3.7 Results of Sulphur di-oxide (SO2)

LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (SO2)

98 85 50 35

A1 10 3 5.5 2.37 4.98 9.424 8.3 5.85 5.073

A2 9 3 5.4 2.01 5.05 8.794 7.51 5.845 5.0575

0

20

40

60

80

A1 A2

Re

sult

s in

(µ

g/m

3 )

Monitoring locations

PM2.5

PM2.5

STANDARD

LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (PM2.5)

98 85 50 35

A1 28 19 23.9 2.29 23.77 27.54 26 24 23

A2 27 21 23.3 1.76 23.23 26.54 25.55 23 22.05




Fig 3.5 Graph showing SO2 trend during the study period

Table 3.8 Results of Nitrogen di-oxide (NO2)

LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (NO2)

98 85 50 35

A1 15 8 12.2 1.78 12.08 14.482 13.822 12.735 11.963

A2 14 9 12.0 1.19 11.94 13.7024 13.194 12.18 11.605

Fig 3.6 Graph showing NO2 trend during the study period

Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Index for dust

Monitoring locations PM 10 AQI Remarks PM2.5 AQI Remarks

A1 68.54 68.54 Satisfactory 27.54 45.9 Good

A2 69 69 Satisfactory 26.54 44.23 Good

Table 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Index for gases12

Monitoring locations SO2 AQI Remarks NO2 AQI Remarks

A1 9.42 11.78 Good 14.48 18.1 Good

A2 8.79 10.99 Good 13.70 17.13 Good

12National Air Quality Index, Control of Urban Pollution Sources Series, (2015), CUPC/82/2014-15,CPCB, New Delhi.

0

20

40

60

80

100

A1 A2

Re

sult

s in

(µ

g/m

3


SO2

SO2

STANDARD

0

20

40

60

80

100

A1 A2

Re

sult

s in

(µ

g/m

3


NO2

NO2

STANDARD




3.2.4 Ambient Noise Levels

The study area is not experiencing noise pollution due to least industrial growth and

transportation (vehicles). As part of the baseline environment studies ambient noise

levels were measured at 2 locations using pre-calibrated instrument for 24 Hrs for Leq

(day) and Leq (night)13. The details of the monitoring locations are given below;

Table 3.11 Details of Noise Level Monitoring14

Parameters Frequency CPCB Standards dB(A) Leq

Leq (Day)

Leq (Night) 24 hrs

Category Day Night

Industrial area 75 70

Commercial area 65 55

Residential area 55 45

Silence zone 50 40

Table 3.12 Details of Noise Level Monitoring locations

The command area map showing the monitoring locations is given below.

3.2.4.1 Results of Ambient Noise Levels

The results of ambient noise levels were compared with Residential standards and results

reveal that, the noise levels in the study area ranging from 48.05 – 51.6dB(A) for day time

and 36.06 – 41.77dB(A) for night time during Post - monsoon season. The noise levels

during Pre-Monsoon season is ranging between 47.5 – 48.2d(B)A for day time, 36.2 – 37.4

d(B)A for night time and 49.57 – 50.36 dB(A) for day and 36.7 – 37.4 d(B)A for night time

during Monsoon season. Overall, the noise levels in all the seasons were observed to be

within the CPCB standards.

Table 3.13 Results of Ambient Noise levels

Post – Monsoon (Nov, 2015 – Jan, 2016)

Leq day db(A) Leq night db(A) Std day Std night

Bandigani 48.05 36.06 55 45

Shirol 51.6 41.77 55 45

Pre – Monsoon (Feb, 2016 – April, 2016)


Bandigani 48.2 36.2 55 45

Shirol 47.5 37.4 55 45

Monsoon (May, 2016 – July, 2016)


Bandigani 49.57 36.7 55 45

Shirol 50.36 37.4 55 45

13Protocol for Ambient Noise Level Monitoring (2015), CPCB, New Delhi 14Noise (Regulation and Control) Rules (2000), MoEF, Govt. of India

Station Code Name of the location Geographical Coordinates

N1 Bandigani Village 16°29'25.51"N, 75°11'39.01"E

N2 Shirol Village 16°23'47.60"N, 75°15'51.53"E




Fig 3.7 Over all summary of Noise level trends during day time in the study period

Fig 3.8 Over all summary of Noise level trends during night time in the study period

Fig 3.9 Noise level trends for Post monsoon season (Nov, 2015 – Jan, 2016)

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

SHIROL BANDIGANI

Re

sults

in d

b(A

)


Post monsoon Leq

(day)

Pre monsoon Leq

(day)

Monsoon Leq (day)

STANDARD Leq

(day)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

SHIROL BANDIGANI

Re

sults

in d

b(A

)

Monitoring Locations

Post monsoon Leq

(night)

Pre monsoon Leq

(night)

Monsoon Leq (night)

STANDARD Leq

(night)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

N1 N2

Re

sults

in d

b(A

)


Leq (day)

Leq (night)

STANDARD DAY

STANDARD

NIGHT




Fig 3.10 Noise level trends for Pre monsoon season (Feb, 2016 – April 2016)

Fig 3.11 Noise level trends for Monsoon season (May, 2016 – July 2016)

3.2.5 Hydrology, Geology and Minerals

3.2.5.1 Drainage

The Project site and the command area forms major part of the Krishna River Basin while

the southern portion of the command area falls in the Ghataprabha River catchment.

The lift point is at Kulhalli Village. Hire Halla, Yellatti Halla and Karna Halla are the

tributaries of Krishna River in the study area flowing north. All these are seasonal streams

which drain in to Krishna River. Drainage pattern is observed to be dendritic to sub-

dendritic with drainage density varying between 0.30 to 0.45 Kms. / Sq. Kms. Sparse

drainage is observed all over the command area. All the stream courses flow from

higher reaches to lower levels following topography. The area has a good network of

irrigation canal viz. Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal and its branch canals. Drainage Map

is given below;

3.2.5.2 Geology

The main rock type observed in the command area is Basalt belonging to Deccan Traps

of various flows belonging to Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene Age. Geology map is given below.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

N1 N2

Re

sults

in d

b(A

)


Leq (day)

Leq (night)

STANDARD DAY

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

N1 N2

Re

sults

in d

b(A

)


Leq (day)

Leq (night)

STANDARD DAY

STANDARD

NIGHT




Table 3.14 Geological succession of the study area15

Laterite Recent Cainozoic

Basalt As Flows sparsely to

moderately porphyritic

Undifferentiated Flows

Upper Cretaceous to Lower

Eocene

Limestone & Shale Katagiri Formation of Badami

Group

Middle Proterozoic

Dolomite Raidurg formation

Quartzite, Conglomerate

3.2.5.3 Structure

No major faults or any structural disturbances are observed in the buffer zone and

command area of the project excepting, minor Fractures/ Fissures. Lineaments along

the streams are formed and these act as conduits for the movement of surface and

groundwater. The movement and occurrence of groundwater is controlled by these

structures.

3.2.5.4 Geomorphology

Geomorphology of the study area environs is plateau slightly dissected and Plateau

weathered.

3.2.5.5 Mineral Resources

Bagalkote District: Cement grade limestone and Pink Granite of Ilkal are the major

mineral resources in the district. Barytes is reported to occur near Mudhol in association

with Chert bands of Kaladgi group.

3.2.5.6 Hydrology

Bagalkote District: Krishna River forms Western boundary with the Maharashtra State.

Western part of the Bagalkote District forms a catchment area. The command area falls

between both of the Krishna River and Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal's catchment

area. Hire Halla, Karna Halla and Yelhatti Halla are the tributaries of Krishna River.

Drainage pattern is sub-dendritic to sub-parallel in nature. Average rainfall of the district

is 564 mm. Climate varies from 20° C to 42.0°.

3.2.5.7 Hydrogeology

The study area forms a part of Jamkhandi taluk of Bagalkote District which is a part of

Krishna River Catchment / Basin and Ghataprabha Left Canal Catchment. Hire Halla,

Karna Halla and Yelhatti Halla are the tributaries of Krishna River in the study area. Most

of these are seasonal nalas which drain in to Krishna River. Drainage pattern is observed

to be dendritic to sub-dendritic with drainage density varying from 0.30 to 0.45 Kms. / Sq.

Kms.

Water table generally follows the topography of the study area and is at greater depths

in the water divide area and topographic heights but occurs at shallow depth in the

valleys and low lying terrain and therefore groundwater moves down and follows the

gradient from the higher to lower elevations i.e. from recharge area to discharge areas.

The general flow direction of groundwater in the study area is towards North.

3.2.5.8 Hydrological surveys

Hydrogeological survey was carried out in the 10.0 Kms buffer zone of the Jack well /

Intake point of Krishna River and the total command area of the proposed project. 11

Wells were inventoried mostly bore wells and few dug wells for deciphering the

15 Geological Quandrangle Map (1998), Geological Survey of India, GoI




groundwater regime. The details of the locations are marked on hydrology map given

below. Water samples have been collected from 11 wells representing the study area

and subjected to chemical analysis conforming to ISO 10500:2015 standards to know the

quality. The test results are enclosed as Annexure - 3. The aquifer performance test

conducted by the CGWB authorities was referred to and concluded the field data

observed randomly during the field survey.

Groundwater occurs under water table and semi-confined to confined conditions in

weathered and fractured zones in basalts. The vesicular portion of different flows varies

in thickness and has the primary porosity. The nature and the density of vesicles, their

distribution and interconnection, depth of weathering and topography of the area are

decisive factors for occurrence and movement of groundwater in these units. The

weathered and fissured basalts occurring in topographic lows are the main water

bearing formations in the study area. Groundwater occurs in Quartzites in and around

Jamkhandi in the inter connected interstices of weathered residuum and planar

porosities like joints, fractures and shears in unweathered parts. Groundwater occurs

under water table condition in phreatic zone and semi-confined to confined conditions

in fractures at depth.

The Deccan traps / basalts are the major litho-units in the study area i.e. command area

and buffer zone of the proposed project area (Lift Point and Jack well). The basaltic

flows are mostly horizontal to gently dipping. Deccan basalts mostly have low

permeability depending upon the presence of primary and secondary porosity. The

weathered basalt serves as an effective groundwater repository in this region.

Occurrence of red bole at depth ranging between 40-80 m constitutes the major

aquifer in the study area while in quartzites the aquifer is fractured zone ranging

between 30-60 mts.

3.2.5.9 Depth of Water Level

The depth to water level in the study area was measured wherever it was feasible and

recorded as reported during the field study. The depth to water level varied between

3.0 to 40.0m. However at Shirol water was encountered at 76.0mts bgl in a borehole. In

general the water levels are between 5.0 to 60.0m bgl. The depth to water level arrived

corresponds to the well inventory data.

3.2.5.10 Water Table Elevation

Water table elevation in the study area ranges from less than 606 mts to more than 542

mts. Water table less than 4.0 m is observed in Dug Well in and around Chimod and

highest at 76.0mts in Borewell at Shirol from the inventory data during field studies.

The flow direction follows the general topography of the area. The general flow

direction of groundwater in the study area is towards North and south the reason being

the command area is over a drainage divide area.

3.2.5.11 Water quality

Eleven representative samples have been collected from the study area and subjected

to water quality analysis as recommended by BIS for drinking water standards. The result

of the water quality is enclosed as Annexure-3. In total the water quality in the study

area is potable.

Sl.

No.

Village Name Geo Coordinates Type of

well

Date of

sampling

Code

1 Shirol N16° 25‟ 23.3‟‟ E75° 16‟ 29.5‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-1

2 Mr. Kanchappa Kodiyal N16° 25‟ 23.3‟‟ E75° 15‟ 51.8‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-2

3 Shirol N16° 25‟ 23.7‟‟ E75° 15‟ 30.5‟‟ SW 10-09-2016 VKT-3

4 Mr. Hanumanth N16° 25‟ 41.3‟‟ E75° 12‟ 19.4‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-4




Sl.

No.

Village Name Geo Coordinates Type of

well

Date of

sampling

Code

5 New Tank after Sirol N16° 27‟ 49.9‟‟ E75° 10‟ 48.2‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-5

6 Kudli Mr. Qutubuddin N16° 27‟ 58.9‟‟ E75° 09‟ 31.8‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-6

7 Navalgi N16° 27‟ 07.1‟‟ E75° 08‟55.0‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-7

8 Jagdal N16° 27‟ 03.1‟‟ E75° 08‟08.8‟‟ SW Tank 10-09-2016 VKT-8

9 On way to Chimod from

Jagdal N16° 25‟ 48.0‟‟ E75° 06‟53.0‟‟

DW 10-09-2016 VKT-9

10 New Tank N16° 28‟ 16.6‟‟ E75° 06‟ 57.5‟‟ DW 10-09-2016 VKT-10

11 Chimod N 16° 30‟ 00.1‟‟ E75° 17‟ 15.3‟‟ SW 10-09-2016 VKT-11

Conductivity: Conductivity in the study area ranges from 164 micro mhos/ cm to 2,760

micro mhos/ cm. Conductivity having more than 2,000 micro mhos/ cm may be

considered as either brackish or saline. The conductivity is falling within the normal limits

excepting at Rabkavi which is 2,760 micro mhos/ cm.

Chloride: Chloride in water samples in the study area range from 19.99 mg/ltr to 409.8

mg/ltr and this constituent is within the permissible limits. The distribution of chloride is

illustrated in annexure-3.

Constituents like Nitrate and Fluoride levels are well within the permissible limits. The

Government and few social service organizations have installed mineral water plants in

the villages to supply safe water.

3.2.5.8 Ground Water Resources

The resource estimation and categorization is to be carried out as per the

recommendations of Groundwater Estimation Methodology-97(GEM-97) considering

watershed as a unit. Watershed and administrative boundaries do not match with the

administrative boundaries. As a result different parts of taluk fall in different watersheds

having different stages of groundwater development and categorization. Pro-rata

approach to consolidate the watershed data into taluk wise data gives only details on

groundwater resource, draft and additional irrigation potential. Pro-rata approach

cannot be applied to taluk, as a unit, as far as stage of development and

categorization is concerned. However, average stage of development is given to have

an overall idea of the taluk. 16.

Groundwater resources and recharge assessment has been arrived taking in to

consideration of the monsoon and non-monsoon rainfall, command and non-

command area, areas of recharge and discharge, water table fluctuations, specific

yield of rock formations/litho units and normalized monsoon recharge.

As the present project does not involve pumping of groundwater the specific studies

relating to aquifer parameters have not been carried out. However, already published

relevant data was consulted and prepared this report.

The already published data of CGWB in the form of Groundwater information Booklets

for the parts of three districts covering the subject area have been consulted and

arrived at the conclusion. The Groundwater resources for Jamkhandi & Mudhol taluk is

categorized as safe as per the published data of CGWB.

16 Groundwater Information Booklet: Bagakot District (2012), Karnataka, CGWB, GoI




Fig 3.12 Drainage Map of the study area




Fig 3.13 Depth to water level




Fig 3.14 Water table elevation




The percentage of safe area varied from 30% - 40% in Jamkhandi and Mudhol.

Groundwater extraction is more than recharge in Jamkhandi at 68% which is over

exploited due to urbanization while Mudhol stands at 30% over exploited status. This

area requires serious formulation of artificial recharge programes and groundwater

budgeting. Also planning with regard to 68% in Jamkhandi Taluk where exploitation of

groundwater is very high. The district as a whole comes under critical to Overexploited

stage of development. The suitable recharge structures feasible are Farm Ponds, Nala

Bunds, Check Dams besides desilting of tanks and thereby increase the surface storage

capacity will augment the declining levels of groundwater.

Table 3.15 Status of ground water development

Taluk Categorization (%)

Safe Semi-Critical Critical Over Exploited

Jamakhandi 30 -- 2 68

Mudhol 40 -- 30 30

3.2.6 Surface and Ground Water Quality

Any effect on physical, chemical and biological properties of water has direct impact

on the quality of water17.The baseline status of water quality in the command area has

been established through the sampling and analysis of various water quality

parameters. Water samples were collected at 4 locations in the command area during

the study period. The prime objective of the baseline water quality study was to establish

the existing water quality in the study area to evaluate the anticipated impact of the

proposed project on water quality and to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for

implementation. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to the standards of

water quality during the construction and operation phase of the project. The details of

sampling locations are given below;

Table 3.16 Details of Water sampling locations

Sampling

station code

Name of the sampling

station Geographical Coordinates Source

SW1 Lift point (Kulahalli) 16˚31‟31.45”N 75˚9‟2.37”E Surface water

GW1 Jagadal 16˚28‟13.24”N 75˚9‟51.54”E

Ground water

GW2 Bandigani 16˚29‟25.5”N 75˚11‟39.01”E

GW3 Mugalkod 16˚22‟32.89”N 75˚12‟27.42”E

Surface and ground water samples were collected (grab sampling) at each location as

per CPCB guidelines18. Surface water samples were collected from the river by using a

weighted bottle. Ground water samples from the production tube wells were collected

after running the well for about 5 minutes. Adequate parameter specific preservatives

were added to the samples and collected samples were brought to the laboratory by

maintaining 4oC in the ice boxes. Separate sterilized bottles were used for collection of

water samples for microbial analysis.

3.2.6.1 Surface and Ground Water Quality Results

Post Monsoon season (November 2015 - January 2016)

The Physico-chemical parameters for Krishna River are well within the standards. Total

Hardness was observed to be 200 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen was observed to be 8.1mg/L.

Suspended solids was 18mg/L, Total Coliform was found to be 1CFU/100mL, Fluoride was

found to be 0.08 mg/L and E. coli was nil in the study area.

17Furhan,I., Ali,M., Salam, A., Khan,B.A,. Ahmad,S,. Quamar M and Omer, Kashif (2004), Seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics

of river Soan water at Dhoak, Pathan Bridge (Chakwal), Pakisthan, International J. of Agriculture and Biology, 6(1):89-92 18Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring (2007), MINARS/27/2007-08, CPCB, New Delhi




Total Hardness in ground water was ranging from 108 - 504 mg/L, whereas Fluoride

ranged between 0.23 – 0.42mg/L, total Coliform was 1CFU/100mL and E.coli was absent

in all three sampling locations. Overall, the ground water quality was found to be good

and confirming to IS standards.

Pre - Monsoon season (February 2016 - April 2016)

Suspended solids at the locations was found to be 30 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen was

observed to be 6.4 mg/L, total hardness was observed to be 440mg/L, Total Coliform

was found to be 1CFU/100 mL and E. coli were nil in the study area.

The ground water quality analysis results reveal that, the Total Hardness was found in the

range of 240 - 430 mg/L. Fluoride levels are ranging between 0.38 – 0.64 mg/L and E.coli

was absent in all three sampling locations. Overall, the ground water quality was found

to be good and confirming to IS standards.

Monsoon season (May 2016 – July 2016)

Suspended solids was found to be 31mg/L, Dissolved oxygen near lift point was

observed to be 7.5 mg/L. Fluoride was found to be 0.49mg/L, Total Coliform was found

to be 2 CFU/100 mL and E. coli was nil.

The ground water quality analysis results reveal that, the Total Hardness ranged between

120 – 450 mg/L, fluoride ranged between 0.23 – 0.71mg/L. Overall the values were found

to be within standards.




Fig 3.15 Surface and Ground Water Quality sampling locations




Table 3.17 Results of Surface Water Quality

Sl.No Parameters Unit Post - Monsoon Pre - Monsoon Monsoon

1 pH - 7.68 7.09 7.05

2 Temperature ˚C 26 26 29

3 Turbidity NTU 1.92 0.95 1.07

4 Conductivity µs /cm 2.41 2430 1856

5 Suspended solids mg/L 18 30 31

6 Total Hardness mg/L 200 440 460

7 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 8.1 6.4 7.5

8 COD mg/L ND 12 35

9 BOD( 3 days at 270C) mg/L ND 6 13

10 Alkalinity mg/L 120 112 236

11 Calcium as Ca mg/L 48 84 100

12 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 19.44 55.8 51

13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 92.8 142.8 184.5

14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 2.16 1.58 1.72

15 Chloride as Cl mg/L 163.9 294.8 239.8

16 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.07 0.23 0.04

17 Chromium Hexavalent mg/L ND ND ND

18 Oil & Grease mg/L ND ND ND

19 Phosphate as PO4 mg/L 0.019 0.06 0.05

20 Potassium -- 2.8 2.2 3.8

21 Silica as SiO2 mg/L 2.07 32.5 26.6

22 Sodium as Na -- 75.6 1010 120

23 Fluoride mg/L 0.08 0.7 0.49

24 Residual Sodium Carbonate mg/L ND ND ND

25 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ND ND ND

26 Mercury as Hg mg/L ND ND ND

27 Lead as Pb mg/L ND ND ND

28 Cadmium as Cd mg/L ND ND ND

29 Arsenic as As mg/L 0.001 ND ND




Sl.No Parameters Unit Post - Monsoon Pre - Monsoon Monsoon

30 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.014 0.06 0.40

31 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.002 0.007 ND

32 Total Chromium mg/L 0.004 0.002 ND

33 Total Coliform CFU/100 ml 1 1 2

34 E - Coli CFU/100 ml NIL AB AB

ND - Not detected




Table 3.18 Results of Ground Water Quality (Post-Monsoon season)

Sl.No Parameters Units Bandigani Jagadal Mugalkhod

1 pH - 7.45 7.22 7.21


3 Turbidity NTU 0.47 3.06 0.48 4 Conductivity µ s/cm 868 4.25 3.62

5 Suspended Solids mg/L 7 13 11


7 BOD (3 days at 270C) mg/L ND ND ND

8 COD mg/L ND 44 12


10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 35.2 102.4 142.4

11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 4.86 60.2 23.32


13 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 1.38 4.37 5.23


15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.23 0.1 0.2



18 Phosphate total mg/L ND 0.03 0.03

19 Potassium -- 1.8 2 1.2

20 Silica mg/L 1.18 2.59 3.7

21 Sodium -- 12.4 68.8 40.8

22 Fluoride mg/L 0.23 0.41 0.42

23

Residual Sodium

Carbonate mg/L

ND ND ND

24 Phenolic compounds mg/L ND ND ND




28 Arsenic as As mg/L ND ND ND

29 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.366 0.0063 0.190

30 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.002 0.0043 0.006

31 Total Chromium mg/L 0.0069 0.011 0.0102

32 Total Coliform CFU/100mL 1 NIL NIL

33 E - Coli CFU/100mL NIL NIL NIL

ND - Not detected




Table 3.19 Results of Ground Water Quality (Pre-Monsoon season)

Sl.No Parameters Units Bandigani Jagadal Mugulkod

1 pH - 7.86 7.38 7.93


3 Turbidity NTU 0.65 0.32 0.33 4 Conductivity µ s/cm 784 1179 761

5 Suspended Solids mg/L 2 6 4



8 COD mg/L ND ND ND





13 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 11 12.5 14.7


15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.03 0.14 0.08



18 Phosphate total mg/L 0.003 ND ND

19 Potassium -- 4.6 5 4.8

20 Silica mg/L 39 41.2 45.8

21 Sodium -- 150 580 170

22 Fluoride mg/L 0.4 0.64 0.38

23

Residual Sodium

Carbonate mg/L

ND ND ND






29 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.080 0.043 0.07

30 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.005 0.007 0.005

31 Total Chromium mg/L ND ND ND

32 Total Coliform CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT

33 E - Coli CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT

ND - Not detected




Table 3.20 Results of Ground Water Quality (Monsoon season)

Sl.No Parameters Units Bandigani Jagadal Mugulkod

1 pH - 7.53 6.84 7.51


3 Turbidity NTU 0.90 0.87 0.97 4 Conductivity µ s/cm 1669 386 895

5 Suspended Solids mg/L 2 ND 21



8 COD mg/L ND ND ND





13 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 16.1 11.8 7.9


15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.08 0.01 0.08



18 Phosphate total mg/L 0.04 ND ND

19 Potassium -- 6.4 2 1.4

20 Silica mg/L 25.5 26.5 22

21 Sodium -- 114 12 62

22 Fluoride mg/L 0.23 0.5 0.71

23

Residual Sodium

Carbonate mg/L ND ND ND






29 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.116 0.0958

30 Copper as Cu mg/L ND ND ND

31 Total Chromium mg/L ND ND ND

32 Total Coliform CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT

33 E - Coli CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT

ND - Not detected




3.2.7 Soil Characteristics

Major occupation of Mudhol and Jamakhandi taluk of Bagalkot district in Karnataka is

agriculture. Farming in these areas are basically rain fed and farming is a dependent on

the management of soils, crops, animals; use of package of practices, farm techniques,

farm machinery and agricultural implements, marketing, human resources in a

systematic way. To meet the burgeoning population‟s food security, it is planned to

increase food production with an estimated average of 4 tons per hectare from the

present 1.5 tons per hectare. Due to the great dependence and pressure on land and

water resources, obviously, there will be an effect on soil quality and crop productivity.

As per some estimates, the soils have been degrading at the rate of one million a

hectare per year and. 57% of geographical area is affected by various forms of

degradation viz., water and wind erosion, physical and chemical deterioration (NBSS &

LUP 2014). The state department of Agriculture has estimated that about 10% of irrigated

(1.27 lakh ha) command area are affected by problems such as water logging, salinity

and alkalinity (Dep. of Agriculture, 1985). Similarly a depletion of ground water levels has

also been noticed at an alarming rate in recent times through the rapid depletion of the

ground water resources. In this context, it is a great challenge to the scientific

community, to evolve and develop appropriate strategies, to increase food production

on a sustainable basis.

Among various resources, soil is one of the most vital earth resources, on which humanity

depends for shelter and food security. During the management of soil resources it is

important to understand soil distribution, and their characteristics which is a pre-requisite

for appropriate land use practices, based on the suitability of soil for various

applications. Reclamation of degraded soil also needs to be undertaken during the

conservation process.

Irrigation is as much an activity with beneficial impact to begin with and continues to be

beneficial if proper management strategies are adopted. However, it may also pose

problems in terms of change in physico-chemical properties of soil following heavy

application of fertilizers and pesticides to boost agricultural production, water logging,

salinity etc., The objective of this chapter is to document and evaluate the current

characteristics of the Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation scheme, Near Kulahalli village of

Jamakhandi taluk, Bagalkot district, which enables implementers to plan for micro

irrigation management strategies to ensure sustainable production.

Land degradation is rampant and unchecked measures lead to soil loss and low

productivity, intensive agriculture from mono crops and flooding of water may lead to

problems of water logging or condition of short/long term water saturation of top soil,

which results in changes in hydrologic regime, landscape.

The processes leading to flooding are being attributed to increased sedimentation and

reduced capacity of the river drainage system. The adverse effects of water logging are

being reflected severely on overall ecology, reduced agriculture productivity, limited

choice of crops and ageing of soil in the longer term (Woomer and Swift, 1994)

Soil formation a dynamic process but inherent soil properties are also responsible to

maintain the residual capability of assimilating the soil properties. Nutrients and soil loss is

a major problem in black soils, besides continuous cropping, without adequate input of

fertilizers and organic manure. It is more rampant in areas where agriculture is practiced

in poor or moderately fertile soils without application of sufficient quantities manure,

which certainly leads to decrease in agricultural production. Loss of soil organic matter,

following clearing the natural vegetation is also another way of nutrient loss. Plant

nutrients are also depleted from soil through crop removal, run off and soil erosion.

Middelton et al., (1934) noticed that the eroded material is richer than the original soil in

respect of colloidal clay and plant nutrients. The loss of nitrogen by erosion is probably




more serious than loss of any other nutrient (Woolley, 1943), since most of the nitrogen

being lost is combined with soil organic matter, which is under threat of erosion. Actual

nutrient status of tank silt was not found to be much different from that of the soil in the

catchment area studies carried out by the scientists of the Dry land Agriculture project

of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and also by the Department of

Agriculture. (1997)

Soils need continuous management and reclamation measures for optimal productivity.

Their sustained use depends more on the economic concerns and identification of

sustainable alternative uses rather than agricultural production (Perspective land use

plan for Karnataka 2025.

Land degradation problems started emerging since the time of man‟s civilization; as he

started cultivating land some 7000 years ago (Lowder milk, 1953) and because of the

ever-increasing population resulting in many environmental problems such as food

deficit, environmental pollution, leading to degraded soil.

The tragedy of land degradation is so alarming more so in Black soils that the food

security of the country will be at stake. In India, a large portion of land resource is under

soil degradation, which in turn, is affecting the country‟s agricultural productivity. Socio-

economic and ecological consequences of land degradation are affecting well over

50 percent of the total geographical area of the country. There is a dire need for soil

reclamation measures of degraded lands to increase soil productivity and more food to

fulfill the demands of food security and also to protect the original land resource from

degradation processes.

Hence, it is important to possess knowledge of various soil degradation processes or

displacement of soil material, through different agents such as water, wind and

accumulation of chemical substances through physical processes. Soil degradation is a

process that lowers the existing and / or future fertility of the soil to produce, food, fiber,

and fuel required in adequate quantities to sustain human day to day activities.

Anthropogenic activities like large-scale irrigation, deforestation, extensive industrial

growth etc., have led to over-exploitation of natural resources, without due

consideration of resulting ecological imbalance. This has led to problems of salinity,

flooding, drought, water logging and enhanced soil erosion processes all of which in

turn directly affect agricultural productivity in the area.

3.2.7.1 Soil types in the study area

The command area covering the taluk of Jamakhandi and Mudhol, taluk in Bagalkot

district receives moderate annual rainfall of around 585mm and the 101 years (1903-

2003) average annual rain fall of the district is 554.13mm and even this is erratic and

unevenly distributed. The region is subject to frequent drought and crop failure,

affecting the life and economic status of the population, whose main stay is agriculture.

The climate of the district is dry. In summer, the temperature is normally high and May is

the driest month. The district is influenced by the south west monsoon. The soil in this

region occurring on sandstone ridges are shallow, excessively drained, loamy soil with

moderately rapid Permeability. Red soils developed on quartzite occurring on uplands

are shallow to deep, well drained loamy to clay with moderate permeability. The black

soils formed on Shale, limestone and basalt is deep, well drained, clay with low

permeability.

The detailed description of the study area with respect to river, climate and vegetation,

cropping pattern are given below.




3.2.7.2 Crops and cropping pattern

Many parts of the proposed command area repeatedly experience drought and at

times famine conditions which directly affect the life style and economy of the

population, mainly on agriculture. However various Khariff and Rabi crops that can be

raised in the region by providing irrigation facilities would not only boost production but

improve the socio-economic constituents of the area. The entire population in the

proposed command area is depending on agriculture for livelihood and crops like

Jowar, Maize, Bajra, pulses, and Groundnut etc., which are traditionally grown in the

area.

3.2.7.3 Soil status

A soil survey was conducted in the study area and soil sampling stations were identified

followed by a wide-ranging sampling programme undertaken in the command area.

Soil samples were collected from different agricultural lands of each taluk. A total of 5

sampling sites were identified during preliminary survey.

Standard techniques of soil survey (Jackson and Black 1965 & 1982) were used to obtain

qualitative and quantitative data on the soils. Various soil quality parameters viz., pH,

electrical conductivity, chlorides, available calcium and magnesium, phosphorus,

exchangeable sodium and potassium, available nitrogen etc., were determined

employing standard methods of analyses (Jackson and Black 1965, 1968, 1982).

Table 3.21 Details of soil sampling locations

Location code Location Geographical coordinates

S1 Shirol 16˚23‟47.60”N 75˚15‟51.53”E

S2 Navalagi 16˚27‟47.46”N 75˚ 10‟56.93”E

S3 Belagali 16˚23‟9.17”N 75˚9‟5.41”E

S4 Siddapur 16˚27‟16.60”N 75˚17‟3.29”E

S5 Kulali 16˚23‟48.86”N 75˚13‟18.13”E




Fig 3.16 Types of soil in the study area




Fig 3.17 Map showing Soil sampling locations




Table 3.22 Soil quality analysis results (Post monsoon season)

Sampling

Location pH

Orga

nic

Carb

on

Total

Alkalin

ity

(mg/1

00g)

Condu

ctivity

(µ

s/cm)

Moistur

e

conten

t (%)

Ca

(meq/

L)

Cl

(

meq/L)

Mag

nesiu

m as

Mg

Availabl

e

Nitrogen

as N

(Kg/ha)

Avail.

P2O5

(Kg/ha

)

Avai

K

(mg/

100g)

Sodiu

m

absorp

tion

ratio

Sodiu

m

(mg/1

00gm)

Poros

ity

(%)

Bulk

density

(g/cm

3)

Sali

nity

(µs/

cm

)

Water

holdin

g

capaci

ty (%)

Pottasi

um as

K

Shirol 7.96 2.06 1.84 387 10.21 47.2 142.4 5.4 291.2 22.67 8.8 0.035 4.19 96 0.09 635 12.09 8.8

Navalagi 7.71 2.99 0.96 323 4.24 54.4 106.8 3.8 293.5 ND 2.29 0.03 2.79 97 0.077 655 5.96 2.29

Siddapur 7.93 2.48 0.88 688 9.2 35.2 534 2.2 260.26 11.33 15.6 0.044 4.39 96.9 0.059 874 10.64 15.6

Kulali 8.62 4.96 0.8 594 5.21 28 249.2 5.6 336 ND 8.28 0.276 26.14 97 0.073 623 6.73 8.28

Belagali 7.89 2.6 0.96 147.4 4.79 54 89 1.2 224 ND 4.79 0.016 1.99 97 0.07 298 6.3 4.79

Table 3.23 Soil quality analysis results (Pre monsoon season)

Sampling

Location pH

Orga

nic

Carb

on

Total

Alkali

nity

(mg/

100g)

Co

ndu

ctiv

ity

(µ

s/c

m)

Moist

ure

cont

ent

(%)

Calci

um

as

Ca

(meq

/L)

Chlor

ide

as Cl

(

meq/

L)

Mag

nesiu

m as

Mg

Avail.

Nitrog

en as

N

(Kg/ha

)

Avail

Phosph

orus as

P2O5

(Kg/ha

)

Avai

K

(mg/

100g)

Sodiu

m

absor

ption

ratio

Sodiu

m

(mg/1

00gm)

Poros

ity

(%)

Bulk

densi

ty

(g/c

m3)

Sali

nity

(µs/

cm

)

Wate

r

holdi

ng

capa

city

(%)

Potta

sium

as K

Texture

Hydrauli

c

conducti

vity

(cm/hr)

Shirol 7.96 0.48 97.6 249 5.4 40 2.2 5.4 350.36 67.75 15.5 0.72 79.8 39 1.46 147 26.5 15.5 Loam

Sand 0.52

Navalagi 7.66 0.06 73.2 285 9.12 44 1.34 14 20.5 6.8 32.9 0.43 53.8 52.6 1.16 108 39.3 32.9 LoamS

and 0.19

Siddapur 7.82 0.6 97.6 373 14.2 42.6 6.43 6.4 42.9 231.2 28.9 1.2 141.7 50 1.16 212 59.9 28.9 Sandy

Loam 0.89

Kulali 7.63 0.66 73.2 618 5.24 38 2.49 4 66 714 18.9 0.52 55.8 41 1.5 479 34.5 18.9 LoamS

and 0.54

Belagali 7.92 0.9 122 943 3.91 32.4 2.59 19.6 78.2 598.5 57.8 0.69 81.8 44 1.26 834 51.1 57.8 LoamS

and 0.37




Table 3.24 Soil quality analysis results (Monsoon season)

Sampling

Location pH

Orga

nic

Carb

on

Total

Alkalin

ity

(mg/1

00g)

Co

ndu

ctiv

ity

(µ

s/c

m)

Moistur

e

conten

t (%)

Calci

um

as

Ca

(meq

/L)

Chlor

ide

as Cl

(

meq/

L)

Mag

nesiu

m as

Mg

Availa

ble

Nitrog

en as

N

(Kg/ha

)

Availa

ble

Phosph

orus as

P2O5

(Kg/ha

)

Availa

ble

Potassi

um as

K

(mg/1

00g)

Sodiu

m

absor

ption

ratio

Sodiu

m

(mg/1

00gm)

Por

osit

y

(%)

Bulk

densi

ty

(g/c

m3)

Sali

nity

(µs/

cm

)

Wate

r

holdi

ng

capa

city

(%)

Potta

sium

as K

Textu

re

Hydr

aulic

cond

uctivi

ty

(cm/

hr)

Shirol 7.68 0.66 146.4 402 26 23 4.5 5 260.78 24.9 21.8 0.83 71.76 54 1.17 390 63.87 21.8 Clay

loam 0.57

Navalagi 7.43 0.24 97.6 429 21.1 33 7.65 4 242.8 13.6 43.68 0.64 63.7 46 1.31 380 39.5 43.68 Loam 0.25

Siddapur 7.67 0.48 97.6 397 10.04 44 4.95 4 179.3 34 37.83 0.58 65.7 56 1.22 356 41.8 37.83 Loam 0.87

Kulali 7.72 0.72 122 144 9.55 40 5.4 4 191.4 11.33 5.07 0.51 55.6 49 1.45 120 31.3 5.07 Clay

loam 0.54

Belagali 8.13 0.78 244 409 17.8 44 6.3 4 161.4 31.69 19.8 1.22 137.5 60 0.86 386 68.5 19.8 Clay

loam 0.38




3.2.7.4 Results of soil quality analysis

Soil pH

pH of soil mainly depends on the soil water ratio. From experimental data it is seen that

pH of the soil samples in the study area ranged between 7.43 and 8.62 The lowest pH

value of 7.43 was found in sample no.2 which belongs to a agricultural land of Navalagi

village in monsoon season and the maximum pH of 8.62 was observed in Sample No. 4

which belongs to agricultural land of Kulali village during post monsoon.

Electrical conductivity

Electrical Conductivity is the measure of current carrying capacity, gives a clear picture

of the amount of soluble salts present in the soil. The EC values of the soil samples varied

from 144 to 943 μmhos/cm. The highest EC value of 943 μmhos/cm was observed during

pre-monsoon in sample No. 5, which belongs to agricultural land of Belagali village

whereas the lowest EC value of 144 μmhos/cm was noticed in the monsoon soil sample

which belongs to the Agricultural land sample no.4 in Kulali Village.

Salinity: Based on the electrical conductivity of the soil, soil salinity can be classified into

four classes:

CI water is considered as safe without any salinity problems.

CII When used for irrigation, moderate leaching is required.

CIII and CIV cannot be used on soils with inadequate drainage,

since salinity develops.

In the study area four soil samples come under the category of Class-II, which indicates

that the soil samples are under medium salinity. Whereas soil sample no 4 of Belagali

village is of high salinity during pre monsoon indicating salt encrustations on the surface

soil which needs drainage to leach out salts.

However the detailed soil survey has given an indication that soil CII when used for

irrigation, moderate leaching is required. The total medium salt affected area based

on RS and GIS studies is around 6800 hectares representing 94.44 % of the command

as detailed below:

Table 3.25 Salt affected soil details in the command area

Colour

Colour of the soil samples ranged from brown red to black. Some of the soils with greyish

red colour were also noticed.

Water class Electrical conductivity

(micromhos/cm at 25˚ C

Approximate salt

concentration

Class - I - Low salinity 0 to 250 <0.16

Class - II - Medium salinity 250 to 750 0.16 to 0.50

Class - III - High salinity 750 to 2250 0.50 to 1.50

Class - IV - Very High salinity 2250 to 5000 1.5 to 3

Sl.

NO.

Total

Command

Area

(ha)

Saline (ha) Saline-Sodic (ha)

Total Percent Medium High

Very

High Medium High

Very

High

1 7200 6800 400 - - - - 7200 100




Exchangeable Calcium

The minimum concentration of Exchangeable Calcium was found to be 23 during

monsoon season in the soil sample No. 1 that belongs to the agricultural land of Shirol

village, while the maximum value is 54.4 during post monsoon (expressed as Ca

meq/100g) in the sample No.2 and the agricultural land belongs to the Navalagi. There

was wide variation in the distribution of Exchangeable Calcium content in the study

area.

Exchangeable Magnesium

The minimum concentration of Exchangeable magnesium is found to be 1.2 m eq/100g

in the sample No.5 of post monsoon which belongs to the agricultural land of Belagali,

and similarly the maximum Exchangeable magnesium value of 19.6 m eq/100g in the

sample No. 5 of pre monsoon agricultural land, which belongs to Belagali village. The

Exchangeable magnesium value found ranged between 1.2 m eq/100g and 19.6

meq/100g.

Percent Organic Carbon

Percent Organic Carbon was found to be in the range of 0.06 to 4.96 and the minimum

value was observed in Sample No.2 which belonged to pre monsoon agricultural land

of Navalagi. While the maximum percent Organic Carbon value of 4.96 was found in

Sample No.4, which belonged to agricultural land of Kulali village during post monsoon.

Exchangeable Sodium

The exchangeable sodium content in the study area ranged between 1.99 to 141.7

mg/100gm as observed. The minimum Exchangeable sodium value of 1.99 mg/100gm

was observed in Sample No.5 of post monsoon which belonged to agricultural land of

Shirol village and the maximum value was found in Sample No. 3, which belonged to

pre monsoon agricultural land of siddapur village.

Exchangeable Potassium

The Exchangeable K values were found to be in a narrow range and ranged between

2.29 to 43.68 Kg/ha. The minimum potassium value was noticed in Sample No.2 of

Navalagi village, while the maximum value was found in Sample No.3, which belonged

agricultural land of Siddapur village

Available Nitrogen (%N)

The available nitrogen ranged between 20.5 to 350.36 Kg/ha and the minimum value

was found in sample No. 2 which belongs to Agricultural land at Navalagi village and

the maximum value was observed in sample number 1 which belonged agricultural

land at Shirol village

Percent Chlorides

The Chloride content of the soil is the measure of salinity of the soil. The Chloride content

of the soil ranged between 108 to 874 u/s/100g. The chloride content was taken as

major factor for the estimation of salinity of the soil samples. The maximum chloride

content was observed in post monsoon Sample no.3 of agricultural land, which belongs

to the Siddapura, where as the lowest chloride of 108 u/s /100g was observed in pre-

monsoon soil sample no 2 in Navalgi village.

Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Percent Sodium

The Sodium Absorption Ratio ranged between 0.03 to 1.22. A minimum SAR value of 0.03

was found in Sample no.2 of post monsoon, which belongs to agricultural land of

Navalagi village, and the maximum SAR value was found in sample No. 5 of monsoon

season, which belonged Agricultural of Belagali village.




Particle Size

Relative proportions of the soil particles of various sizes are an important physical

parameter, which determines the texture of soil. Larger particles help in providing the

physical support to the plants, while smaller size particles determine the capacity of soil

to hold the water and available nutrients. The soil samples have shown varied

composition of coarse sand, fine sand, silt and clay materials and particle sizes ranged

between 0.2 to 2 mm, 0.02 to 0.2 mm, 0.002 to 0.02 mm and less than 0.002 mm.

Discussion on analytical results

pH

pH of soil is the measure of hydrogen ion activity and depends largely on the relative

amounts of the adsorbed hydrogen and other metallic ions present in the soils. pH of soil

mainly depends on the soil water ratio. The pH of the soil samples in the study area

ranged between 7.43 and 8.62. The results have shown that there was neutral range of

soils and are slightly towards the alkaline in nature in the study area. All the soil samples

shown above pH values of 7.06 are slightly alkaline in nature, and this may be due to

high amount of leaching which has led to the leach out of exchangeable anions and

are considered as slightly alkaline.

Variation in pH values has an impact on survivability of soil flora and fauna under various

acidic or highly alkaline soils. However some species of plants may tolerate the pH

fluctuations and it is essential to study the pH of the soil in management practices,

through which it gives the overall status of soil minerals to the plants. In the study area

most of the soil samples were found to be slightly alkaline.

Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity, as the measure of current carrying capacity, gives a clear

picture of the amount of soluble salts present in the soil.

It plays a major role in the salinity of soils. There is a relation between electrical

conductivity and salinity, lesser the EC value low will be the salinity value of soil and vice-

versa. The Electrical Conductivity values of the soil samples vary from 144 to 943

µmhos/s, as shown below.

Sl. No. EC values (µmhos/cm)

No. of samples

Pre

monsoons

Monsoon

monsoons

Post

monsoons

1 10 to 500 3 5 3

2 501 to 1000 2 0 2

3 1001 to 1500 0 0 0

4 1501 to 2000 and above 0 0 0

Electrical conductivity values within 800 μmhos/cm are considered as normal nature of

soil, and in the present study about 67 percent of the samples were observed to be in

the normal range. While EC values between 800 and 1600 are considered critical for

tolerant crops, while EC values ranging between 1600 and 2500 are considered critical

for salt tolerant crops, and EC values more than 2500 are not considered safe for most of

the crops. In the study area no samples have crossed 1500, and therefore almost all the

soil samples are found to be suitable for agriculture.

Colour

Soil colour is one of the visual judgment through which the soil type can be classified.

The soil colour may vary from region to region or spatially. Soil derives its colour from the

source of the material. However, the colour may also vary due to,




Soil forming process

Moisture content and drainage

Nature and amount of organic matter

Mineral sources

In the study area, the soil samples have shown similarity in colour. Majority of the soils are

Black in color; whereas about 10 percent of the samples were grey to brown colour. The

colour of samples indicated that majority of the samples belong to Black soils.

Organic Carbon

Soil resource is a major anchor to all the life beings, such as plants, animals and

microorganisms in various stages of decomposition process, which gives the end

products in the form of organic matter. The organic substances are a major determinant

of soil structure, moisture content, pH and the soil nutrient status of the topsoil. The

importance of organic matter in the soil is improved soil structure and fertility status of

the soil, which differentiates the soil and other non-fertile soils.

In the study area the amount organic carbon ranged from 0.06 to 4.96, indicating

variable organic matter content and degradability rate. The percentage of organic

matter varied spatially and generally has a higher organic content in the case of thickly

vegetated areas. The requirement of optimum level of organic matter required by the

plants slightly varies between species, as it is not a single nutrient source required for all

the plants and for all the soils. The variation is also dependent on soil type, climate,

existing plant and animal species.

In the study area it was noticed that the percent organic carbon was found to be in

high range in all samples of post monsoon season i.e., all the samples contained more

than 0.75 percent organic carbon. In the pre monsoon season soil samples only soil

sample no 2 of Navalagi village is low in organic carbon and other soil samples are

medium except sample no 5 of Belagali with high organic content(0.9).Similarly during

monsoon season other soil samples are medium except sample no 5 of Belagali with

high organic content (0.78).

Therefore most of the samples in the area appear to possess high content of percent

organic carbon, which benefits the farmer to get a higher yield of crops.

Available Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient available in the soil of the

biological systems, which covers more than 1% of the dry organic weight. It is a major

component of nucleic acids, phospholipids and many phosphorylated compounds.

Similarly, it is also a second most limiting factor often affecting plant growth. Chemically,

phosphorus exists in the soil in the form of both organic and inorganic forms. Generally

Plants are dependent on inorganic phosphorus especially in the form of phosphate ions,

whereas organic phosphates are also important sources of phosphorus in almost all

types of soils. Comparatively however the phosphorus is, required in small quantities; but

it may be the most likely limiting element in productivity of the plant. Therefore

ecologically it is very much significant.

Percentage organic carbon Rating No of samples

<0.40 Low 2

0.4 to 0.75 Medium 6

>0.75 High 7




Sl. No Grade Concentration

1 Low phosphorus Less than 12.4 Kg/ha

2 Medium phosphorus 12.4 to 22.4 Kg/ha

3 Adequate phosphorus More than 22.4 Kg/ha

4 Abundant phosphorus Still higher

Soils of the study area showed maximum range of low levels of phosphorous i.e.,

Navalagi village soil Sample 2 of pre monsoon with 6.8kg/ha, Siddapura sample no 3 of

post monsoon and soil sample no 4 of Kulali village with 11.33 kgs/ha and in all other soil

samples of pre, monsoon & post monsoon samples, one sample no 2 of Navalagi come

under medium grade and all other samples are adequate range of phosphorus

availability. In general, the soil samples showed lower levels of available phosphorus

content which can be supplemented by the applying phosphorus rich fertilizers as

required by a specific crop.

Exchangeable Sodium and Potassium

The exchangeable sodium values in the study area ranged between 0.1.99 in soil

sample no 5 of Belagali during post monsoon season to 141.7 Kg/ha. The minimum

exchangeable sodium value was observed in Sample No. 5 which belonged to

agricultural land of Belagali village and the maximum exchangeable sodium value was

found in pre-monsoon season Sample No. 3, which belonged to agricultural land of

Siddapur village.

Potassium (K) is the third most essential element required by most of the plants.

Simultaneously there is a negative effect at higher levels as it affects cell division,

formation of carbohydrates, activation of various enzymatic reactions, cell permeability,

while it improves resistance of some plants to some diseases. It also plays an important

role in water balancing of plants or regulation of osmosis. Generally it forms a most

abundant metal cation in plant cell (about 2 to 3 % by dry weight).

Deficient supply of (K) Less than 113 Kg/ha

Doubtful supply of (K) 113 to 280 Kg/ha

Adequate supply of (K) More than 280 Kg/ha

In the study area, the soil samples showed a narrow range of potassium level. About 67

percent samples come under the range of deficient level of exchangeable potassium,

which can be balanced by applying potassium rich fertilizers, whereas about 23 per

cent of the samples have medium range of exchangeable potassium content.

Particle size distribution

The soil particle size is major parameter and a relative proportion of the soil particles of

various sizes are an important physical parameter, which emphasizes the texture of soil

of a particular region. Larger particle size helps in providing the physical support to the

plants, while smaller particles encourage the soil to hold water and availability of

nutrients.

As per the International System of Classification, the range of the particle sizes in the soil

is as under:

Sl.No. Category Particle Size

1 Coarse sand 0.2 to 2.0 mm

2 Fine sand 0.02 to 0.2 mm

3 Silt 0.002 to 0.02 mm

4 Clay <0.002mm




Textural class

Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of clay, silt and sand in a sample of soil.

Based on dominancy of the size fraction the soil texture can be classified as various

types, such as clay, sandy clay, silt clay etc, whereas the fine particle fraction of the soil

is used to describe as loam. Soil texture is an indicator parameter, through which the

other soil properties can be studied, but if used alone, it has limited predictive value; viz.,

ability of a soil to adsorb cations from solution depends on the mineralogy of the clay

fraction as well as on the percentage of clay. It also depends on the amount and

nature of the organic matter, the soil holds. The permeability of soil to water depends on

shape, mineral particles and organic matter into structural units with pore spaces

between them. Texture does however; indicate the ease with which the application of

the soil can be recommended. Higher content of clay in soils are often described, as

„heavy‟ and sandy soils are known as „light‟. But clay soils retain more water against

gravity and consequently warm up more slowly in spring. Overall, the soil texture class

ranges from loamy sand to clay loam in the project area.

Water holding capacity (WHC)

Water holding capacity is the amount of water that can be retained by the soil when all

the pores in the soil have been filled with water; soil is saturated with water,

accompanied by very poor drainage. The water retained at zero bar tension, is rarely

utilized by plants as it reduces the respiration rate and creates anaerobic conditions for

the roots.

In the study area the soil samples exhibited a significant correlation between the clay

content and water holding capacity. WHC was more in the surface soil layer where a

greater accumulation of organic matter, litter and root mass etc., existed. Thereby it

supports rather stronger influence of soil organic matter on water holding capacity of

the soil.

Available Nitrogen

Nitrogen is one among the four primary elements essential for the plant tissues. It is the

major component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. The atmospheric nitrogen

gets trapped in the soil during electro and photo-chemical fixation and also by the

action of microorganisms. Soil nitrogen is made available through a process of

mineralization. The available nitrogen in soil exists in the form of both organic and

inorganic forms. However, relatively most of the nitrogen content in organic form is at

the most about 90 per cent. Organic content present in the soil decaying by microbial

activity, during process all the organic nitrogen gets converted to ammonium, nitrates

and nitrites. Nitrogen is having a major role in maintaining the fertility of the soil and

nitrogen content in almost all the soils are observed to be very low and is found as

nitrates, nitrite and ammonium. Plants are more dependent upon nitrate nitrogen,

during the aerobic conditions and ammonia nitrogen during anaerobic conditions.

Sl. No Quantity of nitrogen Rating

1 < 272 Kg/ha Low

2 272 to 554 Kg/ha Medium

3 > 554 Kg/ha High

In the study area only in soil sample no 5 of Belagali village of post monsoon, available

Nitrogen is low and the rest are of medium range nitrogen content. Where as in the pre

monsoon season soil samples except in soil sample no 1 of Shirol, all other samples are

with low range of available Nitrogen. In the Monsoon season soil samples except in soil

sample no 5 of Shirol; all other samples are with low range of available Nitrogen. Soil

moisture content is having a major contribution to vary the process and also one of the

important factors affecting nitrification. In water logged areas soil suppresses the




process of nitrification because of deficient oxygen. However it is totally different in the

case of dry soils. As in the case of present study area in the soils however, there will be

enough moisture for the process of bacterial metabolism and such soils posses‟ higher

rate of biosynthesis of nitrogen which also contribute to fertility of the soil.

Salinity

Salt affected problems are commonly seen in arid and semi arid regions, in irrigation

areas and in the regions where the poor drainage and poor quality / contaminated

water is being used for irrigation. Saline soils are those, which dominated/appreciable

quantities of soluble salts to interfere growth and productivity of the crops. Generally,

they are rich in neutral salts including the salts of chlorides and sulphate of sodium,

calcium and magnesium (excluding gypsum) in excess quantities, enough to cause

significant effect particularly on growth of the crop plants. In these saturated soils the

various soil characteristics such as the pH was observed to be less than 8.5 mainly due to

the presence of neutral salts, and the electrical conductivity is more than 4.0 µmhos/cm

(at 25˚c) and the Exchangeable Sodium percentage (ESP) is less than 15. Salinity is

usually measured/expressed in terms of electrical conductivity and expressed in

micromhos/cm (at 25˚C).

Salinity causing factors

The various natural factors affecting salinity are meteorological, drainage pattern,

agricultural practices and soil characteristics

I. Climate: Climate is the most important factor responsible to change and formation

of saline soils in a specific region. They mainly occur in regions with arid and semi arid

climate as where low rainfall is formed to leach and transport the soluble salts

formed during weathering. Arid climate is commonly characterized by maximum

evaporation rates, which leads to more and more concentration of salt in the soil

surface. Whereas in the humid regions the soluble salts formed due to weathering

process are transported downwards to the ground water regime, and, streams finally

reach the oceans. Therefore saline soils are non-existent in humid regions except

when the soil has been subjected to seawater inundation, as in river deltas and near

the sea, where as in the arid regions, leaching and transportation of salts will be very

poor, unlike in the case of humid regions.

II. Controlled drainage: This is another important contributing factor for salinity, during

formation of saline soils, having a direct connection with the deeper ground water table

or low permeability of soils. The depth of the water table often depends upon the

topography of the land. In the case of arid regions of low rainfall area, the surface

drainage ways are poorly developed, and which leads to the drainage basins without

outlets to permanent streams. The salty drainage waters enter from the higher lands of

the basin leading to increase in the ground water level to the soil surface on the low

lands.

III. Low permeability of soils: Poor drainage mainly causes an effect on the downward

movement of water. The low permeability of soil is mainly because of unfavorable soil

texture (very fine) or it could be also due to the presence of hard layers in the form of

clay pans, caliches layer or a silica hard pan, as a result of ploughing with heavy tillage

equipments.

IV. Irrigation practices: This is another important factor which has a bearing effect on

salinity of the region. Expansion of irrigation activities has become one of the key

strategies to achieving higher food production. In India the net irrigated area has

increased from 20 million hectares (1950) to more than 45 million hectares, at present.




This extended irrigation activities have been achieved through transported water.

Irrigation practice also contributes to improve the ground water table and when the

ground water table is within 2 m of the surface, it contributes significantly to increase in

the salinity of the soil due to capillary rise of water and its evaporation from the soil

surface. In most of the canal irrigated areas, the problems of salt accumulation is a

matter of serious dimension.

V. Fertility Status of soils: Based on the results and nutrient indices, it is possible to classify

nutrient status of the particular area and classify each nutrient level i.e., low, medium or

high based on a rating chart, which was made use of while rating the soil analysis results,

as follows:

Table 3.26 Rating Chart for Soil Test values and their Nutrient Indices

1. Soil pH

Acidity Neutral Alkaline

Range Below 6 6-8 Above 8

Soil Reaction Index I II III

2. Electrical Conductivity

Normal Critical Injurious

Range (µmhos/cm) below 1000 1000-2000 above 2000

Salt index I II III

3. Organic Carbon

Low Medium High

Range (%) Below 0.5 0.5-0.75 Above 0.75

Nutrient index I II III

4. Available Phosphorus

Low Medium High

Range (Kg/ha) Below 22 22-54 Above 54


5. Available Potassium

Low Medium High

Range (Kg/ha) Below 123 123-296 Above 296


6 Nutrient Index

Nutrient Index Range Remarks (OC, N, P, K)

I Below 1.67 Low

II 1.67-2.33 Medium

III Above 2.33 High

The nutrient index values are evaluated for the soil samples analyzed using the following

formula:

Nutrient index= [(1x No. of samples in low category) + (2 x No. Samples in medium

category) + (3 x No. of samples in high category)] / Total number of samples The values

are:

Characteristics Nutrient index Remarks

Organic carbon (OC) 3.0 High

Available Phosphorus (P) 1.077 Low

Available potash (K) 0.88 Low

From the overall results of physico-chemical analysis of the soil samples, it is noticed that

the soil pH values range between 7.43 and 8.62 and most of the values belong to soil

reaction index I and II, which shows that the soils of the study area are under the neutral

range. The electrical conductivity of the soil samples were observed to be in the range




between 144 and 943 µmhos/cm. Based on the rating chart of soil tests, all the soil

samples belong to normal i.e., salt index I, except one sample (Navalagi), whereas

organic carbon content of soil samples were observed to range from 0.0.06 to 4.6

percent. As per the nutrient index, the organic carbon in soil samples was at high level.

Similarly, the available phosphorus values are in low range.

3.3 Land use assessment of study area

Land is a finite and inelastic natural resource and is subjected to all types of

degradation including soil loss of the earth‟s surface. Land is an important medium for all

developmental activities, for natural resources, balanced ecosystem, for agriculture.

Burgeoning population, SEZ and for economic development, aquatic live water, food

and other products.

Soil degradation is a tragedy and its environmental impacts are posing a serious threat

and poses increasing pressures on the land resources in many countries of the world.

Proper land use planning and its resources help in optimal use for sustainable

development which meets various needs, including social, economic, environmental

and developmental activities. A modern and scientific agricultural practice coupled

with the community participation capacitates people to take decisions based on the

land capability to produce the need based requirement of the present and future

demands. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

meeting in Rio urged all the member countries to assess sustainability and resilience of

land resources of the world. In this regard India too gave much emphasis in assessing the

impacts of developmental projects on land resources. India, though the seventh largest

country in the world, land resource management is becoming very important.

India has over 17% of world‟s population living on 2.4% of the world‟s geographical area.

The spatial distribution of land use/ land cover and its changes are essential inputs for

planning, implementation and management in agriculture and allied activities. With the

increasing population, and consequent pressure on land and continuous land

degradation, the need for optimum utilization of land assumes greater importance.

Land use inventories are assuming increasing importance in various resource sectors like

agricultural planning, urban development and cadastral surveys, environmental studies

and agricultural operations based on agro-climatic zones. Information on land use

cover permits a better understanding of forest, including grazing land, cultivable and

uncultivable waste land, and location of surface water bodies etc., which are vital for

planning.

3.3.1 Approach and Methods

Geo-coded False Colour Composite scenes of IRS P6 LISS III with PAN merged Satellite

imageries of high resolution (scale 1:10,000) were procured from KSRSAC and then

prepared various thematic maps for the study area. The thematic maps generated are

land use / land cover, Slope, Soil, Hydrogeo morphology and drainage map of the

Venkateswara Lift irrigation project command area. The land use/land cover map was

prepared from the digital satellite data using ARC GIS 9.2 and ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1 soft

ware for extracting the land use; land cover classes include agriculture land

(Kharif/Rabi/Double cropped area), forest, waste lands, built-up land, River course,

water bodies etc. SOI topo sheets were consulted for easy interpretation of satellite

imageries.

Apri-ori Maximum likely hood algorithm was used for digital analysis with minimum

ground truth information. The feature classes were identified based on the visual

interpretation of the satellite imagery also coupled with ground truth observations. The

GIS was employed to obtain land use/land cover statistics for the areas under each of

these categories. The study has made use of both primary and secondary data. These




include Survey of India (SOI) topographic sheets of 1:50,000 scale and satellite imageries

of IRS P6 LISS III (PAN merged) geo coded data of 1:10,000 scale.

The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) data was visually and digitally interpreted by

using the image interpretation techniques (such as Colour,Texture,tone, , shape, size,

pattern, association and Researchers experience of the area.) and Arc GIS software

was used for processing, analysis and integration of spatial data to study the objectives.

Adequate post analysis field checks were made before finalization of the thematic

maps. All these thematic layers were scanned and vectorized using Geographical

Information System (GIS). All the features in the GIS coverage are assigned the attributes

and GIS data base is created as per the required objectives. The coverage‟s are in

polyclonal projection. These values have been projected using co-ordinates

information.

3.3.2 Results and Observations

3.3.2.1 Project location and Extent

The project site is approachable by road and is at a distance of 15 km from the taluk

head quarters. The lift point is near Kulahalli village in Jamakhandi taluk of Bagalkot

district, Karnataka. The command area is spread over in 10 villages of Mudhol (4

villages) and Jamakhandi (6 villages) taluks.

3.3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover

The dominant land use pattern in the project area is occupied by kharif crops (3152.94

ha) followed by Rabi crops (1534.22 ha). In the valley portion with deep to very deep

black clay to clay loam soils are supporting double crops i.e Bajra and Rabi jowar,

Sesamum and sunflower, Groundnut and sunflower or Grams and Rabi jowar.This is

grown in an area of about 1546.93ha.

Scrub Forest is located in the northern side of Kulahalli (39.04ha) which is adjacent to the

lift point towards southeast direction. Degraded forest is spread over in small patches in

the proposed command area in the north eastern portion of the command (0.17 ha).

The spatial data is dominated by crop lands followed by scrub and degraded forest

area and built-up areas covering an area of 3.45 ha. It also includes water bodies and

shrub land. The ground truth survey revealed that Jowar, Pluses, Groundnut and

Sunflower are the common crops grown in the region. The land use land cover map

details and map is given below;

Table 3.27 Land use and Land cover data of study area

Sl. No Land use classification Area (Sq Km) % corresponding to area

1 Kharif crop 3152.94 3.76

2 Rabi crop 1534.22 0.00

3 Double cropped area 1546.93 24.82

4 Scrub forest 39.04 0.08

5 Degraded forest 0.17 5.59

6 Barren rocky/stony waste/sheet rock/ 266.79 21.32

7 Land without scrub 404.98 0.54

8 Settlement/Village 3.45 0.05

9 Lake/Tank/River/water body 5.44 3.76




Fig 3.18 Land use details of Project site

3.3.2.3 Soil type and Erosion classification

The red soils occurring on sandstone ridges are shallow, execessively drained, and loamy

soils with moderate to rapid permeability. Red soils developed on quartzite occurring on

uplands shallow to deep, well drained loamy to clay with moderate permeability. The

black soils on shale, limestone and basalt are deep, are moderately well drained, clay

with slow permeability and is rich in bases (alkaline condition) and has a very high water

holding capacity. The soils in the Krishna project area are mostly black soil, while the red

and mixed soils constitute only 20 percent, and are two to four feet deep, heavy in

texture, with 45 to 55 per cent clay and contain free calcium carbonate throughout the

profile. There is generally a zone of salt concentration in the soil profile at a depth of 18

to 36 inches, the principal salt being gypsum. Below the gypsum layer occurs „murrum‟

which is practically impermeable to water, so that the internal drainage of the soil is

lateral rather than vertical within the profile.

3.3.2.4 Drainage and Watershed

The study area shows different types of drainage patterns. The collective pattern of

streams and their course constitutes drainage pattern. Factors like slope, geological

features, and topography are reflected in the drainage patterns of an area. Bagalkot

district is made up of Deccan traps that include sedimentary and basaltic terrain with

table topped hills. The rivers flow from west to East direction indicating that the district is

elevated in the western part and is sloping towards the eastern .The major part of the

command area is almost gentle sloping from the west direction to east direction. The

major river flowing in the district is Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and their

tributaries and Malaprabha confluences river Krishna near Kudalasangama. The

drainage network is dense and oblong in shape. The drainage is mainly influenced by

the south-west monsoon. The relief in the area is normal.

Drainage density is dependent on factors like relief, rainfall intensity, and infiltration

capacity of the soil and vegetation cover. Drainage system of the project area falls

under Krishna river basin.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000A

rea

(Sq

. Km

.)

Land use




Fig 3.19 Land use/ Land cover map of study area




Fig 3.20 Slope map of study area




Fig 3.21 Soil erosion intensity map of study area




3.4 Biological Environment

3.4.1 Location of site & study area

The Krishna River originates in Maharashtra state of India. It flows from North and Western

portions towards East and south eastern directions and enters Belgaum, Bagalkot, Bijapur

and Gulbarga district and joins Tungabhadra River in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

Malaprabha, Ghataprabha and Bhima rivers are the main tributaries of Krishna River.

Ghataprabha river joins the Krishna River near Kudala Sangama of Bagalkot District and

Malaprabha river joins Krishna river near Raichur.

The proposed Venkateshwara LIS is planned to utilize 0.75 TMC of water from Krishna River

by lift near Kulahalli village, Bagalkot District. Degraded and scrub forest near kulhalli is

found within the 10 Km radius of lifting component at a distance of about 3 Km and 1 Km

respectively. The predominant soil in the study area is black cotton soil and agriculture is the

main occupation of the people. The major crops grown in the region are Bajra, Sugar cane,

Jowar, Hy. Maize, Hy. Cotton, Ground nut, Chilli, Pulses etc., and the Rabi crops being Rabi

Jowar, Cotton, Bengal gram, Safflower and Sunflower etc.

3.4.2 Common useful trees of the region

The economical trees in the study area are Anogeissus latifolia, commonly called

„Dindaga‟, which has very hard wood used for cart axles and ploughs and any tool for

which strength is required. Tamarindus indica, is commonly known as „hunase‟ has a very

hard and lasting heartwood which is used for sugarcane mills and oil mills and for millet and

rice pounding wares. Its fruits are largely used in Indian curries. Cassia fistula, is commonly

known as „Kakke‟, is notable for its long pods and beautiful hanging clusters of primrose

yellow flowers. The bark is useful as a tanning material. Randia dumetorum is commonly

known as „Karegida‟ is a small shrub with close-grained wood used for walking sticks. Butea

frondosa, commonly known as muttuga, yields a strong fibrous wood which is used locally

for building. The leaves are used as food plates. Albizzia lebbek, is commonly known as

„Baage‟ which furnishes a very strong hard-wood used for rollers and crushers in sugarcane

mills, and in cart-making. It is a useful roadside tree, growing fast and giving good shade.

Dendrocalamus strictus, commonly known as „Bidiru‟ used for agriculture supporting tools.

Table 3.28 List of commonly found tree species in the study area

Sl.

No Common Name Botanical Name

Staus as per Red

data book

IUCN Status

2015-4

1 Karijali Acacia nilotica Common Common

2 Kaggali Acacia catechu Common Common

3 Banni Acacia ferruginea Common Common

4 Anagobli Acacia latronum Common Common

5 Bilijali Acacia leucophloea Common Common

6 Heddi Adina cordifolia Common Common

7 Bilpatre Aegle marmelos Common Common

8 Hebbevu Ailanthus excelsa Common Common

9 Sujjulu Albizia amara Common Common

10 Bage Albizia lebbeck# Common Common

11 Dindaga Anogeissus latifolia# Common Common

12 Halasu Artocarpus integrifolia# Common Common

13 Bevu Azadirachta indica# Common Common




Sl.

No Common Name Botanical Name

Staus as per Red

data book

IUCN Status

2015-4

14 Kaduhippe Madhuca indica# Common Common

15 Basavanapada Bauhinia racemosa# Common Common

16 Burga Bombax ceiba# Common Common

17 Mulgojjalu Bridelia retusa# Common Common

18 Murkalu Buchanania lanzan# Common Common

19 Muthaga Butea monosperma# Common Common

20 Kakke Cassia fistula# Common Common

21 Huruglu Chloroxylon swietenia# Common Common

22 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo# Common Common

23 Bettakanagalu Dillenia indica# Common Common

24 Thupra Diospyros melanoxylon# Common Common

25 Neelagiri Eucolyptus tereticornis# Common Common

26 Bela Feronia elephantum# Common Common

27 Shivane Gmelina arborea# Common Common

28 Thapsi Holoptelea integrifolia# Common Common

29 Mavu Mangifera indica# Common Common

30 Sampige Michelia champaca# Common Common

31 Akash Mallige Millingtonia hortensis# Common Common

32 Karibevu Murraya koenigii# Common Common

33 Honge Pongamia pinnata# Common Common

34 Kare Randia deumetorum# Common Common

35 Geru Semecarpus anacardium# Common Common

36 Nerale Syzygium cumini# Common Common

37 Hunase Tamarindus indica# Common Common

38 Saguvani Tectona grandis# Common Common

39 Alale Terminalia chebula# Common Common

40 Hale Wrightia tinctoria# Common Common

41 Gojjaga Caesalpinia bonducella# Common Common

42 Srigandha Santalum album# Common Common

43 Gobbarada gida Gliricidia sepium# Common Common

44 Subabul Leucaena leucocephala# Common Common

45 Nelli kai Emblica officinalis# Common Vulnerable

46 Copper pod Peltophorum pterocarpum# Common Common

47 Sihihunase Pithecellobium dulce# Common Common

48 Echalu Phoenix sylvestris# Common Common

49 Gulmohar Delonox regia# Common Common

50 Gasagase Muntingia calabura# Common Common

51 Bugari mara Thespesia populnea# Common Common

52 Nimbe Citrus indica# Common Common

53 Shivalinga pushpa Couorupita guianensis# Common Common

54 Rain tree Samanea saman# Common Common

55 Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia# Common Common

56 Pappaya Carica papaya# Common Common

57 Sapota Manilkara zapota# Common Common

# recorded by EHSCPL team




3.4.3 Trees found in Agriculture and Horticulture gardens

The important trees found in the agriculture and horticulture fields are Albizzia lebbek,

Luecaena leucocephala, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Tectona grnadis, Musa sapientum,

Citrus indica, Artocarpus integrifolia, Tamarindus indica, Azadarichta indica, Melia dubia,

Eugenia jamboolina, Mangifera indica, Psidium pomiferum, and Ferronia elephantum. The

common edge plants are Gliricidia sepium, Agave americana, Euphorbia tirucalli,

Euphorbia quandrangularis, Adhatoda vasica, Opuntia dillenia, Jatropa curcas, Moringa

pterygosperma, Acacia concinna and Pithecolobium dulce, Vetiveria Zyzinoides.

3.4.4 Common grasses and ferns

The most common grasses found in the study area are Cyperus cyperoides, Cynodon

dactylon, Lagenocarpus rigidus, Cyperus rotundus, Typha angustifolia, Andropogon

pumilus, Andropogan martini, Saccharum spontaneum, Cyperus digitatus etc. The only fern

found in the study area is Adiantum lunulatum commonly found in the riparian zones.

Table 3.29 List of commonly found shrub species in the study area

Sl. No Species Species Status as per Red data book

IUCN Status 2015-4

1 Adhatoda vasica#

Common

2 Aloe vulgaris#

3 Artaboytrys hexapetalous#

4 Bougainvillea glabra #

5 Cactus spp. #

6 Calotropis gigantea#

7 Carissa caranda#

8 Dodonaea viscosa#

9 Eupatorium rugosum#

10 Euphorbhia tirucalli#

11 Gossypium arboreum#

12 Ziziphus oenophilia#

13 Zizupus mauritiana#

14 Jatropa curcas#

15 Kingeodendron pinnata#

16 Kirganellia reticulata#

17 Premna tomentosa#

18 Prosopis juliflora#

19 Randia dumetorum#

20 Ricinus communis#

21 Vitex nigundo#

22 Woodfordia fruticosa#

23 Xanthium strumarium#

# recorded by EHSCPL team




Fig 3.22 Map of 25 Km radius from the boundary of project showing forest areas




3.4.5 Approach and Methodology

3.4.5.1 Approach

A participatory and consultative approach was employed for executing the assignment

on flora-fauna Assessment in command area around 10 Km radius of project

components. A team of experts visited the project area and conducted a detailed

inventory of flora and fauna was carried out in three seasons in 2016. Meetings were also

held during the ecological survey with Forest Officials, Local Community and Revenue

Department Officials. Literature survey included review of forest working plan, census

handbook, Gazetteer and other records related to ecology of the region were referred.

3.4.5.2 Methodology

The methodology specified in the ToR was not suitable to the project site. However, in

the absence of forest inside the command area, the methodology was slightly modified

and adopted for the study. The entire project area was divided into grids of 5x5 km on

GIS domain. Altogether, the entire study area falls in 5 grids and out of which 3 grids

were selected for the study. The number and size of plots in each grid were decided by

species area curves. The number of plots in each grid and the key features of the

selected grids are given in Table below;

Qualitative and quantitative observations were made in the study area to understand

the project area in different ecosystems. Sample plots were demarcated and in each

sample plot all the individuals were recorded separately and the cases of unidentified

specimens were confirmed subsequently by cross checking with the available literature.

Phyto-sociological parameters of the trees and shrubs population, viz., density and

diversity were measured to determine the distribution and ecological aspects of the

species. Density is a measure of species distribution in a given area of quadrants

considered for the study. Further, species, richness, density/ha and importance value

index (IVI) have been worked out to understand the ecology of the area. The

importance value index has been used to calculate species diversity, dominance and

evenness index of biodiversity.

For all the species found in the study area during ecological survey, IUCN, Red Data

Books of the Botanical Survey of India and Wildlife Schedules were referred extensively

to verify their present conservation status.

The area is dominated by Acacia nilotica, Prosopis julifora and patches of

Dendrocalamus strictus is evident on the banks of the river. The area is surrounded by

agricultural lands on either side of the river.

Table 3.30 Details of plot selected in the study area

Locations Total no

of Grids

No of Grids

selected for

Sampling

No of Plots

Herbs

(5mx5m)

Shrubs

(25mx25m)

Trees

(100 mx100 m)

Upstream area of

Krishna river

2 1 1 2 4

Downstream area of

Krishna river

2 1 1 2 4

Command area 2 1 1 2 2

Grand Total 6 3 3 6 10




3.4.5.3 Screening secondary literature

Besides measuring these parameters, other biodiversity aspects, such as species

endemicity (Pascal, 1988; Pascal and Ramesh 1990; FRLHT, 2001), conservation status

and life forms, have been collected from published literature. For all the species found in

the area during ecological survey, IUCN, Red Data Books of the Botanical Survey of

India and Wildlife Schedule, 1 and 2, were consulted extensively, to verify their present

conservation status.

3.4.6 Observations and Discussion

3.4.6.1 Overview of Forest types of the Study Area

There are no reserve forests inside the command area and only Scrub and degraded

forest patches were found nearby to the lift point at Kulhallii and this is found outside the

command area but within the study area. The condition and composition of the crop in

these two areas is poor and consisting mainly of Bandarike (Dodonaea viscosa), Jiggu

(Lantana camara) and Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora and Cassias, are typical

plantations of black cotton soil.

3.4.6.2 Bio-diversity Aspects of Flora in the Study Area

A total of 57 species of trees, 23 species of shrubs, 46 species of herbs and 35 species of

grasses found in the study area. All the species observed / recorded are common and

no rare, endangered, threatened species found in the region. Among 57 species

recorded, Azadirachta indica found abundant compared to other species due to its

close contact with black cotton soil and can withstand maximum temperatures. Acacia

nilotica restricted to bunds of agricultural lands and river banks. Results are enclosed in

Annexure-2.

The other species recorded in the quadrates are Eucalyptus hybrid, Tectona grandis,

Tamarindus indica, Albizzia lebbeck and Pongamia pinnata. Overall, the Shannon

wiener diversity indices indicating lesser diversity of species in the study area. The details

of indices in different seasons are given below.

Table 3.31 List Shannon - Wiener diversity of plant community structure in the study

area

Table 3.32 Season Area Simpson index Shannon index Trees Shrubs

Seasons Area Simpsons index Simpsons index

Trees Shrubs Trees Shrubs

Post -

monsoon

Upstream of Krishna river 0.74 0.65 1.87 1.15

Downstream of Krishna river

Command

0.80 0.71 1.62 1.19

Command area 0.85 0.71 1.46 1.15

Pre - Monsoon



Command

0.81 0.72 1.41 1.06

Command area 0.84 0.61 1.22 1.02

Monsoon

Season



Command

0.88 0.74 1.65 1.14

Sl no Sample locations Key furniture

1 Krishna River Deep depth with rocky areas

2 Upstream area of Krishna river Agricultural fields with prosopis in gullies

3 Downstream area of Krishna river Agricultural fields with prosopis in gullies

4 Command area Cultivated with Neem and acacia Sp.




Seasons Area Simpsons index Simpsons index

Trees Shrubs Trees Shrubs

Command area 0.82 0.64 1.48 1.12

3.4.6.3 Biodiversity Aspects of Fauna in the Study Area

The study area has poor diversity of wild animals. 10 species of mammals found in the

region and are common to the region. The avian diversity is fairly good and 34 species

of birds recorded in the region. Of which, Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) and Black kite

(Milvus migrans) belongs to Schedule-I category and remaining species belongs to

Schedule -IV of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. 12 Species of butterflies found in the

study area and all are common to the region. No rare, endangered and threatened

species found in the region.

3.5 Aquatic Environment

The Krishna river, similar to the Rivers Cauvery and the Godavari, flows almost across

Southern India from West to East and is the largest of the three rivers, The river rises near

Mahabaleshwar at Ondishi village, close to Wei at an elevation of 1372 m from a water

spring and about 64 km east of the Arabian It joins the Bay of Bengal after traversing a

distance of 1349 km; of these, 290 km in Maharashtra, 463 km in Karnataka and 576 km

in Andhra Pradesh. The mean annual discharge of water is 67,305 m.m3 and its drainage

area is 2,68,786 sq. km., of which, 26.80% lies in Maharashtra, 43.80% in Karnataka and

29.40% in Andhra Pradesh. The river traverses the districts of Satara, Sangli, and Kolhapur

in Maharashtra, Belagavi, Vijayapura, Bagalkot and Raichur in Karnataka and

Mahboobnagar, Kurnool, Nalgonda, Guntur and Krishna in Andhra Pradesh.

3.5.2 Methodology

3.5.2.1 Limnological Features

Water

The Physico – Chemical features of the surface water samples such as Air and Water

temperatures, Weather, colour, odour, Turbidity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness,

Total Alkalinity, Free Ammonia, Free Carbon – di – oxide, Phosphate, Nitrate, Silicate,

Iron, Potassium, Calcium and Specific Conductivity were analysed in the field and

laboratory by following the guidelines suggested by the American Public Health

Association (APHA).

3.5.2.2 Biological Features

Plankton

For the assessment of Plankton constituents, 100 lts. Of surface water from representative

portions of the river was strained through plankton net made of 21XXX nylobolt silk cloth

(70 meshes/cm. With aperture size of 0.067mm) in terms of catching efficiency of the

microscopic organisms. The plankton sample so collected were fixed in 5.00%

formaldehyde preservative and were subjected to both qualitative and quantitative

analysed by utilising a Microscope and Sedgewick – Rafter Plankton counting cell.

Littoral Fauna

The littoral organisms were collected by operating a „D‟ frame net in the shallow

marginal areas of the river covering a distance of 20ft. The collecting, along with debris,

was sieved through a No.40 sieve and the fauna segregated, and the samples were

fixed in the formaldehyde solution and were subjected for detailed systematic analysis.




Fish Species

Fishing was organised in the river Krishna, at the site and also in different pockets in the

down – and the sup stream stretches by engaging the local and migratory fishermen of

the area by employing cast nets, gillnets (mostly fabricated out of synthetic mono –

filament) of varied mesh – sizes, uduvala etc. The fish species so harvested were

systematically analysed. The catch, depending upon the seasons and the quantity is

being marketed locally, but the bulk is being headed over to the fish merchant

stationed at Jamakhandi, from where, depending upon the species and the size, is sent

to Vijayapura mostly.

Fishermen And Fishermen Cooperative Societies

Local and the migratory fishermen are engaged in the fishing activities during different

seasons, all through the year. These fishermen, as reported and observed too, operate

fishing nets at the project site area, as also in other areas all along the river course. Local

fishermen as also the migratory ones, use coracles, and inflated tyre tubes for laying and

hauling of nets.

There is well – organised Fishermen Cooperative society functioning from Kulahalli

village, Jamakhandi taluk, Bagalkot district. There is an office of the Assistant Director of

Fisheries at Jamakhandi.

3.5.3 Results and Discussions

3.5.3.1 Krishna River Water Quality and its importance

The physic-chemical features of the water samples collected from the Krishna river at

one station is appended in Annexure-3.

The river Krishna, at the site, is around 400 – 500m in width, with sloping margins, bottom

being boulder, rock strewn and sandy too. All along the river, good many numbers of

pipes have been laid – down to draw water directly from the river to meet the

agricultural lands located on the margins of the river banks. The river had a very much

reduced water level (14.12.2015) and in the succeeding months (February, March to

June, 2016), receding water level and dried – up conditions were noticed all along the

river course, both in the up and downstream stretches.

Air And Water Temperatures

Of the physical features, heat and light are quite essential for photosynthetic activity

which is related to productivity in an aquatic environment. Water temperature depends

on latitude and altitude, also on the depth, at a given time, of the water column. The

lotic water body, situated in the tropical belt, temperature may not be a constraint for

production.

Air temperature values of 28.2˚ - 36.0˚C were higher that of water temperature

reading of 25.1˚ - 32.3˚C.

Colour and Odour

The river water, during the period of study, was quite clear and odourless too

Turbidity

Light is another physical factor of importance. The penetration of the sun – rays/ lights

into the medium is governed by the turbidity caused mainly by inorganic suspensoids

and shadowing of plankton bloom, if any. The transparency, in the studies carried out

the value ranged between 0.64 and 1.64 NTU, which appears quite normal (Permissible

limit – 5.00 NTU). The two physical factors, and the temperature and transparency, are

favourable for the production of biological health in the system studied, although, the




water temperature on account of advancing summer, was quite “high” coupled with

the impact of reduced water level.

pH

pH in the alkaline side of neutrality between 7.0 – 8.0 is considered to be ideal for the

sound productivity norms. Acidic waters with values between 6.5 and alkaline medium

above 8.5 tend to bear low productive status. The river water studied was alkaline in

nature with values ranging from 7.6 – 8.23.

Dissolved Oxygen

Amongst chemical substances in natural waters the DO is of prime importance as the

regulator of metabolic processes of plants and animals as well and also as indicator of

water quality. Oxygen regime, if monitored over a period of time will provide information

on the nature of the biotope and its productive potential. Oxygen profile in the water

body studied was moderate and ranged between 5.2 – 6.2mg/L, congenial for fish

growth and sustenance.

Free Carbon-di-oxide

Free carbon di oxide values recorded „Nil‟ readings indicating that the medium is free

from pollutional threat of any kind

Free Ammonia

The medium at the site sampled indicated non – pollutional nature of the values being

„Not detected – 0.5mg/L‟ (Permissible limit 0.5mg/L).

Total Hardness

Total hardness refers to the concentrations of divalent metal ions in water expressed as

equivalent to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which is normally related as the anion of

alkalinity and cation of hardness which usually are derived from solution of carbonate

minerals. The values in the present instance, 204 -580mg/L appears to be quite

favourable as the medium is „Soft‟ in nature (Preferable limits – 200 to 600mg/L).

Total Alkalinity

Alkalinity, the acid combining capacity of natural water, in general, is influenced by

Carbonates (CO3) and bicarbonates (HCO3) of Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg).

With Dissolved Carbon – di – oxide (CO2), carbonate bicarbonate form an equilibrium

which is of prime importance for productivity in a give situation. The water of Krishna

River indicates that it is on the ascending trend, the values ranging from 124 – 170mg/L.

Phosphate and Nitrate

The role and importance of Phosphorus in aquatic productivity has been recognised

adequately. A concentration of 0.05 – 0.2mg/L has been considered to be quite

favourable for „medium - high‟ levels of productivity. The nutrient status of the river water

studied appears to be in the optimum range with values ranging from 0.10 – 0.34mg/L.

Like phosphate, Nitrate a major constituent of protein, occupies an important place in

aquatic systems. A concentration of 0.2 – 0.5mg/L of inorganic nitrogen has been

recognised being quite favourable for „medium - high‟ levels of productivity. The nutrient

status of the medium studied is from 0.82 – 5.36mg/L (Permissible level – 45mg/L)

indicating the values being in the „optimum‟ range only.

Silicate

In natural waters, silicon remains in silicate form which is reactable. Normally, silicate –

silicon (1 – 30mg/L) remains in natural waters. At high temperature and pH the solubility

of silicate as been greatly increased. As Silica as been an important structural




constituent of diatom (Bacillariophyceae), it is able to regulate the growth. In the

present instance, the value recorded being from 3.84 – 7.27mg/L low in status which had

its influence on the diatom population, in negligible forms.

Iron

Iron, with „below detection level to 1.17mg/L (Preferable values 0.3mg/L)‟, indicating

that a lot of iron as been brought into the lotic water body from iron ore rich catchment.

Potassium

Potassium as K, in effect, is a necessary ingredient, „algae‟ and under its „low‟

concentration the growth and photosynthesis are poor and respiration „high‟.

Calcium

Calcium as Ca is normally present in abundant format in good many fresh waters. On an

average, calcium makes up around 14.0% of the total cations present in the soft waters.

In average „hard‟ waters, percentage of calcium amongst the cations increases to

53.0mg/L. Calcium carbonate forms the principle components of shells of molluscs and

in incorporated in the exo – skeleton of the anthropods imparting stiffness to it. The

values recorded in the present instance, 49.6 – 80 mg/L supports its availability in

„optimum‟ format as the Molluscan population in this lotic water body is found to be

quite „high‟.

Specific conductivity

Specific conductivity is an index of the amount of water soluble salts present in the

medium. Measurements of dissolved salts in the medium indicate the total

concentrations of dissolved ions having wide bearing on the over-all productivity. It also

provides symptoms of state of mineralization in any water ecosystem. Its values for fresh

waters, ranges, quite often between 25 and 500 micromhos/cm. In the present case, the

values recorded ranged from 580 to 2330 micromhos/cm, appears to be on the higher

side with good productive trend.

In general, the Krishna river water studied at the Project site is „alkaline in nature,

optimum in nutrient status and is free from pollutional threat‟.

3.5.3.2 Planktons

The plankton population in lotic water bodies such as rivers and hill streams depends on

prevailing conditions, seasons and incidence of discharge of water when precipitation

occurs in the catchment area. The plankton of the Krishna River, inherently, is 'poor' in

representation and is subjected to constant changes (Poor- rich -Poor). As the species

and values indicate, Zooplankton dominated over phytoplankton by both numbers and

percentage (Annexure-5).

The plankton biomass is in moderate concentration with standing crop varying between

0.4 and 0.2 ml/ 100 lts. Total plankton count accounted was at 822 and 441 u/l.

Numerically, Zooplankton dominated over Phytoplankton

The Phytoplankton representative, on the basis of taxonomic criteria, represented by

Blue-green Algae- Myxophyceae (Anacystis cyanes and Oscillatoria princeps): Algae-

Chlorophyceae (Volvox aureus, Cosmarium granatum, Ulothrix zonata) and

Bacillariophycear (Navicula radiosa).

The zooplankton is represented by Protozoa (Arcella mitrata), Rotifers (Brachionus

calcyflorus, Keratella tropics, Filinia longiseta), Cladocera Daphnia magna, Bosmina

longirostris and Cypris subglobosa) and Copepoda (Cyclope and nauplius). The

Miscellaneous group was represented by vegetative parts only.




3.5.3.3 Littoral Fauna

An important biological component of a given water body, especially, in a lotic

environment are its faunal elements which are all well adapted to face natural hazards

of considerable impacts such as sudden water- force, occurrence of periodic floods of

varied magnitudes, flash floods and rolling and disturbing actions of stones, gravel,

boulders etc.

The qualitative material collected by operating a „D‟ net in the shallow marginal areas

of the river studied and the molluscan fauna found littered in the exposed river bed at

various points in and around the project site.

The Littoral faunal elements, in the present instance, are primarily represented by adult

stages of insects belonging to order- Hemiptera and Molluscs by Gastropoda and

Bivalves.

Insects are represented by Micronecta merope and Mollusca by Gastropoda- Bellamya

bengalensis, Gabbia stenothyroides, Thiara (Thiera) scabra, Thiara (Melanoides)

tuberculata, Indoplanorbis exustus, Gyraulus convexiusculus and Bivalves by Lamellidens

corianus, Lamellidens marginalis and Corbicula striatelia, Crustacea had a

representative Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa)jacquamontil (Crab).

3.5.3.4 Summary

Detailed Physico-chemical and Biological studies carried-out in the river Krishna, in and

around the project site, presents „optimum‟ features to support/sustain varieties of

aquatic life present. The river is found to be „free‟ from pollution threat.

The Plankton community, Phyto- and the Zooplankton constituents, in effect, presented

„low‟ status, by diversity and numerical density. However, scores of planktivores fish

species recorded subsists on the food available presently which, during the prime

season (monsoon and thereafter) is likely to improve for the resident and migrating fish

germplasm. The littoral fauna also were in „low‟ concentrations, constituted by Insects

and Molluscs: the latter group had a fairly good representation by Castrapods and

Bivalves and members belonging to the Crustacean group.

Fish species constituted by Carps and Predatory fish species presented a „poor‟ picture –

could be on account of the low-level of water in the river and on-set of lean season

when even the fishing activity was quite minimal, as reported. The Immigrant African

Catfish ,Clarias gariepinus, recorded in the upper reaches may migrate to other parts of

the said lotic water body, may establishes itself dominating the fishery as a whole. The

situation is quite alarming which calls for initiating concrete steps for its total elimination

from the area/river as such.

Fish stocking and its augmentation has been highlighted which should be taken-up with

all sincerity and seriousness in order to enhance the fish production to facilitate scores of

local and migratory fishermen to ekk-out their livelihood.




Fishermen with Uduvala, Krishna river complex, Kulahalli

Fish species – 1. Puntius pulchellus 2. Puntius sarana sarana 3.Labeo bata 4.Labeo fimbriatus

5.Labeo calbasu 6.Labeo potail 7.Cyprinus carpio communis 8.Sperata seenghala 9.Mystus

cavasius 10.Channa orientalis 11.Channa striatus 12.Channa orientalis 13.Heteropneustes

fossilis 14.Glossogobi giuris giuris.




Fish species – 1.Labeo fimbriatus 2.Cirrhinus reba 3.Glossogobius giuris giuris 4.Labeo calbasu

5. Mystus cavasius 6.Sperata seenghala 7.Neotropius khabalchor.

Fish species – 1.Labeo bata 2.Puntinus sarana sarana 3.Oreochromis mossambica 4.Channa

striatus




Specimens of Notopterus notopterus

Fish species – 1.Mastacembelus farmatus 2.Channa striatus




Fish species - Wallago attu

Fig 3.23 Fish species recorded at Krishna River




Chapter 4. Anticipated Impacts & Mitigation Measures

Due to the activities of the project, there will be potential impacts on the environment of

varying magnitude. Most of the impacts are likely to occur during the construction

phase of the project. The following section reveals the prediction of impacts due to the

project on the physical, biological and social environment. Impacts have been assessed

based on the information collected from the primary and secondary data.

4.1 Impacts during construction phase

4.1.1 Air Environment

4.1.1.1 Sources of air pollution

Pollution due to fuel combustion in equipments: The operation of

construction equipments requires combustion fuel. Normally, diesel

is used for such equipments. The major pollutant which gets

emitted as a result of combustion of diesel is CO and HC.

Dust pollution: The operation of the trucks carrying construction

materials to the site, batching plants during the construction phase

is likely to generate fugitive emissions, which can move even up to

100 m in predominant wind direction.

Emissions due to usage of firewood for cooking at labor camps.

Due to operation of DG sets and excavation, laborers are prone to

health problems.

4.1.1.2 Mitigation measures

Unpaved roads and disturbed areas in the project construction site

are watered as frequently as necessary to prevent fugitive dust

plumes. The frequency of watering are reduced or eliminated

during periods of precipitation.

Construction equipment vehicle tires inspected and washed as

necessary to be cleaned free of dirt prior to entering paved

roadways.

Vehicles used to transport solid bulk material on public roadways

and having the potential to cause visible emissions provided with a

cover, or the materials sufficiently wetted and loaded onto the

trucks in a manner to provide at least one foot of freeboard.

Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine

aggregates covered by tarpaulin sheets to reduce spills on roads

and to reduce fugitive emissions.

4.1.2 Noise Environment

4.1.2.1 Sources of noise pollution

During construction phase, various sources of noise pollution arise

due to Concrete Batch Plant, Crane, Generator, Tractor, Welder /

Torch, Vibrating Hopper etc.,

Other source of noise pollution includes movement of vehicles for

unloading of construction materials, fabrication, handling of

equipments.




Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the

range of 80 – 95 dB (A). Noise levels generated by different

construction equipments are given below;

4.1.2.2 Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM)

Irrigation projects are almost similarly like road projects in terms of construction activities.

Hence, RCNM was used to calculate the noise levels for different construction

equipments with respect to the nearby habitation. "The Roadway Construction Noise

Model, Federal Highway Administration, US is a new, state-of-the-art computer program

that enables the prediction of construction noise levels for a variety of construction

operations based on a compilation of empirical data and the application of acoustical

propagation formulas. The program enables the calculation of construction noise levels

in more detail than manual methods while avoiding the need to collect extensive

amounts of project-specific input data"19.

Keeping in view of baseline noise levels near lift location, RCNM model was run for

different construction equipments from the base noise monitoring station. The model

results are given below.

Table 4.1 Noise levels of common construction equipments

Sl. No Equipment

Calculated

(dBA) for N1

Calculated (dBA)

for N2

Lmax Leq Lmax Leq

1. Concrete Mixer Truck 42.5 38.5 48.5 44.5

2. Generator(<25KVA) 36.5 33.5 42.5 39.5

3. Concrete Pump Truck 45.1 38.1 51.1 44.1

4. Drill Rig Truck 42.8 35.8 48.8 41.8

5. Dump Truck 40.1 36.1 46.1 42.2

6. Excavator 44.4 40.4 50.4 46.4

7. Concrete Batch Plant 46.7 38.4 52.7 44.4

8. Blasting 57.7 37.7 63.7 43.7

9. Compactor (ground) 46.9 39.9 52.9 45.9

10. Pickup Truck 38.7 34.7 44.7 40.7

11. Rock Drill 44.7 37.7 50.7 43.7

12. Roller 43.7 36.7 49.7 42.7

13. Tractor 47.7 43.7 53.7 49.7

Based on the model results, it can be concluded that, the noise levels during

construction period are within the CPCB standards and hence, there is no impact on

Kulahalli village which is located at a distance of 900 m from the lift location.

4.1.2.2 Mitigation Measures

PPEs such as, ear plugs and ear muffs will be provided to the

workers.

Periodic maintenance and servicing of construction equipments/

vehicles.

Acoustic enclosures will be provided for DG sets

Construction activities shall be restricted only to day time and

there should not be any construction during evening and night

hours to avoid the psychological effects on surrounding population

and biota.

19https://www.its.dot.gov/environment/noise/construction_noise/handbook/handbook01.cfm




4.1.3 Water Environment

4.1.3.1 Sources of water pollution

Improper treatment of sewage from labor camps leads to

infiltration into the subsurface soil and finally affects the ground

water.

There will be creation of unaesthetic conditions in the site, attracts

mosquitoes/flies, thereby chances of deteriorating the health of

the workers in unhygienic conditions.

Improper disposal of construction debris, used oil, diesel for DG

sets, etc will result in ground water contamination and in turn

affecting drainage of the area.

Spillage of excavated earth during construction of intake canal

leads to turbidity of river water.


The sewage generated from the labour camps shall be treated in

the Septic Tank and Soak Pits designed and constructed as per IS

2470 Part-I & Part-II.

There will be no open discharge of sewage from labour camps

and the labour camps will be provided with sufficient bathrooms

and toilets. Periodical health check-ups for labors will be done.

Construction debris will be reused at site, used oil generated from

the DG sets will be stored separately and handed over to

authorized recyclers.

During construction of intake canal, the river course and the point

of contact of intake canal will be provided with sand bags

4.1.4 Soil Environment

4.1.4.1 Estimation of Soil Loss

A number of methods for assessing soil loss have been developed. They range from

simple, qualitative models to elaborate watershed simulations. Qualitative models rely

on subjective evaluation of a series of criteria. Watershed simulation models are often

very theoretical. Several empirical models also are available and most models are best

suited for estimating erosion from very large areas (more than 1 sq mile) and lack

precision for use on small sites such as construction sites. The universal soil loss equation

(USLE) is given by,

A = RKLSCP --------- Eqn (1)

Where,

A = is computed Soil loss per unit area expressed in the units selected fork and for the

period selected for R. In practice, these are usually so selected that they compute A in

m tons /ha/year, but other units can be selected.

R = the Rainfall erosivity, is the number of rainfall erosion index units for a particular

location.

K = the Soil erodibility is the soil loss rate per erosion index unit for a specified soil as

measured on a unit plot , which is defined as 21.13 mtr (72.6 ft)length of uniform 9

percent of slope continuously in cleaned tilled fallow.




L = The Slope Length factor, is the ratio of soil loss from the field slope length to that from

21.13 mtr (72,6 ft) under identical conditions.

S = the slope steepness factor, is the ratio of soil loss from field slope gradient to that from

a 9 percent of slope under otherwise identical conditions.

C = the Cover and management factor is the ratio of soil loss from an area with

specified cover and management to that from an identical area in tilled continuous

fallow.

P = the support practice factor, is the ratio of soil loss with a support practice like

contouring, strip cropping or terracing to that with straight row farming up and down

the slope.

Erosion Index (EI30) Values on Storm Basis

The rainfall erosion index R is a measure of the erosive force and intensity of rain in a

normal year. The two components of the factor are the total energy E and the

maximum 30-minutes intensity (I30) for all the storms in an area during an average year.

Values of R have been computed for the various regions in India and abroad from

rainfall records and probability statistics, and hence R should not be considered as a

precise factor for any given year or location.

The energy of the rainstorm is a function of the amount of rain and all the storms

component intensities. Median raindrop size increases with the rain intensity and

terminal velocities of free falling water drops increases with increased drop size. Since

the energy of the given mass in motion is proportional to velocity-squared, the rainfall

energy is directly related to rain intensity. The relationship in metric units is expressed by

the equation, where KE is the kinetic energy in metre tones / ha-cm and is the rainfall

intensity in cm /hr.

The index values (EI30), for each storm was determined. The product term EI was

expressed as:

EI30 = (KE x I30) / 100 ----------- Equation (1)

Where

EI30 = Erosion Index

KE is Kinetic Energy of the storm

I30 = maximum 30 minutes Rainfall intensity of the storm

For computing Kinetic Energy of Rain storm the equation proposed by Wishmeier (1959)

is KE=916+331

log I -------------------Equation (2)

Where

KE = Kinetic Energy of the storm in foot tons per acre inch and

I = Rainfall intensity in inch per hour

The Equation (2) has been modified into metric units by Wishmeier & Mannering (1965)

and Ranganath,et al., (1970) the equation in metric units is:

KE = 210.3 + 89 log I ---------- Equation (3)

Where,

EI30 is the erosion index

KE is the total storm kinetic energy in tonnes – m/ha




I30 is the maximum 30 minutes intensity of rainstorm.

The monthly, seasonal and yearly EI values will be determined by adding the storm EI

values for that length of period.

Soil Erodibility Factor (K)

The soil erodibility factor K is a measure of the susceptibility of soil particle detachment

and transport by rainfall and runoff. Texture is the principal factor affecting K, but

structure, organic matter and permeability also contribute K values ranging from 0.45 to

0.59.

Nomograph Method

The United States Department of Agriculture (1978) has suggested a Nomograph and

the following equation for the determination of soil erodibility for soils containing less

than 70% silt and very fine sand:

100K = 2.1M1.14 x 10-4 (12-a) +3.25 (b-2) +2.5(c-3) -------- Eqn (4)

Where, K is the soil erodibility factor,

M is the particle size parameter which is equal to: (percent silt + very fine sand) / (100%

clay),

„a‟ is the percentage of organic matter content,

„b‟ is the soil structure and

„c‟ is the profile permeability class.

The preferred method for determining K values is the nomograph method. Use of the

nomograph requires a particle size. The soil samples collected from the field were

characterizes carefully for estimating, the K values.

Determination of LS

Since the LS factor has a considerable effect on predicted erosion, care in figuring

values for the factor is warranted. In particular, results of the soil loss calculation will be

more accurate if the USLE is individually applied to portions of a site with similar slopes

(similar gradient and length) and summing the individual soil loss estimates. Slope

gradient is the field or segment slopes, usually expressed as percentage. The

topographic component, LS, was evaluated by using the contour length method for

large watersheds.

LS was calculated base on the following equation

LS = (L)m / 22.1(0.065 + 0.0454S + 0.0065 S2) --------- Eqn (5)

Where,

LS = Average length slope component

L = Slope length in meters

S = Average watershed slope in percent and

m = Exponent (m= 0.2 if slope < 1%)

Evaluation of Cropping Management Factor (C)

The cover factor C is defined as the ratio of soil loss from land under specified crop or

mulch conditions to the corresponding loss from tilled, bare soil. In the USLE, the C factor

reduces the soil loss estimate according to the effectiveness of vegetation and mulch at

preventing detachment and transport of soil particles. On activity sites, recommended

control practices include the seeding of grasses and the use of mulches. These




measures are often considered “temporary” -they are designed to control erosion

primarily during the activity period. Permanent landscaping may be added later, or

temporary erosion control plants may be left as a permanent cover. Any product that

reduces the amount of soil exposed to raindrop impact will reduce erosion.

The cropping management factor, C is computed as follows:

C= Σn Ci Ai / A ------- Eqn (6)

Where,

C is the cropping management factor for the watershed

Ci is the cropping management factor for crop i,

Ai is the drainage basin area growing crop i with a particular management level,

n is the number of land use areas in the watershed, and

A is total watershed area.

Evaluation of Support Practice Factor (P)

The erosion control practice factor P is defined as the ratio of soil loss with a given

surface condition to soil loss with up and down hill plowing. Practices that reduce the

velocity of runoff and the tendency of runoff to flow directly down slope reduce the P

factor. In agricultural uses of the USLE, P is used to describe plowing and tillage

practices. In activity site applications, P reflects the roughening of the soil surface by

tractor treads or by rough grading.

In computing the P factor, land cover conditions are considered depending upon the

cultivated and uncultivated area of the watershed. In addition, slope is also considered

as a key factor in assigning the value. For the study area, a P factor considered is 0.6 for

terraced agricultural land having slope lass than 2% and for the rest of the land having a

slope more than 2%, a value of 0.5 is assigned.

The soil loss estimated for the watershed covering under Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation

Scheme is tabulated in the Table below.




Fig 4.1 Sub watersheds within the study area




Table 4.2 Sub catchment/Watershed and codification of study area

Sl no Watershed Name (Sub-

catchment)

Watershed

Code

1 Kulhalli 4D7D4S

2 Hunnur; 4D7D4T

3 Banahalla 4D7D4U

4 Mudhol 4D7D4R

5 Mallahalli 4D7E1C

6 Nandagoan 4D7E2K

7 Sanganahatti 4D7E2L

Table 4.3 Watershed details of Bagalkot district

Region Basin Catchment Sub catchment Watershed Sub -Watershed

Ba

y o

f B

en

ga

l(4)

Krish

na

(4D

)

Ma

in K

rish

na

ab

ove

co

nflu

en

ce

s w

ith

Bh

ima

(4D

7)

Ghataprabha

(4D7D)

Hirehalla

(4D7D4)

4D7D4S

4D7D4T

4D7D4U

4D7D4R

RB along Krishna upto

confl. And

Panchaganga(4D7E)

R B Krishna 3

(4D7E2)

4D7E2K

R B Krishna 4

(4D7E1)

4D7E1C

4D7E2L

Table 4.4 Estimation of soil loss in VLIS command area

Watershed R K LS C P A(Tons/ha)

4D7D4S 2.68 0.54 0.453 0.258 0.7 5.54

4D7D4T 2.5 0.53 0.491 0.247 0.51 7.94

4D7D4U 2.78 0.49 0.372 0.249 0.52 7.72

4D7D4R 2.89 0.52 0.032 0.236 0.6 7.06

4D7E1C 3.82 0.59 1.425 0.381 0.4 6.56

4D7E2K 2.46 0.52 0.523 0.263 0.6 6.34

4D7E2L 2.718 0.53 0.185 0.263 0.6 6.34

Fig 4.2 Values indicating Soil loss factor

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2.68 2.5 2.78 2.89 3.82

2.46 2.718

0.54 0.53 0.49 0.52

0.59

0.52 0.53

0.453 0.491 0.372 0.032

1.425

0.523 0.185 0.258 0.247 0.249 0.236

0.381

0.263 0.263

0.7 0.51

0.52 0.6

0.4

0.6 0.6

R K LS C P




Table 4.5 Soil Erodibility Index

Watershed R K LS ( R x K x LS xCxP=T Erodibility Index

( R x K x LS /T)=E I

4D7D4S 2.68 0.54 0.453 0.118398 5.54

4D7D4T 2.5 0.53 0.491 0.081953 7.94

4D7D4U 2.78 0.49 0.372 0.065612 7.72

4D7D4R 2.89 0.52 0.032 0.006809 7.06

4D7E1C 3.82 0.59 1.425 0.489458 6.56

4D7E2K 2.46 0.52 0.523 0.105572 6.34

4D7E2L 2.718 0.53 0.185 0.042054 6.34

Average erodibility index = 6.78

Estimated potential soil erodability is 6.78, which is less than 8 and therefore it is inferred

that this is a moderately erodable land.

Fig 4.3 Estimation of Soil loss in watershed

Sedimentation Studies

Erosion, transportation and deposition of sediments are natural processes controlled by

geological, climatic, physical, vegetative and other related conditions all through the

geological times. However, during the present century, because of deforestation and

urbanization the rate of transport of sediments from the watersheds and siltation pose

substantial environmental problems and before equilibrium conditions are reached,

additional problems are likely to arise.

One of the major problems noticed in agricultural watersheds is that the crop

productivity reduces to zero or becomes uneconomical, because of soil erosion

(Walling, 1988). There are many theories which can be used to evaluate sediment

movements in rivers. It is essential that functional relationship between various physical,

geomorphic and sediment related parameters are developed, such that the

magnitude of sediment eroded from watershed can be estimated. The increase in

sediment yield from the watershed will have an impact on the watershed itself and on

the river system and associated reservoirs. The impact of eroded soil on natural system is

varied and widespread. The sediment particulates eroded from the watershed move in

the downstream directly and in the process influence the drainage channels, flood

plains, river beds, wetlands and lakes. The key factors which affect the sediment yield

from drainage basin are:

0

2

4

6

8

4D7D4S 4D7D4T 4D7D4U 4D7D4R 4D7E1C 4D7E2K 4D7E2L

Estimation of soil loss in Watersheds in the Command Area A(Tons/ha)

Estimation of soil loss in Watersheds in the Command Area A(Tons/ha)




Hydrology: Rainfall and runoff

Catchment characteristics: Size of the catchment, slope of the

catchment and length of the overland flow.

Soil characteristics: Soil erodibility, soil transportability, soil texture

and structure.

Nature of drainage network and drainage density.

Land use cover: Plant canopy, mulches and plant residues.

Management practices: Tillage, soil conservation structures,

terraces, diversions and bunds.

Of all the factors listed above rainfall and runoff provide the basic energy input to drive

the erosion process. Steepness of slope plays an important role in the process of erosion.

Soil properties such as soil texture, structure and the land cover, i.e., plant residue,

mulches etc have a major role in erosion process.

At the outset, it is clear that, the process of sedimentation is a matter of serious concern

in irrigation projects, because it reduces the storage capacity, water supply capability,

power generation, discharge control etc of reservoirs, rivers/catchments. The erosion of

the catchments changes the ground water regime and results in lowering of water table

in some places and rise at the formation of arid zone and marshes respectively. The

fertility of the soil, its chemical composition also changes due to catchment erosion.

Sedimentation Index

An estimate of sediment index must be developed to provide a basis for comparison

with management induced sediment yield predictions. The best source of this

information is actual long term real data of sediment yield. Another possible source is

data from similar or related watersheds.

Stream Flow and Duspended Sediment load

Although there is a definite variation in sediment transport rate in a natural stream at a

particular location, still there exists a good relationship between the sediment load of

the stream and certain hydro- morphological factors. The factors which are considered

important in estimating sediment yield of a catchment are drainage area, annual water

discharge, relief ratio, mean stream length and total stream length etc.

Regression analysis was carried out to know the relation between discharges and

sediment load in Venkateshwara lift irrigation project area. The relationship has been

found to be,

Y=7.47*10-6 x+3401.28, with r=0.97

Where, Y= suspended sediment load in tones/year

X=stream flow in m3/year (monsoon flow only)

General Sediment Loads

Sediment Types Total load in percent (by weight)

Coarse (Sand)

Medium (silt)

Fine (Clay)

40.2

35.0

24.8




4.1.5 Solid & Hazardous Environment

4.1.5.1 Sources of pollution

Improper mainatainence of excavated earth and dumping of

muck, boulders, etc into the river affects natural flow regime.

Improper management of domestic solid waste from labor camps

and dumping near water bodies leads to water pollution.


Excavated soil earth shall be fully utilised for various construction

activities such as inspection path, stabilization of embankments,

land leveling, etc.

Labor camps should be 1 Km away from the river course and

domestic solid waste from labor camps will be collected in

different bins and handed over to the Bagalkot Municipal

Authority.

4.1.6 Impact on Hydrology & Geology

4.1.6.1 Geological Environment

The proposed project only involves construction of Jack well and pump house. There is

no structure proposed or disturb the natural course. Only through intake canal water is

drawn in to the jack well where pump sets are installed to raise the water to raising

mains and distribute through canal. As such there is no disturbance or alteration to the

local Geology.

4.1.6.2 Seismic Tectonics

Seismic activity with respect to the proposed jack well site was studied at the possibility

during the post project scenario. It was observed that no major earth quakes occurred

in the region during the past 50 years. However, the recent recorded major earth quake

to the project site was in Latur, Maharashtra. The seismic zoning map has been referred

to know the zone in which the project site is falling. The proposed project site is falling on

Zone-II which has very low risk of damage.

The following are the major impacts on Groundwater;

As the agricultural practices flourish with availability of water usage

of pesticides and application of fertilizers will naturally increase as

such the soil quality deterioration is anticipated.

The recharge to aquifer will be boosted once extensive agriculture

is practiced a portion of water will be infiltrated in to ground

recharging the aquifers.

As the drawl of water is minimized the water table will rise and

many of the boreholes yield substantial water.


The sewage generated from the labour camps shall be treated in

septic tank and soak pits designed and constructed as per IS 2470

Part-I and domestic solid waste shall be disposed to nearby

municipal landfills. Frequent monitoring of surface and

groundwater shall be carried out not to deteriorate the water in

the river.




The discharges and leakages of septic tank and soak pits have to

arrest by regularly repairing and arrest of malfunctioning.

The leakages of oil spills from machinery shall be collected in leak

proof barrels and then disposed off to KSPCB authorized dealers.

BOD and COD limits of the water shall be checked regularly as

part of EMP to monitor eutrophication.

Restrictions on time, method and rate of application of fertilizers

and pesticides shall be imposed to avoid surface run-off and

leaching on to the groundwater regime.

4.1.7 Impact on Biological Environment

A total of 123 Ha of private land is required for construction of canal network, jack well

cum pump house, rising main, cnaal networks, etc. No rare, threathened, endangered

plant or animal species are found in the region as the command area lies in the

semiarid – dry zone of Karnataka. During construction of canals and distributaries felling

of trees are envisaged. The trees on the bunds of agricultural plantations and in

Government lands will be removed with prior approval. Details of trees proposed for

felling for construction of canals will only be ascertained during detailed alignment

survey. During construction phase, the project will have short term negative impact on

flora and fauna of the region. However, no negative impacts are anticipated during

operation phase of the project.

4.1.7.1 Predicted project impacts on Flora and Fauna

The ecological factors that are considered most significant as far as the impact on flora

and fauna concerned are:

Whether there shall be any reduction in species diversity?

Whether there shall be any habitat loss or fragmentation?

Whether there shall be any additional risk or threat to the rare or

endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species?

Whether there shall be any impairment of ecological functions

such as (i) disruption of food chains, (ii) decline in species

population and or (iii) alterations in predator-prey relationships?

Whether it is possible to attain the global objectives of „no net

loss‟of biodiversity?

Whether it is possible to improve the biological diversity through the

proposed activity?

Parameter based ecological sensitivity score of the core and buffer areas is shown in

Table below. It is evident from the information in Table 1 that neither the core area nor

the buffer area of the project site is ecologically sensitive. The different parameters and

the parameter importance based criteria used for evaluation of impacts are shown in

Table below. Based on the above it may be concluded that no impact from the

proposed project on flora and fauna of the region.

Table 4.6 Parameter based ecological sensitivity of the study area

Parameter Importance scale Weigh-tage Impact of VLIS

Catchment Command

Wildlife

importance

(Threatened

Number of Schedule-I & II (> 20

numbers)

100

Number of Schedule-I & II (10-20 50




Parameter Importance scale Weigh-tage Impact of VLIS

Catchment Command

species*) numbers)

Number of Schedule-I & II (<10

numbers)

25 25 <25

Endemic

flora

High(>10 species) 100

Medium(5-10 species) 50

Low(<5 species) 25 0 0

Endemic

fauna

High(>10 species) 100

Medium(5-10 species) 50

Low(<5 species) 25 0 0

State of

terrestrial

vegetation

Relatively undisturbed forest

( Govt/private)

100 0

Totally managed estate with three

type of vegetation

50

Totally managed estate such as

coffee and cardamom

25

Agricultural land with crops such as

coconut

0 0

State of

wetland

vegetation

Relatively undisturbed wetland

visited by migratory waterfowl

100

Relatively undisturbed wetland not

known to be visited by migratory

waterfowl

50 25

Other wetlands with frequent

human activity

25 <25

Agricultural land with crops such as

paddy

10 0

Legal status National Park 100

Wildlife sanctuary 50

Reserve forest/wetland 25

Agricultural land 0 0 0

Conservation

importance

Location unique in terms of habitat(

world heritage site) or species

100

Habitat although present elsewhere

is under threat in those places

75

Habitat present elsewhere and is not

under any serious threat

50

Habitat is very common elsewhere 25 25 0

Parameter based sensitivity score out of a maximum of 700 50 50


To compensate the tree felling for construction of main canals, canal bank plantaion

and Agro forestry activities will be proposed to improve the biological environment of

the region.

4.2 Impacts during Operation phase

4.2.1 Application of fertilizers and pesticides

The popular pesticides and insecticides, which are being used by farmers of the

command area, are Monocrotophos, Quinolphos, Carbandygium, Pyrathroides

(sinnerin), Malathion dust, Wettable sulphur, Carbaryl and Capton.




Table 4.7 Proposed Fertilizers and Pesticides Usage for Mudhol Command Area

Cropping

Pattern

Proposed*

Cropped

Area

(Ha)

Existing usage Proposed usage

Quantity of*

fertilizer

required

(Tonne)

Quantity of

pesticide

required

(Tonne)

Quantity of*

fertilizer

required

(Tonne/ year

)

Quantity of

pesticide

required

(Tonne/ year)

Kharif 2,500 81 34.99

348

149.77 Rabi 4,700 153 65.78

Two seasonal 3,500 114 48.98

Note: Existing fertilizer usage = 35.2 Kg/acre/year, Proposed usage of Fertilizer = 24

Kg/acre/year, as per Ange, (1992) &; FAO, (1993); *Based on biannual cropping

4.2.2 Mitigation measures

Optimum quantity of nutrients will be provided to the crops as per Package of Practices

(POP) and this will not be increased to the National standards. However, necessary

training will be imparted to water users associations by developing organic farming

demonstration plots with the help of Agricultural scientists for enabling the farmers to

switch over to Organic farming in the long run.

4.3 Evaluation of Impacts

Matrix method was used to identify interactions between various project activities and

environmental parameters and components. Later, a weightage of 1-10 shall be given

to the impacts based on the significance of the impacts. The impacts are quantified

„with‟ and „without‟ EMP.

The criteria adopted for weightage are given below;

Table 4.8 Criteria for evaluation of impacts

Sl.No Criteria Score

1 Minor impact 1-2

2 Medium impact 3-4

3 Significant impact 5-8

4 Major impact 9-10




Table 4.9 Evaluation of Impacts

Sl.No Environmental

Attributes Project Activities

Nature of Impacts

Ma

gn

itu

de

Re

ve

rsib

le

Irre

ve

rsib

le

Lon

g T

erm

Sh

ort

Te

rm

Dire

ct

Ind

ire

ct

Po

sitiv

e

Ne

ga

tiv

e

With

ou

t EM

P

With

EM

P

A. Construction Phase

1.Impacts on Land Environment

1 Land

Construction of canal

network, jack well cum

pump house, raising main,

canal, etc.

M

Vehicular movement M

2 Change in

Topography


network, jack well cum

pump house, raising main,

canal, etc.

M - -

3 Loss of

Productive Soil

Construction site, temporary

offices, workers camps,

stockyards

M

Construction of Haul roads L

4 Compaction of

Soil

Site Clearance L

Movement of vehicles L

5 Contamination

of Soil

Machinery and operation of

the Diesel Generator Sets M

labor camps H

2. Impacts on Water Environment

1 Eutrophication Sewage from labor camp H

Muck disposal H

2 Change in

River Water


network, jack well cum M




Sl.No Environmental


Nature of Impacts

Ma

gn

itu

de

Re

ve

rsib

le

Irre

ve

rsib

le

Lon

g T

erm

Sh

ort

Te

rm

Dire

ct

Ind

ire

ct

Po

sitiv

e

Ne

ga

tiv

e

With

ou

t EM

P

With

EM

P

Quality pump house, raising main,

canal, etc.

Diversion of river water H

Decomposition of

sediments and deposition of

organic matter

M

Washing of equipments L

Muck disposal M

3

Change in

surface and

ground water

quality

Sewage from labor camp H

3. Impacts on Air Environment

1

Increase in dust

concentration

Construction equipments,

operation of DG sets, M

Excavation H

2

Fugitive

Emissions from

various sources

Vehicular movement H

Loading and dislodging Use

of sand, fine aggregates M

Batching plant M

3

Increase in SO2,

PM, NOx

Vehicular movement M

Operation of DG sets M

Fuel Combustion in

equipments and Vehicles M

Burning of fuels from

construction workers M

4 Impact on Emission of Dust particles M




Sl.No Environmental


Nature of Impacts

Ma

gn

itu

de

Re

ve

rsib

le

Irre

ve

rsib

le

Lon

g T

erm

Sh

ort

Te

rm

Dire

ct

Ind

ire

ct

Po

sitiv

e

Ne

ga

tiv

e

With

ou

t EM

P

With

EM

P

Human Health

4. Impact on Noise Environment

1 Increase Noise

Level

movement of vehicles M

Operation of D.G sets L

Movement of vehicles

carrying raw materials M

5. Impact on Biological Environment

1 Pressure on

existing natural

resources

Immigration of labor

population L

2 Reduced

Photosynthetic

activity, Wilting

of plants

Transportation of

construction materials M

Site Clearance M

3. Impacts on

Fishes and

Aquatic

Ecosystem

Increase in turbidity of

water due to Washing of

machineries

M

Sewage from labor camp H

6. Impact on Socio-economic Environment

1 Land

acquisition Affecting livelihood H

2 Impact on

Human Health

Due to water/air borne

diseases, traffic movement H

B. Operation Phase

1

Impacts on

Land

Environment

Application of natural

fertilizers and pesticides H




Sl.No Environmental


Nature of Impacts

Ma

gn

itu

de

Re

ve

rsib

le

Irre

ve

rsib

le

Lon

g T

erm

Sh

ort

Te

rm

Dire

ct

Ind

ire

ct

Po

sitiv

e

Ne

ga

tiv

e

With

ou

t EM

P

With

EM

P

2

Impact on

water

environment

Application of fertilizers and

pesticides M




Chapter 5. Analysis of Alternatives

The Proposed Command area villages are deprived of irrigation facilities from existing Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal (GLBC) and also by

Jamakhandi Branch Canal, hence it is proposed to irrigate this area by a new LIS which is the only alternative. Thus, Venkateshwara Lift

Irrigation Scheme is conceived to irrigate the left out areas of Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district.

Fig 5.1 Google map showing proposed VLIS command area and surrounding irrigated areas




Chapter 6. Environmental Monitoring Program

The purpose of the monitoring programme is to ensure that the objectives of the project

is achieved through the mitigation measures and result in desired benefits to

environment and local population of the region. To ensure the effective implementation

of the EMP, it is essential to carryout environment monitoring programme as given

below.

Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program for Construction phase (2 years)

Environmental

Parameters

Parameters to be

Monitored

Frequency

of

Monitoring

Locations Responsibility Estimated

Cost in Rs.

Surface water

quality of

Krishna river

pH, Temperature,

EC, TDS

Alkalinity, TH, DO,

BOD, COD, NO3,

PO4, Cl, SO4, Na, K,

Ca, Mg, Silica, Oil &

grease, MPN, Total

coliform

Fortnightly

once until

completion

of Intake

canal

Near lift point

(1 No.)

Contractors or

agencies

appointed by

KNNL

24,000/-

Ground water

quality

pH, Temperature,

EC, TDS

Alkalinity, TH,NO3,



grease, MPN, Total

coliform

Once in a

month

Bandigani

Jagadal

(2 Nos.)

Contractors or

agencies

appointed by

KNNL

1,20,000/-

Soil Quality

pH, EC, Mg, Ca,

Alkalinity, Cl, Na, K,

Organic Carbon, K,

PO4, SAR, N and

Salinity

Once in a

month

Kulahalli

Navalagi

Siddapur

(3 No.)

Contractors or

agencies

appointed by

KNNL

2,16,000/-

Air Quality PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and

SO2 Monthly

Bandigani

Shirol

(2 Nos.)

Contractors or

agencies

appointed by

KNNL

2,88,000/-

Noise Levels Leq Day, Leq Night

in dB(A)

Monthly

once until

completion

of

construction

works

Bandigani

Shirol

(2 Nos.)

Contractors or

agencies

appointed by

KNNL

48,000/-

Aquatic life Limnological and

biological studies

Six monthly

once until

completion

Near intake

canal (1 No.)

Contractors or

agencies

appointed by

KNNL

1,50,000/-

Health check

ups

Spirometry, Pulse

Oxymetry, Blood

Test, Lung Function

Test, Eye test,

Physical fitness tests

Six monthly

once until

completion

Labor camp

(1 No.)

Contractors or

Doctors / PHC

appointed by

KNNL

4,00,000/-

Total 12,46,000/-




Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Program for Operation phase (3 years)

Environmental

Parameters

Parameters to be

Monitored

Frequency

of

Monitoring

Locations Responsibility Estimated

Cost in Rs.

Surface water

quality of

Krishna river

pH, Temperature,

EC, TDS

Alkalinity, TH, DO,

BOD, COD, NO3,



grease, MPN, Total

coliform

Quarterly

once for 3

years

Near lift

point

(1 No.)

Agencies

appointed by

KNNL

90,000/-

Ground water

quality

pH, Temperature,

EC, TDS

Alkalinity, TH,NO3,



grease, MPN, Total

coliform

Quarterly

once for 3

years

Bandigani

Jagadal

(2 Nos.)

Agencies

appointed by

KNNL

60,000/-

Soil Quality

pH, EC, Mg, Ca,

Alkalinity, Cl, Na, K,

Organic Carbon,

K, PO4, SAR, N

and Salinity

Quarterly

once for 3

years

Kulali

Navalagi

Siddapur

(3 No.)

Agencies

appointed by

KNNL

1,08,000/-

Aquatic life Limnological and

biological studies

Yearly once

for 3 years

Near intake

canal (1

No.)

Agencies

appointed by

KNNL

3,00,000

Total 5,58,000

Based on the above and as per the guidelines of MoEF under the supervision of

Executive Engineer, HBC Division, KNNL, Athani, six monthly compliance reports will be

submitted to Regional Office of MoEF, Bangalore.

In order to verify the effectiveness of monitoring program, Regional Office, MoEF,

Bangalore and Regional Office, KSPCB, Bagalkot will be the enforcing agency to

monitor the project activities.



Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.1 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore

Chapter 7. Additional Studies

7.1 Social Impact Assessment

Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme is proposed to irrigate an area of 7,200 Ha by

lifiting 0.75 T.M.c of water from Krishna River during Khariff season. The project aims at

providing irrigation facility to 10 villages of Jamakhandi and Mudhol Taluk.

Agriculture is the major economic activity of this region which is mainly Monsoon

dependent and inconsistent monsoons and erratic rainfall impacts the agricultural

production badly leading to low economy of the region. Government of Karnataka

recognized the need to extend irrigation facilities to these areas and Karnataka

Neeravari Nigam Ltd, Govt. of Karnataka proposed this project to provide stability to

agriculture sector and thereby improve the per capita income and standard of living of

the people here. Benefiting villages include Kulahalli, Navalagi, Bandigani, Jagadal,

Chimmad, Siddapur of Jamakhandi taluk and Mugalkodh, Shirol, Kulahalli and Belagali

of Mudhol taluk.

7.2 Need for Social Impact Assessment

The ToR approved by the Karnataka State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority

clarified the need for conducting social impact assessment studies as part of the

Environmental Impact assessment studies. This chapter attempts to assess the socio

economic conditions of the people in the villages in the project area and possible

impact, both positive and negative, due to the project with mitigative measures and

suggestions for improvement.

No forest land is required for any part of the project and no submergence will be

caused due to the project. Command Area of the project is <10,000 Ha, hence this is

considered as a „B category‟ project and based on the recommendations of the SEAC

of the MoEF, EIA and EMP are prepared vide the ToR specified. Social impact

assessment attempted here is part of this EIA study and the following socio economic

environment specified in the ToR is covered for this study. Human settlements, health

status of the community and existing infrastructure facilities for social welfare including

livelihood, job opportunities, and safety and security of workers and surrounding

population.

This Chapter on Social impact Assessment is a part of EIA report prepared as per the ToR

conditions. As detailed in the ToR and other reference studies on the irrigation projects,

the scope of the socio economic studies includes the following.

Baseline socio-economic profile of the study area.

Demography, social conditions, workers, PAFs, etc.

Land acquisition and mode of compensation

People perceptions on the project.

Social assessment.

7.3 Villages affected due to the project

One of the direct impacts of the project is Land acquisition and this project requires land

from six villages as detailed in the Table No 7.1 below.




Table 7.1 Details of project impacted villages

Sl.No District Taluk Impacted villages

1

Bagalkot Jamakhandi

Bandigani

2 Navalgi

3 Kalhalli

4 Chimmad

5 Yallatti

6 Kulhalli

7.4 Brief history of the districts

The project impact‟s Bagalkot district as detailed below. A brief history of the districts is

summarized below.

7.4.1 Bagalkot District

Bagalkot district is home to some of the finest temples of the world, famed for their

architectural splendour and Pattadakal is a magnificent temple complex listed by

UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Bagalkot, the district headquarters is a commercial

town and major hub of the area. Earlier, Bagalkot was a part of Vijayapura/Bijapur

district, was later carved out as a separate district vide Government of Karnataka

notification, dated 2nd August 1997 .Geographically the district is located in the

northern portion of the Deccan plateau. It comprises of six taluks namely, Badami,

Bagalkot, Bilgi, Hungund, Mudhol and Jamakhandi. Bagalkot is the district headquarters

and is one of the richest places

7.4.1.1 Highlights – 2011 census

Bagalkot with a total population of 18, 89,752accounts for 3.1

percent of the total population of the State and stands in the 11th

position in the State.

The Sex ratio of adults in the district is 989 and among the child

population in the age-group below 6 years, it is 935.

The district has a literacy rate of 68.8 percent with 79.2%male

literacy rate and 58.4% female literacy rate .The male – female

literacy gap in the district is 20.8 percentage points, which is higher

than the male – female literacy gap registered by the State (14.4

percentage points).

The Scheduled Caste population contributes 16.9 percent to the

total population of the district and the Scheduled Tribe population

contributes 5.1 percent.

The district has registered a work participation of 43.3 percent and

work participation rates for Male and Female population are 53.8

and 32.6 respectively.

Among the total workers in the district 82.7 percent are Main

workers and 17.3 percent are Marginal workers. Major work force

of 61.1 percent are engaged in Agricultural sector ie., Cultivators

(24.0 percent) and

Agricultural Laborers (37.1 percent).Agricultural Laborers constitute

37.1 percent of the total workers in the district and the district holds

10th rank in the State.




In the district 5.5 percent of the total workers are engaged in

Household Industry and 33.5 percent are „Other workers”. About

56.7 percent of the total population in the district is non-workers.

The population density for this district is 288 and stands at 16th rank

in the State. There are 624 villages, 12 Statutory Towns and 3

Census Towns in the district.

7.5 Description of Socio Economic Environment

The socio-economic profile of the project impacted area was analyzed through

compilation of primary and secondary data. Primary survey was conducted deploying

a team of qualified surveyors and data was collected from PAPs through designed

questionnaires (Annexure-6) through house visits. The Consultant also visited the project

site and had formal and informal interactions with the various stakeholders. All the

primary data so collected were compiled and documented. The secondary data

sources referred mainly are detailed below:

District Census Handbook, 2011-Bagalkot, series30, part XII B

State Fact sheet-Karnataka 2012-13

Census Data, 2011-Karnataka

Official Websites of Bagalkot and Vijayapura District and

Departments

7.5.1 Demographic profile of the project villages

The total population of the six villages is 35986 out of which 18105 is male and 17881 is

female.

7.5.1.1 Population details

Population of each village, male and female population and sex ratio are furnished in

Table 7.2 below;

Table 7.2 Population and sex ratio of the project impacted villages

Impacted villages Population Male Female

Bandigani 2140 1104 1036

Kulhalli 8353 4269 4084

Navalgi 7875 3924 3951

Kalhalli 3441 1720 1721

Chimmad 10839 5426 5413

Yallatti 3338 1662 1676

Total 35986 18105 17881

Fig 7.1 Population Sex ratio of the villages




As per the survey, it is seen that in almost all the places Male to Female ratio is found to

be equal, in Kulahalli the male population is little more as when to compared to female.

7.5.1.2 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population

The Scheduled Caste population in the project influenced villages contributes 21.28

percent of the population and scheduled tribe population contributes 2.45 percent of

the population (Census, 2011).

Table 7.3 SC/ST population in project villages

Villages SC population Male Female ST population Male Female

Bandigani 585 302 283 210 98 112

Kulhalli 1702 823 879 42 20 22

Navlgi 1689 793 896 516 251 265

Kalhalli 843 427 416 83 42 41

Chimmad 2257 1088 1169 32 16 16

Yallatti 518 260 258 0 0 0

Fig 7.2 SC Population in the project villages

Fig 7.3 ST Population in the project villages

585

1702 1689

843

2257

518

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 2 3 4 5 6

Total SC population

Male

Female

210

42

516

83 32

0 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Bandigani Kulhalli Navlgi Kalhalli Chimmad Yallatti

Total ST population

Male

Female




Type of family

In the primary survey, it is seen that 91% of the families are nuclear families with 5 or lesser

number of members and 9% are joint families with 6 to 10 members.

Religion and caste

The religious group reported from this area is dominated by Hindus and in some areas

Muslims are also reported. Christians and other religious groups are totally absent here.

As per the primary survey conducted in the project area there are 97.8 % Hindu

community and only 2.2 % are Muslims. Scheduled Caste reported is 43.52 % and 4.70 %

Scheduled Tribes are reported. Among Hindus, 49.41 % of the people belong to Other

Backward category and only 2.35 % are from higher castes. The OBC casts reported

includes Lingayath, Uppara, Maratha, Kuruba and Ganiga their percentage varies from

village to village.

7.5.1.3 Educational status

Average literacy rate of Bagalkot in 2011 was 68.82% compared to 57.30% of 2001. If

things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 79.23% and 58.40%

respectively (Census, 2011). Total literacy rate in the sampled villages are 58.86 %

constituting 67.97 % male which is considerably higher than female of 51.36 %

respectively (Census, 2011).

Table 7.4 Male- female literacy

Sl.No. Villages Total

Literates

Total literacy

(%) Male % Female %

1 Bandigani 940 44 560 60 380 40

2 Kulhalli 4203 50 2477 59 1726 41

3 Navalgi 3908 50 2231 57 1677 43

4 Kalhalli 1674 49 948 57 726 43

5 Chimmad 5398 50 3073 57 2325 43

6 Yallatti 1787 54 1045 58 742 42

Fig 7.4 Male & Female Literates

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Bandigani Kulhalli Navalgi Kalhalli Chimmad Yallatti

44

50 50 49 50 54

60 59 57 57 57 58

40 41 43 43 43 42

Total literacy (%)

Male %

Female %




7.5.1.4 Health status

The efficiency of public health delivery system is low and considerable disparities across

districts in terms of per capita availability of hospitals, beds and manpower inputs had

adverse impact on improving the life expectancy in the state. To improve the outcomes

in deficient districts like Bagalkot factorial disparities within the health system need to be

improved, linking with adequate infrastructure facilities like safe drinking water supply

and sanitation. A considerable increase in medical and public health expenditure in

rural areas in the state is required for this purpose. The funds from National Rural Health

Mission (NRHM) and rural sanitation schemes, at present, are adding to improve the

situation in poorer districts.

Besides the significance of factors like rural poverty and disparities in income, overall

skewed distribution of income across rural and urban sectors, changing population

densities in respective districts as well as lack of gender specific focus of public sector

intervention in terms of education and other opportunities should not be overlooked.

These factors have indeed influenced the health outcomes which the direct health

sector inputs have not been able to compensate. Communicable and non-

commendable diseases often impose threat to human Development. The important

non-communicable diseases reported from the District include - heart attacks and

stroke, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. The important

communicable diseases that affect people in the district include Diarrhea, Dengue,

Malaria, Measles, HIV/AIDS, and TB. Some studies conducted in Bagalkot, district reveals

that the ground water has fluoride concentration but it is below the permissible limits

prescribed by ICMR, WHO and ISI. No dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis is noticed in

study area. However ground water management programme and Environmental

awareness of the health implication of fluoride is emphasized through education of

public and community participation.

7.5.1.5 Occupational status

The work participation status of villagers in these six villages ranges from 55% (Bandigani)

to 38% (Navalagi). Among them, 50 to 71 percentages is the male work participation

while female work participation is 29 to 49 percent only except in where the female

participation almost equals with the male participation i.e. 49 % and 51 % respectively.

The highest work participation reported from Bandigani village is due to this high

participation rate of females. Below table give the details of the work Participation.

Table 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women

Sl.No. Village Population Total workers % Male % Female %

1 Bandigani 2140 1174 55 596 51 578 49

2 Kulhalli 8353 3720 45 2272 61 1448 39

3 Navalgi 7875 2977 38 2114 71 863 29

4 Kalhalli 3441 1423 41 916 64 507 36

5 Chimmad 10839 4881 45 2892 59 1919 39

6 Yallatti 3338 1574 47 907 58 667 42

From the survey, it was noted that, there is almost equal head to head work force

among male and female population in Yallatti, Bandigani villages and the ratio was 2:1

(male: female) at Chimmad, Kalhalli and Kulhalli.




Fig 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women

7.6 Land use and land ownership

The proposed project envisages the lifting of 0.75 TMC of water from Krishna River and

providing irrigation facility to 7,200 Ha areas in 10 villages, which in turn improves the

cropping pattern and crop yield. The total land required for the project is 69.18 Acres (28

ha) and the project site is primary an agricultural area. The land use in the proposed

project area is dry land agriculture, subject to vagaries of monsoon rain with low

cropping intensity and low productivity. Majority of the population in the area depends

on agriculture and the major crops cultivated in the region include Jowar, Bajra, Wheat,

Grams and Sugarcane.

7.7 Religious and cultural institutions

Remnants of Chalukyan art and architecture are important tourist attractions in

Bagalkote. Historically, Bagalkot was the capital of the Chalukyan Empire. Pattadakallu ,

a village and an important tourist center in the state is located on the left bank of the

Malaprabha river in Bagalkot district, 22 km from Badami and 514 km from Bangalore, is

a UNESCO World heritage site (aerially 78 Km away from lift point). There are ten temples

here, four are in Nagara style and six are in Dravidian style. The largest of all the temples

in Pattadakal is Virupaksha temple.

55

45

38

41

45

47

51

61

71

64

59

58

49

39

29

36

39

42

0 50 100 150 200

Bandigani

Kulhalli

Navalgi

Kalhalli

Chimmad

Yallatti

Total %

Male %

Female %




View of Pattadakallu temple

7.8 Consultations with the PAPs

Interactions with the project affected persons during the Social survey and other formal

and informal interactions provided a feedback of their impressions about the project

and expectations as summarized below;

The farmers expressed their happiness saying that this project is a

boon for them especially during dry seasons to cultivate in their

farm lands and increase production. As their main subsistence is

agriculture they look forward to implement this irrigation project

early as possible.

Those who are losing land expect sufficient compensation for their

loss and hope that their dwelling houses won‟t be affected.

Few Respondents expressed their concern about the land value

and are waiting for discussions with the Department officials.

In the interactions villagers expressed their concern about the

construction works and its impacts on them, chances for

employment and also requested to KNNL for following supports:

To develop the linking roads

To provide drinking water and sanitation facilities

To complete the project as early as possible

Consider local people for employment opportunities in the project

sites.




Fig 7.6 Interaction with PAPs

7.9 Positive and Negative impact of the Project

Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation scheme is proposed to irrigate an

area of 7,200 ha spread across 10 villages of Jamakhandi and

Mudhol Taluk, utilizing 0.75 T.M.C water from Krishna River during

Khariff season only. These villages include Kalahalli, Navalgi,

Bandigani, Jagadal, Chimmad, Siddapur of Jamakhandi Taluk and

Mudhol Taluk –Magalkoda, Shirol, Kulahalli and Belagali.

This will help to increase the agricultural production during kharif

season which in turn will raise their economic status and standard

of living. This will have major impact on the area; especially entire

population in this region depends on agriculture for their

subsistence.

Employment Generation due to the project: During the project

construction phase and operation-management phase additional

employment will be generated and local labourers will be

engaged for works. Around 150 people (25 Technical and 125

construction labourers) are expected to be employed temporarily

for the construction work of intake channel, jack well cum pump

house, raising main, delivery chambers and distribution network.

During operation phase labourers will be appointed for operation

and maintenance of the jack well.

The only negative impact is that 123 ha of agricultural land spread

across 6 villages and owned by some of titleholders will be lost for

the project construction purposes, but they will be sufficiently

compensated as per the Right to Fair Compensation and

Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement

(Karnataka) Rules applicable in the State. None of the residential

or commercial properties are impacted and there is no

displacement of PAPs.

So overall, impact of the project is progressive for the development

of the villages and the agricultural production will increase

contributing to the economy of the region. Villagers generally

welcome such irrigation projects and cooperate with the land

acquisition process. The Department takes due care to consider

Interaction with PAPs




the development needs of the people and due care will be taken

to avoid all negative impacts.

7.10 Land Acquisition Process& Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan

7.10.1 Land acquisition process

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and

Resettlement (Compensation, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, Development Plan)

Rules, 2015 published in the Govt of India Gazette on 18th December, 2015.Government

of Karnataka vide Revenue Secretariat notification no. RD 152 AQB 2013, Bangalore,

Dated 17 Oct 2015 published these rules.

7.10.2 Request for acquisition of land and initial steps

On completion of Social Impact Assessment, the Requiring Body for whom land is to be

acquired shall file the request to the concerned Collector in FORM-I along with the

following documents;

Detailed project report

Sanction letter of project

Three copies of Record of Rights and revenue maps of the

affected areas

Information about the classification of land that is, irrigated multi-

cropped, single cropped, wasteland, etc

Any other information required by the Collector

The Collector, on receiving the request constitute a committee of officers deems

necessary, to make a field visit along with the representatives of the Requiring Body to

make a preliminary enquiry who in turn will submit the report to the collector with the

following details.

(i) That the proposed acquisition of land serves public purpose;

(ii) That the extent of land proposed for acquisition is the absolute bare-minimum

needed for the project;

(iii) That the acquisition of land at an alternate place has been considered and found

not feasible;

(iv) That there is no unutilized land which has been previously acquired in the area;

(v) That the land, if any, acquired earlier and remained unutilized may be used for such

public purpose;

(vi) The recommendations of the committee

On the basis of the report of the committee, the Collector if satisfied that the request is

consistent with the provisions of the Act, shall make a preliminary estimate of the cost of

the acquisition. The Collector shall inform the Requiring Body to deposit the estimated

cost of acquisition or part thereof as specified by the Collector in the designated

account of the office of the Collector before the publication of declaration and the

Requiring Body shall deposit the same within the said period. The balance cost of

acquisition after final estimation as prepared by the Collector or in cases where excess

amount is awarded by the Authority or Court, shall be deposited as and when required.




7.10.3 Publication of preliminary notification

Preliminary notification as per section 11 shall be published in FORM II and will be

affixed at conspicuous places in the affected areas and also informed to the public.

Then the Collector shall ensure completion of the exercise of updating land records as

specified below:

Delete the names of deceased persons;

enter the names of the legal heirs of the deceased persons;

enter the registered transactions of the rights in land such as sale,

gift, partition, etc.;

make all entries of the mortgages in the land records;

delete the entries of mortgages in case the lending agency issues

letter towards full payment of loans taken through registered

reconveyance of mortgaged property deeds;

make necessary entries in respect of all prevalent forest laws;

make necessary entries in case of the Government land;

make necessary entries in respect of assets on the land like

buildings, trees, wells, etc.;

make necessary entries of share-croppers in the land;

Make necessary entries of crops grown or sown and the area of

such crops; and any other relevant entries.

After the publication of 11(1) notification a census of the affected families is

conducted, within a period of two months. For the purpose of the survey to be

conducted and the census of the affected families to be undertaken by the

Administrator, he shall take into account;

The Social Impact Assessment report;

The records of the Panchayat, Municipality or Municipal

Corporation, as the case may be, and other Government records.

The Administrator shall get the data verified by door to door visit of the affected families

and by site visits in case of infrastructure projects in the affected area.

The draft Rehabilitation and Resettlement Scheme prepared by the Administrator shall

be given wide publicity through the Official Gazette and two daily newspapers being

circulated in the locality and shall be uploaded on the website of the appropriate

Government.

An officer authorized shall conduct a public hearing in the affected areas by issuing

advance notice of three weeks on the date, time and venue mentioned in the said

notice in accordance with the provisions of rule.

7.10.4. Publication of declaration for acquisition

The declaration shall be published by affixing a copy thereof in local language at

conspicuous places in the affected areas in FORM V.

7.10.5. Land acquisition award

The land acquisition award referred to in section 23 shall be made in FORM VI and FORM

VII annexed in the rules.




7.11 Valuation of Land

In determining the amount of compensation to be awarded for land acquired under

this Act, the Collector shall take into consideration the market value as determined

under section 26 and the award amount in accordance with the First and Second

Schedules:

Secondly, the damage sustained by the person interested, by reason of the taking of

any standing crops and trees which may be on the land at the time of the Collector's

taking possession thereof;

Thirdly, the damage (if any) sustained by the person interested, at the time of the

Collector's taking possession of the land, by reason of severing such land from his other

land:

Fourthly, the damage (If any) sustained by the person interested at the time of the

Collector's taking possession of the land by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting

his other property, movable or immovable, in any other manner, or his earnings; in

consequence of the acquisition of the land by the Collector, the person interested is

compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses (if

any) incidental to such change; the damage ( if any) bona fide resulting from dim

inution of the profits of the land between the time of the publication of the declaration

under section l9 and the time of the Collector's taking possession of the land: and

seventhly, any other ground which may be in the interest of equity, justice and

beneficial to the affected families.

29(1) The Collector in determining the market value of the building and other

immovable property or assets attached to the land or building which are to be

acquired, use the services of a competent engineer or any other specialist in the

relevant field, as may be considered necessary by him.

(2) The Collector for the purpose of determining the value of trees and plants attached

to the land acquired, use the services of experienced persons in the field of agriculture,

forestry, horticulture, sericulture, or any other field, as may be considered necessary by

him.

(3) The Collector for the purpose of assessing the value Of the standing crops damaged

during the process of land acquisition, may use the services of experienced persons in

the field of agriculture as may be considered necessary by him.

30. The Collector having determined the total compensation to be paid, shall, to arrive

at the final award, impose a 'Solatium,' amount equivalent to one hundred per cent of

the compensation amount.

Explanation.-For the removal of doubts it is hereby declared that solatium amount shall

be in addition to the compensation payable to any person whose land has been

acquired.

(2) The Collector shall issue individual awards detailing the particulars of compensation

payable and the details of payment of the compensation as specified in the First

Schedule.

(J)In addition to the market value of the land provided under section 26, the Collector

shall, in every case award an amount calculated at the rate of twelve percent per

annum on such market value for the period commencing on and from the date of the

publication of the notification of the Social Impact Assessment study under sub-section

(2) of section 4, in respect of such and, till the date of the award of the Collector or the

date of taking in possession of the land, whichever is earlier.




7.12 Land acquisition of the project and rough cost estimates

The Project does not displace any houses or shops for the project activities. Only land is

required to the extent of 123 ha and the agricultural land will be acquired, as per the

conditions of “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act” (RTFC&LARR Act), 2015. The compensation matrix

as per this rules are summarized in Table 1.9 below;

Table 7.6 Compensation matrix

Compensation/eligibility Value/ rates

Compensation for Land value

Rural -market value of land x 2

+ 100% solatium of compensation

Value of structures Value of structures and assets like wells, few

pump houses etc may have to be paid

Residential PDPs

House owners/ affected family

staying in the area for more than

3 years ,if displaced

No residential structures impacted. Hence

not applicable

Land for land option (in case of

irrigation projects)

Provision for Land for land –as far as possible

one acre of land in the command area

For SC/ST 2.5 acres land.

not applicable in the case of this project

Income tax and stamp duty Stamp duty/registration fee to be paid by

the requiring body and not from the PAP

7.13 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan

The Project does not displace any houses or shops for the project activities. Only land is

required to proposed project (123 ha) and the agricultural land will be acquired, as per

the conditions of “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act” (RTFC&LARR Act), 2015. The compensation matrix

as per this rules are summarized below;

Table 7.7 Compensation matrix

Compensation/eligibility Value/ rates

Compensation for Land value Rural -market value of land x 2

+ 100% solatium of compensation

Value of structures Value of structures and assets like

wells, few pump houses etc may have

to be paid

residential PDPs -House owners/ affected

family staying in the area for more than 3

years ,if displaced

No residential structures impacted.

Hence not applicable

Land for land option (in case of irrigation

projects)

Provision for Land for land –as far as

possible one acre of land in the

command area

For SC/ST 2.5 acres land.

not applicable in the case of this

project

Income tax and stamp duty Stamp duty/registration fee to be

paid by the requiring body and not

from the PAP




7.14 Land value fixation

As detailed above, the District Collector fix up the market value of the land in each

village considering the land transactions in the area for the last three years and on

mutual discussion with the land owners. Realistic cost estimation can be done only on

the basis of this. But to work out rough estimation of the cost, the market value of the

land is considered as detailed in Table below;

Table 7.8 Cost Estimates of land

Market value of land Approximate area Cost as per

market value

Market value x 2

x 100% solatium

Dry land (1,05,300/-per acre) 303.81

123 Ha

Rs 3.19 Cr Rs 12.79 crores

Wet land (1,75,500/- per ace) nil

Two yield per year Wet land

(2,23,300/-per acre)

nil

There are no R&R costs involved other than the ex gratia payments, as detailed above

which need to be further worked out, based on the actual status of the PAPs. Land for

land and compensation for some PAPs in the area need to be discussed further to

arrives in to consensus but most of them prefer monetary compensations than other

supports.

Cost of compensation for the crops under cultivation, trees and plants in the acquired

land etc will be worked out at the time of acquisition process to add to the above costs.

The Department has already initiated action to initiate the land acquisition process in

association with the District Collector.

7.14.1 Environmental Public Consultation

As per ToRs, Karnataka State Pollution Control Board has conducted Environmental

Public Consultation at Bhandigani village, Bagalkot district on 06.12.2016. The

proceedings, photographs and compliance to public hearing proceedings are

enclosed in the Executive summary of the EIA report.

7.15 Risks and Hazards associated with the project

It is the major construction activity that includes majority of work of excavation ,followed

by civil construction activity, pumping installation duly integrated with power supply

installation infra and command area network infrastructure. All activity will be

coordinated in staggered manner and in sync. All activities are hazardous in nature due

to major construction having inherent risk. Catastrophic events like cloud bursts and flash

floods, earthquake or any act of god, arson, sabotage, etc which is beyond control of

KNNL management shall be in the purview of District administration to control and

mitigate. They will assess and appraise the offsite DMP prepared by KNNL and hence

take lead at times with discretion. Under NDMA 2007 guideline district authority shall be

well equipped to deal with aforesaid eventualities, they mobilize resources and enact all

stakeholders to perform with due diligence. In project when conceived and technically

through w.r.t statutory clearance

Subsequent activity in field work will be planned and arranged. In the irrigation project

major activities are likely as under;

Excavation for intake canal and for construction of jack well cum

pump house

Pumping to lift water to upper level for proposed command area.




Dedicated power supply grid for pumping.

Network for command area for flow irrigation.

Management for safety, Health and environment.

Towards hazard mapping in this project, summarily following hazards are being

identified;

7.15.1 Physical hazards

Exposure to strong and continuous noise in work areas (emanating from compressors,

pneumatic hammers, vibrators, and similar sources) Exposure to various environmental

factors, inc. extreme heat or cold, strong solar radiation, heat-load, drying, excessive

moisture content, increased or reduced environmental air-pressure, etc.

7.15.2 Chemical Hazards

Potential hazard of being exposed to noxious dust when staying on the work site.

Dermatitis caused by contact with irritating and allergenic materials (e.g. –cement dust).

While visiting the work site an engineer may be exposed to hazards created by other

workers – for example: exposure to organic solvents, thinners and paint removers when

at the same time a paint job is being performed at the site.

7.15.3 Biological Hazards

There are no specific biological hazards, except potential exposure to infectious

diseases, like influenza, as a result of close contact with construction workers that

contracted such diseases; or development of dermatitis and irritation as a result of

drinking polluted water at the site, contact with allergenic vegetation or with insects

(inc. wasps and bees), snakes and similar creatures located on the work site.

7.15.4 Protective systems

There are different types of protective systems. Sloping involves cutting back the trench

wall at an angle inclined away from the excavation. Shoring requires installing aluminum

hydraulic or other types of supports to prevent soil movement and cave ins. Shielding

protects workers by using trench boxes or other types of supports to prevent soil cave ins.

Designing a protective system can be complex because to consider many factors: soil

classification, depth of cut, water content of soil, changes due to weather or climate,

surcharge loads (eg., spoil, other materials to be used in the trench) and other

operations in the vicinity.

7.15.5 Competent Person/ Safety Engineer

As per standards require that trenches be inspected daily and as conditions change by

a competent person prior to worker entry to ensure elimination of excavation hazards. A

competent person is an individual who is capable of identifying existing and predictable

hazards or working conditions that are hazardous, unsanitary, or dangerous to

employees/labors and who is authorized to take prompt corrective measures to

eliminate or control these hazards and conditions.

7.15.6 Access and Egress

It requires safe access and egress to all excavations, including ladders, steps, ramps, or

other safe means of exit for employees working in trench excavations 4 feet (1.22

meters) or deeper. These devices must be located within 25 feet (7.6 meters)

7.16 General Trenching and Excavation Rules

Keep heavy equipment away from trench edges.




Keep surcharge loads at least 2 feet (0.6 meters) from trench

edges.

Know where underground utilities are located.

Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases.

Inspect trenches at the start of each shift.

Inspect trenches following a rainstorm.

Do not work under raised loads.

7.17 Work at Height Hazards

Cranes are remarkable and invaluable tools for hoisting and carrying, but they are

heavily represented in the industrial injury and fatality statistics. Most of them occur

in the construction industry. Crane fatalities occur in the construction industry. An

identified five crane-related hazards:

(1) Overturning of a crane or the structural failure of its parts;

(2) Dropping of the suspended load;

(3) Electrocution;

(4) Trapping of people; and

(5) Accidents during erection and dismantling as well as loading and unloading.

The causes of different crane failures have been infers that the overturning of a crane

or parts of it occur due to overloading, differential settlement of the crane support or

foundation, operating on slope (for mobile cranes) and/or operating method. It has

been reported that basic causes of dropping the load are overloading and improper

maintenance of the crane and its parts. Finding also infers that electrocution and

trapping are caused due to lack of communications between the operator, slingers and

flagman/supervisor whereas erection and dismantling injuries are caused by unsafe

work practice of erectors and lack of supervision.

7.18 Construction machinery and tools hazards

Of all the construction industry fatalities may also occur with construction machinery

The types of machinery involved in accidents include excavators and shovels,

earthmoving equipment (i.e. crawler tractors and bulldozers, scrapers and graders),

dumpers and dump trucks, forklift trucks, road rollers and lorries. Accidents in

construction machinery usage occur in one of the following modes;

Workers being run-over or struck by machinery moving forward or

reversing;

Collision between machinery or with fixed objects such as false

works or scaffoldings;

Overturning of machinery while in operation; and

Workers falling from machinery.

These accidents are caused by the following major factors:

Failure of machinery- inoperative back-up alarms, brake failures,

etc

Inadequate site planning resulting in poor visibility, inadequate

man oeuvre space, inadequate signboards and poor site traffic

control;

Lack of supervision and training of workers and operators; and




Construction noise that masks the sound of back-up alarms and

the sound of plant.

It is also observed that in the some of event in accidents the

primary external factor was hand-held tools as sorted construction

tools in descending order of hazard, viz: (1) Knife; (2) Hammer,

sledge hammer, etc.; (3)Grinding/cutting machine; (4)

Jackhammer; (5) Drill; (6) Manual saw; (7) Crowbar, spit, etc.; (8)

Tools for screwing; (9) Welding equipment – gas; (10) Axe; (11)

Spade/excavation tools; (12) Gripping, holding, pinching, pulling

tools; (13) Chainsaw; (14) Nail gun; (15) Compass saw, hole saw,

etc.; (16) Welding equipment –electrical; (17) Circular saw; (18)

Cutting tools; and (19) Other tools. Use of construction tools cause

injuries and fatalities to workers by the following ways;

Eye injuries caused by foreign objects getting into eyes by

operations such as grinding, welding, cutting, drilling and breaking;

Finger/hand injuries by cut and burns;

Injuries caused by moving/broken machine parts;

Electrocution; and Vibration from powered hand-held tools,

causing a group of diseases. One of them is blood circulation

disturbance known as “vibration white finger”.

Specialty systems. Most of the hazards are the result of faulty tools

and/or unsafe handling of tools. Moreover, the type of tools and

duration of use also dictate the hazard.

Major hazards and mitigation measure shall be delineated and shall be considered in

OHS management towards safety in all respect due to multidiscipline activity. It also

need extremely well coordination and sync in activity under project leader. All

contractors, team, stakeholders shall comply with OHS policy prepared exclusively. It will

be a duty of employer to get all employees aware of hazards and risk they may be

vulnerable and ensure that it to be his conscious decision as being instrumental in part

of project activity.

We have considered all hazards and risk associated with project. However it can be

checked and stalled with OHS plan in place before and during execution. It should be

specific to this particular activity and shall be evaluated at regular interval during

construction as well as after construction. Post installation an offsite DMP shall be

prepared in line with district authority requirement and shall be approved.

Table 7.9 Emergency contact numbers

Sl.No Name of the Dept. Contact No.

1 Police 100

2 Fire 101

3 Ambulance 108

4 DC Office, Bagalkot 08354-235091

Table 7.10 Emergency contact number of KNNL

Sl.No Name of the Dept. Contact No.

1 Office of the Secretary, WRD, Bangalore 080-22255524

2 Office of the Managing Director, KNNL, Bangalore 080-22386016

3 Office of the Chief Engineer, INZ, KNNL, Belgaum 0831-2422887




Chapter 8. Project Benefits

The VLIS is proposed to provide economically viable and socially acceptable irrigation

practices for the command area. Irrigation is important to the health of the agricultural

industry. Improving the viability of individual farming and increasing the efficiency and

economic stability of the command area taluks and also contributing to the economic

and social objectives of the Karnataka State are the expected outcomes of the

proposed scheme. Some of the important project benefits are given below:

Agricultural linkages will be considerably improved.

The project improves total farm output and hence raises farm

income.

Project improves yields through reduced crop loss due to erratic,

unreliable or insufficient rainfall. The details before and after the

advent of irrigation is given below.

Extensive agricultural production supplies raw materials to the

nearby small scale industries thereby increasing the economy in

the region.

Increased benefits from flood control, soil erosion, etc

Altogether, 68382 populations will be benefitted directly under the

scheme.

Employment opportunities for 150 members, 25 technical staff and

125 construction labourers. Further, indirectly labor opportunities will

be substantially improved since irrigation facility is made available.

It improves fodder crops and in turn dairy farming in the command

area.

The project requires only 123 Ha for implementation of the scheme

and does not envisage rehabilitation and resettlement.

No tree cutting involved and no forest land required for

implementation of the scheme.

Agro forestry shall be taken up in command area and it improves

the ecosystem services.




Table 8.1 Crop yield details before the advent of irrigation

Sl No Crops

Intensity

(%) Area in

Ha

Produce

per Ha

(Qtls)

Rate per Qtl

(in Rs)

Input per Ha (Rate in Rs) Hired Labour

(Human & Bullocks)

(Rs in Lakhs) Seeds Manure

1 Local Jowar 1.00 50.40 10.0 2100.00 0.189 2.52 5.292

2 Hy.Maize 21.00 1058.40 25.0 1575.0 43.659 79.38 127.008

3 Bajra 1.00 50.40 5.0 1600.0 0.07 3.024 3.78

4 Groundnut 23.00 1159.20 12.0 8000.0 115.92 86.94 243.432

5 Jowor 21.00 1058.40 12.0 2100.0 3.969 52.92 111.132

6 Vegetables 13.00 655.20 10.0 5000.0 32.76 65.52 81.9

7 Sunflower 20.00 1008.0 10.0 3500.0 26.46 80.64 181.44

100 5040.00 223.02 370.94 753.28

Table 8.2 Crop yield details after the advent of irrigation

Sl No Crops

Intensity

(%) Area in

Ha

Produce per

Ha (Qtls)

Rate per

Qtl (in Rs)

Input per Ha (Rate in Rs) Hired Labour

(Human & Bullocks)

(Rs in Lakhs) Seeds Manure Chemicals &

Pesticides

1 Local Jowar 1.00 72.0 12.5 2100 0.27 4.32 0.252 8.64

2 Hy.Maize 21.00 1512.0 62.5 1575.0 62.37 151.2 6.3504 272.16

3 Bajra 1.00 72.0 15.0 1600.0 0.1008 4.32 0.216 7.56

4 Groundnut 23.00 1656.0 20.0 8000.0 207 124.2 5.796 447.12

5 Hy. Jowor 21.00 1512.0 30.0 2100.0 5.67 90.72 4.536 204.12

6 Vegetables 13.00 936.0 18.0 5000.0 46.8 93.6 28.08 117

7 Sunflower 20.00 1440.0 16.0 3500.0 37.8 115.2 4.032 259.2

100 7200.00 360.01 583.56 49.42 1315.80




Chapter 9. Environment Management Plan

Although agriculture is usually associated with its positive impacts on human life, irrigation practices may be associated with impacts on

environmental conditions, which may eventually curtail the sustainability of irrigation projects. For this reason, Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) has been recognized as an integral part of the early planning studies of irrigation projects in order to identify any

expected negative impacts and suggest the necessary mitigation plans to curb these impacts through formation of Environmental

Management Plan (EMP). It would consist of all mitigation measures for each project activity to be undertaken during the construction,

operation of the project to minimize adverse environmental impacts.

Table 9.1 Environment Management Plan

Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Responsibility &

Monitroing Agency Time frame

A. Construction Phase

1. Air Environment

Fuel combustion

from

construction

equipments

Emission of

pollutants (PM,

SO2)

High speed Diesel

with low sulphur

content will be used

for the construction

equipments/

vehicles which has

low ash content

Reduction in

pollutants level

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Vehicular

movement and

operation of

batching plants

Dust pollution

Water sprinkling and

vehicles should be

covered with

tarpaulin, speed

limit restrictions

Reduction in

fugitive

emissions

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, access

roads, around

construction site,

disnets

Contractor & KNNL Water sprinkling –

3 times/day

Burning of fire

wood

Emission of

pollutants (C,

SO2)

Labor camps

supplied with LPG

facility

Reduction in

emission levels Labor camp Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)






Operation of

DG sets,

excavation

Health

problems to

labors

Usage of Nose

masks

Healthy

working

environment

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, access

roads, around

construction site,

disnets

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

2. Noise Environment

Operation of

DG sets and

usage of

construction

equipments

Increase is noise

levels

PPEs such as, ear

plugs and ear muffs

will be provided to

the workers,

Acoustic enclosures

for DG sets

Reduction in

noise levels

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, access

roads, around

construction site,

disnets

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Vehicular

Movement

Increase is noise

levels

Construction

activities shall be

restricted only to

day time

Reduction in

noise levels

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, access

roads, around

construction site,

disnets

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

3. Water Environment

Sewage from

labor camps

Surface and

ground water

pollution

Treatment through

septic tank and

soak pit

Reduction in

pollution load Labor camps Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Stagnation of

water

Mosquito

breeding

grounds

Providing proper

sanitary facilities

Healthy

environment Labor camps Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Excavation and

operation of DG

sets

Muck

generation,

blockage of

natural drains

and

Reuse of muck at

site, disposal of used

oil KSPCB authorized

preprocessors

Reduction in

surface and

ground water

contamination

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, disnets

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)






contamination

of ground water

Construction of

intake canal

Increase in

turbidity levels

in river

Provision of sand

bags

Healthy

aquatic

ecosystem

Intake canal

Contractor & KNNL 4 Months

4. Soil Environment

Construction of

labor camps,

stock yards

Loss of fertile soil Waste land will be

used for erection of

labor camps

Land resource

optimization

Waste land

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Mantainance of

DG sets and

construction

machineries

Soil

contamination

Maintenance at

service centres

Reduction in

soil

contamination

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, access

roads, around

construction site,

disnets

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

5. Solid and Hazardous waste Environment

Excavation Change in

hydraulic

regime

Reuse of excavated

earth

Natural

drainage

pattern

maintained

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, disnets

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Improper

dumping of

solid waste from

labor camps

Water pollution Labor camps at 1

km away from river,

Disposal to

Municipal

Authorities

Reduction in

siltation and

eutrophication

Intake canal and

river course

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

6. Biological Environment

Construction

activities

Wilting of plants Water sprinkling Normal

photosynthetic

activity

Intake canal, jack

well cum pump

house, access

roads, around

construction site,

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)






disnets

Labor camps Riverine water

pollution

Labor camps at 1

km away from river,

restrictions for not

using the river water

Zero water

pollution

Labor camps

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Use of fire wood Cutting of trees LPG for labor camps Positive

ecosystem

services

Labor camps and

its surrounding Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

Washing of

construction

equipments

Reduced DO

levels

Washing at

authorized service

stations

Aquatic system

maintained

Krishna river

Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

7. Socio-economic environment

Land acquisition Affecting

livelihood

Compensation as

RFCLA&TRR Act 2013

Sustainability

for livelihood

opportunities

Kalahalli,

Bandigani,

Kullahalli, Navalagi,

Chimmada, Yallatti

KNNL 6 months

Vehicular

movement

Health

problems

Water sprinkling and

movement of

vehicles carrying

raw materials only

during night time.

Healthy

environment

Kullahalli village Contractor & KNNL

Thorough out the

construction

period (24

months)

B. Operation phase

Excess

application of

fertilizers and

pesticides

Soil and water

contamination

Awareness on

organic farming

practices

Reduction in

pollution load

Command area KNNL and Water user

Associations

3 years




9.1 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan

Karnataka is a pioneer state in implementing watershed programmes since 1983.Dry

land development boards were constituted at in the divisional level, model watersheds,

district level macro watershed programs, DPAP, DDP, IWDP, WGDP, RVP, NWDPRA and

more recently from April 2008 Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWMP).

A state level perspective and Strategic Plan (SPSP) is prepared for the state and entire

area (120.85 lakh ha) is contemplated to be treated by the end of XIV the plan period,

on 90:10 ratio between centre and state.

In the district of Bagalkot, 850 of 1163 micro watersheds have been treated covering an

area of 425000 ha have been treated under Central and State sector area Protection

works. Till the end of the sixth five year plan, nearly Rs. 22,000 million was spent on

improvement of about 29.3 m ha of the land with various soil and water conservation

measures.

Table 9.2 Details of watershed treatment

Micro

Watersh

ed

No.

Sub

Sub

watershed

Code Treatable

Area

Area

already

Treated

(Ha)

Area

proposed

for

treatment

(Ha)

No. of.

Check

dams

(ha)

Contour

bunding/Bench

terracing (ha)

Farm

forestry

(ha)

1 Kulhalli 4D7D4S 3800 815 2985 2 350 3

2 Hunnur; 4D7D4T 1550 250 1300 2 850 3

3 Banahalla 4D7D4U 500 350 150 3 100 5

4 Mudhol 4D7D4R 8250 450 7800 2 3800 8

5 Mallahalli 4D7E1C 750 700 50 4 50 6

6 Nandagoan 4D7E2K 550 400 150 1 150 9

7 Sanganahatti 4D7E2L 1800 450 1350 1 1000 5

Total 7200 3415 13785 15 6300 39

Some of the methods suggested for soil conservation for VLIS catchment area are given

below.

Gully plugging: This prevents the eroding and down-cutting of

gully beds headwords while they encourage the deposition of silt

load and create a micro-environment for the establishment of

vegetative covers. Gully plugs act as grade stabilization structures.

The specifications for gully plug are as follows

Slope of gully

bed (off)

Width of gully

bed (m) Location Type of gully

plug

Vertical interval

(m)

0-5%

Upto 4.5 Gully bed Brush wood Upto 3

4.5 – 10.5 Gully bed & ride

branch Earthen 2.25 to 3.0

7.5 to 15.0

At the

confluence of

two gullies

Sand bags 2.25 to 3.0

10-20%

Upto 4.5 Gully bed Brush wood Upto 3.0

4.5 to 6.0 Gully bed Earthen and

side branch Bet 1.5 to 3.0

The gullies would be treated with engineering/mechanical as well as vegetative

methods. Check dams are recommended for some areas to promote growth of

vegetation that will consequently lead to the stabilization of the slopes area and

prevent further deepening of gullies and consequent erosion. For controlling the gullies,




the erosive velocities are reduced by flattening out the steep gradient of the gully. This is

achieved by constructing a series of check dam which transform the longitudinal

gradient into a series of steps with low risers and long flat treads. Different types of check

dams would be required for different conditions comprising different materials,

depending upon the site conditions and by using the locally available materials. This is

often the most acceptable soil conservation measures that can easily establish and

should form a dense thicket near the ground level when planted in close vicinity. The

following materials are recommended for the purpose.

Brushwood check dam

Dry rubble stone masonry (DRSM)

Check dams with stones available at the site

Combination of DRSM and crate works – for moderate to deep

gullies with locally available stones at sites

The advantage of brushwood check dams is that they are quick and easy to construct

and are inexpensive as they are constructed by using readily available materials at the

site. In addition to the vegetative measures used for stabilization of gullies, temporary or

permanent mechanical measures are used as supplementary measures to prevent the

washing away of young plantations by large volume of run off. The gullies get stabilized

over a period of time with the establishment of vegetative cover. With passage of time

mechanical structures weaken and vegetative measures get strengthened.

The drainage basin of the river, usually referred to as catchment area needs some kind

of treatment in the overall interest of the development of the area extending along the

river with a view to improve land management through biological and engineering

measures, with the objective of arresting soil erosion and improve its vegetation, and

control over grazing by cattle.

The catchment area treatment involves intensive and highly technical measures, which

require the expertise of technical skill. The watershed committees have to be constituted

at the panchayath level in the Panchayaths covered in the proposed command areas

of Venkateswara LIS spread over in the jurisdiction of Mudhol and Jamakhandi taluks of

Bagalkot Districts with the objective of an integrated approach involving multi

disciplinary experts dealing with forest, agriculture, horticulture, watershed, sociologists,

besides local panchayat members and community members. The area under each

watershed has been planned on the basis of Landuse / land cover and topographic

conditions. The total area proposed for treatment is 7000 ha, in the Venkateshwara

project basin.

Soil conservation measures recommended for Krishna River at Venkateshwara lift

irrigation scheme catchment area is as follows.

Sl.

No. Type of soil conservation

Practices recommended

1 Contour bunds with

open ends

<750mm Rain fall, Black soil areas;, slopes of 1-6%

2 Zing terraces with raised

waste weirs(15 to 23

cms)

Black soils (Medium and Deep)

Rain fall 600-750 mm

Land slopes, 1-5 %

Infiltration rate >6 mm h‾⅓

3 Water ways Surplus storm water due to high intensity rains

4 Compartment bunds For medium Black soils

5 Broad Bed and Furrow Deep black soil, with rain fall upto 750 mm

6 Land leveling Low (bottom) flat deep areas leveled.




Bench terraces are also leveled by cut and fill.

7 Check dams/Nala

bunds/Percolation tanks

Gully sites having restricted width and

considerable depth, all types of soils.

Gullies with low permeability stable beds.

Rain fall of 600-1200 mm

8 Farm ponds Areas with high intensity rains.

Low permeability locations

9 Plantations Horticulture and timber value seedlings as block

plantations..

9.1.1 Cost Estimates as per Soil conservation treatments suggested

Area to Treated (ha) – 7000

No. of Check dams (ha) – 15

Cost (Rs. Lakhs) – 75

Contour bunding/ Benching terracing (ha) – 6300

Cost (Rs. Lakhs) – 453.60

Plantations (ha) – 39

Cost (Rs. Lakh) – 12.58

Table 9.3 Cost estimates for Soil conservation treatments suggested

Area to Treated

(ha)

No. of

Check

dams

(ha)

Cost

(Rs.

Lakhs)*

Contour

bunding/Bench

terracing (ha)

Cost (Rs.

Lakhs)**

Plantations

(ha)

Cost (Rs.

Lakhs)***

13785 15 75 6300 453.60 39 12.58

Total 541.18 Lakhs

*Cost of each check dam being Rs.5.00 Lakhs

**Cost of Contour bunding (ha) construction is Rs. 7,200/ha

***Cost for Agro Horticulture is Rs. 32249/ha.

Total cost for catchment area treatment is = 541.18 Lak

Table 9.4 Year wise cost estimates for soil conservation practices

Year Physical (ha) Financial Outlay (Rs. In Lakhs)

2016-17 1260 108.236

2017-18 1260 108.236

2018-19 1260 108.236

2019-2020 1260 108.236

2020-21 1260 108.236

Total 6300 541.18

9.1.2 Reclamation of salt affected soils

Lying of lateral drains in the proposed command area, the water

table should be lowered if it is high and water should be at least 3

to 4 meters below the surface.

The land should be level or contour farmed so that the surface of

the soil will be soaked uniformly by water.




9.1.2.1 Management of saline and sodic soils

Selection of crops or crop varieties that have higher tolerances for

salt or sodium

Use of special planting procedure that minimise salt accumulation

around the seed otherwise lowers Germination percentage.

Use of the appropriate irrigation method for the root characteristics

of the crop

Use of sloping beds and other special land preparation procedures

and tillage methods to provide a low salt environment

Use of canal or surface irrigation water to dilute the salts and to

leach out the salts from the root zone for good germination.

Application of amendments such as manure, compost, etc. for

improving soil structure and tilt. Conservation tillage to incorporate

crop residues will help create drainage.

Deep ploughing of soil to break up sodic and other hardpans or

other impervious layers to provide internal drainage.

Use of chemical amendments as described.

Good, sound agronomic farming practices and careful need

based fertilizer management.

9.2 Command area development plan

9.2.1 Water Users’ Association (WUA)

The modern irrigation management aims at high efficiency of water conveyance and

appropriate methods of water application, through participatory irrigation

management at each stage of irrigation development. In Karnataka, it is essential to

promote and implement the theme of participatory irrigation management in all the

Irrigation projects through formation of Water Users‟ Association. The construction of OFD

works will be taken up after formation of WUAs under the supervision of CADA, Belgaum.

The efficient management of irrigation water for maximizing productivity requires, firstly

the efficient on farm water management and secondly the optimization of the use of

water and land, through appropriate methods of water application. The efficient on-

farm water management is related to water delivery system and allied works in the

command area, which distributes the water to each farm. The items of works pertaining

to on farm water management are termed as “On Farm Development Works”.

The On Farm Development works comprise of the following,

Mainatainence of disnets, sumps

Control structures

Mainatainence of Automation

Surface Drainage system

Farm roads

Land forming (Smoothening / grading/leveling)




9.3 Green belt development plan

9.3.1 Agro forestry activities in command area

Agro-forestry refers to the practice of Agriculture and Forestry in the same piece of land.

The Karnataka Forest Department (KFD) has accorded high emphasis on farm forestry as

a component in the afforestation programmes. The sector of Agro-forestry or Farm

Forestry has a good potential as most of the agriculture lands are devoid of any trees, in

the district. The trees if planted on the bunds and on the boundary of the lands protect

the crops from the desiccating high winds and also provide additional income from the

trees to the farmer apart from providing him fodder and fuel as well.

Silvi-Pasture refers to the planting of the trees in a predominately grassland so as to

provide fodder all the year round. This afforestation is aimed at not only addition of tree

species, but also addition of highly nutritive and palatable grass species in the area,

thereby providing much needed nutritious fodder to the livestock population.

Table 9.5 Green belt developments Plan around intake canal and jack well

Area proposed for

Green belt

No. of

saplings

Source for

saplings Time frame

Responsible

agency for

implementation

Intake canal 30 Bagalkot KFD

Nursery

After completion of

inspection path works KNNL

Jack well cum

pump house 80

Bagalkot KFD

Nursery

After completion of

site works KNNL

Command area 10/ ha Bagalkot KFD

Nursery

First 2 years - 36000

Next 2 years - 36000 KNNL and KFD

Canal bank

plntation 4720

Bagalkot KFD

Nursery

After completion of

Canal and inspection

path works

KNNL and KFD

Table 9.6 Species recommended for plantation

Sl.No Local Name Botanical Name Sl.No Local Name Botanical Name

1 Ala Ficus bengalensis 17 Kadugeru Semecarpus anacardium

2 Basari Ficus infectoria 18 Kadivala Stephegyne parviflora

3 Beete Dalbergia latifolia 19 Kadnugge Moringa pterygosperma

4 Buruga Bombax ceiba 20 Kakke Cassia fistula

5 Dindiga Anogeissus latifolia 21 Kanagalu Dillenia pentagyna

6 Godda Lannea coromandclica 22 Kaval Careya arborea

7 Goni Ficus mysorensis 23 Mathi Terminalia tomentsa

8 Halasu Artocarpus heterophyllus 24 Muthuga Butea monosperma

9 Honne Pterocarpus marsupium 25 Nandi Lagerstroemea lanceolata

10 Hunalu Terminalia paniculata 26 Nelli Emblica officinalis

11 Ippe Madhuca Indica 27 Neralu Syzygium cumini

12 Jagalaganti Diospyros montana 28 Shivani Gmelina arborea

13 Jambe Xylia xylocarpa 29 Tadasalu Grewia tilaefolia

14 Saguvani Tectona grandis 30 Tare Terminalia bellerica

15 Yethiga Adina cordifolia 31 Hunase Tamarindus indica

16 Mavu Mangifera indica 32 Honge Pongamia pinnata

Further, to obtain sustainable results in the green cover management, it is suggested

that the green belt development be handed over to the Horticulture Department,




Government of Karnataka and canal bank and agro-forestry program shall be handed

over to the Forest and Agriculture Department, Government of Karnataka.

9.4 Fisheries Development Plan

The richness of the wide spectrum of native flora and fauna, especially, in the lotic and

lentic water bodies is governed by their zoogeographical locations. Majority of the rivers

in the country, on account of such precise demarcations, inherently, do not harbor the

fast – growing fish species of commercial importance. Thus, in order to auger

enrichment of indigenous fish species and to boost recognizable fish production from

such biotopes, efforts to transplant several indigenous as also exotic fish from one river to

the other are in practice. Often, selected fish species are transplanted from one river to

the other or from rivers to the tanks, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Farm – grown fish

fingerlings of Indian major carp – Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mirgala and the

exotic carp ctenophatyngodon idella, Hypopthalmichyta molitrix & Cyorinus carpio

commuins are also introduced in lotic and lentic water bodies in order to boost fish

production, improve the stock and to retard the extinction of existing fish species.

To a large extent, it is possible to enhance the productivity if a water mass by

introducing and acclimatization process may be carried – out through „supplanting‟ a

more valuable and compatible fish species of commercial importance into the water

body which, based on its feeding habits, uses the same food web as the less valuable

member of the indigenous fauna. This leads to establishment of new food niches, finally

resulting in high to very – high fish yield.

Transplantation of indigenous and exotic fish species in rivers system in the state,

however, is not so common, but, whatever little has been accomplished by the

department of fisheries in Karnataka in the recent past, has produced quite

encouraging results. Proper attention in this sphere has to be directed towards large –

sized indigenous fish species, sport – fish, cold – water fish after studying the preferable

environmental facts and zoogeographical distribution patterns of each.

So, as a follow – up to this „Objective‟, around 10 Lakhs fish fingerlings comprised of

Gangetic carp, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mirgala and Labeo rohita accounting to 40.00%,

30.00% and 30.00% respectively and in the size of over 75mm are to be introduced

annually in the Krishna river, in and around the project site. Fisheries Division of the State

functioning there in their respective fish farms at Narayanpur reservoir complex,

Vijayapura district, Tungabhadra Dam area, Bellary district and Bhadra reservoir zone,

Shivamogga district will be quite happy and supportive to meet the requirement. The

project authorities related to this project could also contribute their services in this

regard. Indents/ requests for fish seed supply are to be made well –in – advance, say,

during January – February of each year to the respective officers at these fish farms

who, on their part, will make sure to effect the supply around August – September of

each successive year. The process helps in increased fish production from the Krishna

river and related impounded water areas. The entire exercise will positively help scores

of poor fishermen engaged in the profession since years, generation after generation, to

modestly and honourably ekk – out their livelihood.

9.4.1 A matter of concern

Perhaps no other area of aquatic ecology requires a serious and more inter –

disciplinary approach than stream/ river ecology. Geology, geomorphology, fluid

mechanics, hydrology, bio – geochemistry, nutrient dynamics, microbiology, botany,

invertebrate zoology, fish and fish biology, food – web analysis, bio – production and bio

– monitoring are but a few of the disciplines from which stream/ river ecology draws

scientists have felt keenly aware of stream/ river ecology as an integrative science that

can help societies and the like around the globe grappling with environmental




degradation of their water resources. Indeed, streams and rivers are fundamental to the

human, floral and faunal part of the Biodiversity‟s existence and many institutions and

user groups have come to common platform to common platform to protect these

unique habitats that are so vital to global biodiversity and its sustainability. Needless, to

add that, of late, lotic and lentic waters, all over the areas of their existence,

ecologically, have experienced many instances of rapidly advancing degradation

prompting research, methodologies with coupled technologies in order to put them

again on the right tract adhering to the quality and hygiene standards.

In order to maintain desirable ecological/ biological, as also the aquatic life prevailing in

the Krishna River at the site (also elsewhere), attention is being drawn to the following

points for long – term benefits.

9.4.2 Prevention of flow of domestic sewage into the Krishna river

The human population explosion and the rapid industrialisation in the country have

resulted in generation, correspondingly, greater volume of domestic sewage and

industrial wastes. These being discharged indiscriminately into the rivers, streams, lakes,

tanks and other inland waters, alter the physical, chemical and biological quality of

waters by the addition of substance or mixture of these which interfere by hampering

the use of that water by creating a condition known as „Pollution‟. Besides, flow of

industrial and municipal wastes/ domestic sewage, all the time and the extensive use of

pesticides for greater yield of crop and protection of food grains and their entry into the

rivers, streams and such other water masses during monsoon seasons in particular, also

cause pollution of both water and solid.

A small stream from the village Kulahalli carrying untreated domestic and other waste

products is draining these directly into the river Krishna located just a few meters away

from the village proper, causing pollutional and health – hazards conditions of the river

water as such. The matter has been brought to the notice of the Village Panchayat by

the villagers and the fishermen community in particular, yet „no action‟. Needs urgent

„damage control‟ process from the village Panchayat and the project authorities.

Every water body affirms certain inbuilt capacity of „self - cleaning‟ and self –

purification within which, it is perfectly capable of cleaning itself. However, ever –

increasing population, consumption of the elixir of life, and land – usage are causing

increased water pollution and thus, the amount of polluted water discharge in the

systems are constantly exceeding their self – purification capacities and being so, the

external purification process cannot effect treatment of the water entirely. Caution

should be exercised to release only the treated waters into the rivers and such other

water sheets.

9.4.3 Over – fishing problem

All animals produce a greater number of offspring than would be necessary to

perpetuate them, as all these have a natural tendency to increase their respective

populations. In fact, of course, no single kind of animal has the world to itself and its rate

of increase is modified by the presence of other, compatible/ complimentary or other –

wise inn nature. Most of these merely compete for the food, water, breeding grounds

and the like that makes life possible. There are no animals existing that are free from

„adversaries‟ or competitors, and, as a rule, in fact, normally the population of any kind

of animal is in equilibrium. But when the enemies, need – based or selfish, are so

powerful that there is a decrease each year of the number of specimens reaching

„maturity‟, then, the stock is threatened with destruction.

Fish like all other animals, show a natural tendency to increase in numbers and some

species produce as much as 10,000,000 eggs at each spawning. But life is very

dangerous for fish, particularly when young and in certain cases as much as, around




99.99% of the eggs may perish, due mostly to pollutional or ecological imbalances.

Amongst the many animals which are the enemies of fish, is the fisherman himself.

Although the, in oceans and such other expansive water areas, he may only be a slight

nuisance to fish and its habitat; in small and larger fluviatile and impounded water

bodies, he is often the worst enemy who can destroy, at will, the entire stock. If one is

good fishermen, - an autodidact-, he will farm the stock by taking a rational yield only so

that his supply of fish lasts for days to come. If he is a bad professional, he will grab all he

can get, and, if there are many others like him, they will, between themselves, over – fish

the stock, result being, ultimately, the natural or farmed gets harvested faster that it can

be replenished by the natural reproduction. If persisted to continue in this format,

rapidly, the numbers gets reduced and may, in extreme cases, the entire fish stock gets

destroyed.

Over – fishing may be brought about simply by fishing so intensively that not enough

numbers are left to produce young ones to make good the loss. Or, it may be caused

by exploiting the available stock of all sizes by unsuitable, unethical and unscientific

methods like poisoning, dynamiting, operation of small – meshed gillnets etc., so that a

large proportion of young specimens, (Juveniles) are taken out which have not yet had

time to reproduce themselves. This is precisely, what is being done by the local and

migratory fishermen at the site and close – by locations of the Krishna river. In such

instances, as soon as the power of reproduction of the stock is reduced, of deduces as

an act of over – fishing. Farming of fish in nature (Fish sanctuaries), other than the fish

farms, is possible for long – term gains. Nevertheless, it can be done as in fish sanctuaries

located across many rivers in the country, though, of course, the results are slower to get

recognition and appreciation for the over – all benefits of the society at large. For this

very reason, however, if for no other, there is nearly, always, intense opposition to any

scheme to save the stock by declaring the “Breeding season” as „closed - season‟ to

facilitate fish to breed and to improve its stock. This opposition, most unfortunately,

invariably, comes from the fishermen themselves and others like fish merchants, fish

contractors directly concerned in the fishery and is the reflection of their own ignorance,

conservatism and also inability to look into the future.

In order to derive life – long benefits, one has to, as Martin.H.Fisher (1879 – 1962) puts

“just go into partnership with nature, she does more than half the work and asks none of

the fee”.

9.4.4 Occurrence and proliferation of Alien fish species

The exotic fish species, Orechromis mossambica (South America), Oreochromis nilotica

(Egypt) and Claraias gariepinus (Africa) are recognised, world – over, as “Flag - ship”

species in aquatic ecosystems due to their progeny which multiplies at will and

dominates the systems in a very short – time ever. Their total extermination becomes a

“very serious challenge”, especially, in larger water bodies where these are already well

established. The species have been recorded/ reported to occur in the river Krishna

located close to the site situated. Their total extermination becomes a „very serious

challenge‟, especially, in larger water bodies where these are already well established.

The species have been recorded/ reported to occur in the river Krishna located close to

the site studied. Their inadvertent/ accidental entry in majority of the water bodies and

the serious influence – Negative – on the piscine – and other faunal elements is well –

documented. Very serious and concrete efforts are to be made for their total

annihilation in order to secure all other fish species present in this lotic and lentic water

bodies; as also other aquatic faunal elements. The species may be a cause for good

many aquatic organisms loss – permanently – from here. It is on record that

„unequivocal scientific evidence exists to prove the ill –effects of culture of alien species,

be it floral or faunal, on the biodiversity of a given system. It is to be noted seriously that,

“once a species becomes extinct, it is lost to the society together with its potential




contributions to sustainable development”. The precautionary principle is therefore an

important part of the rationale for CONSERVATION.

The State, with its expensive area holding number of rivers, reservoirs, minor lotic and

lentic water bodies, additionally, vast western ghat locations from where number of

rivers and streams originates and which, as data indicates, supports wealth of World‟s

Biological Diversity, is home to many of the known and, hopefully, yet – to – be

discovered animal and plant life. It will be quite interesting to continue collecting the

knowledge of these explored and unexplored areas by making in – depth studies.

Complete „Inventories‟ need to be done at the earliest before the best approach can

be mapped out as to its/ their role in our lives – present and future.

9.4.5 Presence of exotic Alligator catfish, Atractosteus spatula in the Krishna

river

As if the devastating influence of the African catfish and the Tilapias was not enough,

there is another very shocking revelation (Ref: Deccan chronicle, Saturday, August

06,2016 – Alligator fish „spread in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh water bodies) that the

Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula, a largest freshwater fish in Texas (NA), considered as

threat to sport fishes in the United States of America, has been recorded in ponds, rivers

and other natural biotopes located in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh sates. Its source

of supply and clandestine entry into the river Krishna is from aquarium outlets in the

states, as reports indicate. It is a highly predatory fish; like the Clarias gariepinus, it is high

time, urgent preventive measures are to be initiated by the concerned department

towards its absolute elimination as the alarming reports indicate it to breed and

establishes itself in water – sheets where it exists creating insurmountable problems in the

days to come for all – purpose these lotic and lentic water bodies are being recognised

– aesthetic, religious, recreation, sport – fisheries, fisheries development etc.,

9.5 Muck Disposal plan

Table 9.7 Muck disposal plan (cum)

Total

excavated

quantity

Service Road

and Inspection

Path

Formation of

embankment

Filling

trenches

Land

levelling

Construction of

CD works

540000 162000 81000 216000 54000 27000

9.6 Ground Water Management Plan

Due to the provision of flow irrigation facilities to individual farmers the drawl of

groundwater is likely to decrease and vast areas will be put to use for cultivation. The

crop acreage is increased substantially. As such the groundwater levels will increase

and further exploitation will be minimized. After a few years the monitoring programme

should be envisaged to study the potential of groundwater and conjunctive

management could be planned.

9.7 Public Health Delivery plan

Periodical health check ups (once in 6 months) is proposed for construction labors. Taluk

Health Hospital, Jamakhandi is located at a distance of 10 Km from the construction site,

necessary arrangements will be done to consult the Hospital.

9.8 Sanitary and Solid Waste Management Plan

Solid waste generated at the labor camps will be collected in

different bins and the recyclable waste will be handed over to the

Jamakhandi Municipal authority.




Provision of toilets and bathrooms will be provided at labor camp

to avoid open defecation.

The domestic waste water will be treated with septic tank and

soak pit.

9.9 Cost for implementing EMP

Table 9.8 Cost for implementing Environmental Management Plan

Item Particulars Estimated Cost in Rs.

I. Construction Phase

A. Air Pollution Control

Water sprinkling 400/- x 2 tractors x 3 trips

per day x 24 months X 25

days (excluding rainy

season and holidays)

14,40,000.00

Personnel protective equipments Lumpsum 10,000.00

Chimney to DG sets Lumpsum 15,000.00

LPG as cooking fuel 4 cylinders per unit x 25 units

x 550 x 2 years

55,000.00

Sub-total A 15,20,000.00

B. Noise Pollution Control

Personnel protective equipments Lumpsum 10,000.00

Sub-total B 10,000.00

C. Water Pollution Control

Septic and soak pit Lumpsum 50,000.00

Sand bags Lumpsum 20,000.00

Sub-total C 70,000.00

D. Solid & Hazardous Waste Management

Solid waste collection bins with

shed

Lumpsum 25,000.00

Hazardous waste collection area

with shed

Lumpsum 25,000.00

Sub-total D 50,000.00

E. Biological Environment

Plantation around intake canal

and jack well

110 saplings x Rs. 1990/- 2,18,900.00

Agro forestry development 72,000 saplings x Rs.10 7,20,000

Fisheries development Lumpsum 10,00,000

Canal bank plantation 23.6 Km x 1 sapling per

every 5 m=4720 samplings x

Rs. 1990/-

93,92,800.00

Sub-total E 1,13,31,700.00

F. Socio-economic Environment

Land acquisition 1,05,300/- X 2X 100%

Solatium x 303.81

12,79,64,772.00

Awareness and Training 3 lakhs per year x 3 years 9,00,000.00

Sub-total F 12,88,64,772.00

G. Environmental Monitroing during construction period

Sub-total G 12,46,000.00

Total (A-G) 14,30,92,472.00

II. Operation Phase

Environmental Monitoring for 3 years 5,58,000.00




Green Belt mainatainence for 3 years 10,00,000.00

Awareness and Training for 3 years 5,00,000.00

Soil conservation measures and implementation of CAT plan for

5 years

5,41,18,000.00

Total 5,61,76,000.00




Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion

The proposed Venkateshwara Lift irrigation scheme envisages

lifting 0.75 TMC of water from Krishna River near Kulahalli village in

Bagalkot district to provide irrigation facility for 7200 Ha of

agricultural lands of Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk.

The proposed irrigation is only during Khariff season and the

intensity of irrigation is kept at 100%

The annual normal rainfall of Jamakhandi Tq is 664 mm and

Mudhol Tq is 562 mm and region lies in rain-shadow area.

Therefore, providing irrigation to these areas is important to

improve the crop yield.

The proposed area is located on upstream side of the

Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal and hence deprived of the

irrigation facility.

According to EIA Notification, 2006 and its amendment dated

25.06.2014, the project is categorized as „B‟ in view of proposed

command area is <10,000 Ha.

Project does not involve submergence and no forest land is

required for the project.

There are no protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, eco sensitive

areas around 10 Km from the boundary of the command area.

An intake canal (450 m) is proposed to lift water from river Krishna.

A jack well cum pump house will be constructed to pump water to

the Delivery chamber through a MS rising main of 9.5 km (1.3 m

dia). The RL of Jack well is at 518.00 m, and Delivery chamber is

kept at RL 604.00 m. water is supplied through a main canal of

length 3.5 km, followed by siddapura canal of length 8000 m to

irrigate 2309 Ha. And Navalagi canal of length 12000m to irrigate

2288 Ha. Of land.

There are 10 benefiting villages of which 6 villages belong to

Jamakhandi and 4 villages belong to Mudhol.

The proposed project requires 123 Ha. of land for construction of

canal network, Jack well cum Pump house and rising main. The

required land will be acquired as per the Right to Fair

Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act” (RTFC&LARR Act), 2013.

The benefit cost ratio has been worked out to 1.14 considering

annual administrative expenses, depreciation charges and

electrical energy charges.

The estimated potential soil erodibility is 6.78 in the command area,

therefore it is inferred that this is a moderately erodable land.

Banahatti RF is located within the study area, but no forest land is


A total of 57 species of trees, 23 species of shrubs, 46 species of

herbs and 35 species of grasses found in the study area. All the

species observed / recorded are common and no rare,

endangered, threatened species found in the region




10 species of mammals found in the region and remaining are

common to the region. The avian diversity is fairly good and 34

species of birds recorded in the region.

The environmental impact is conferred only to the construction

phase which is short term, temporary in nature. No major structures

are proposed in the project except Jack well; pump house, intake

canal and distributary canal.

EMP cost for construction phase is worked out to be Rs. 14.30 crores

and for operation phase is Rs.45.6 crores.

Direct employement for 150 members during construction phase of

which 25 technical and 125 construction labourers.

Overall, the project will have minor impacts during construction

phase but the project will bring substantial improvement on

environment due to the availability of water and helps in improved

yield during operation phase of the project.




Chapter 11. Disclosure of Consultants

M/s Environmental Health and Safety Consultants Pvt. Ltd is located at Rajajinagar,

Bangalore have been involved in obtaining environment clearances for various

developmental projects from the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change

(MoEF), New Delhi since 2002.

In accordance with the orders and notifications of the MoEF, Govt. of India, the

organisation is ISO 9001:2008 certified and accredited as 'A' category organisation from

National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) in seven sectors viz.,

River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects, Metallurgical Industries, Roads and Highways,

Sugar Industries, Distilleries as well as building & construction projects and townships.

The company comprises of highly dynamic and well qualified team of Environmental

Engineers and subject experts, both in-house and empanelled in various fields such as

Ecology and Biodiversity, Socio-economics, Soil Conservation, Land Use studies,

Hydrology, Geology, Risk Assessments, etc.

The organisation has state of art in-house environmental laboratories at Bengaluru and

Belgaum capable of conducting all types of sampling and analysis related to Air, Water,

Noise and Soil. Bangalore laboratory is accredited by National Accreditation Board for

Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) for 310 parameters and recognized from

MoEF under the E(P) Act, 1986 and also certified for ISO 9001:2008, 14001:2004 and

OHSAS 18000:2007. Whereas, the Belgaum Laboratory is recoginised from MoEF under

the E(P) Act, 1986.

EHS Group – Corporate Office, Bangalore EHS Group - Belagum Office

Monitoring Vehicles Sophisticated instruments




Chapter 12. Compliance to Terms of Reference

Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect

to final EIA Report

1. Scope of EIA

The EIA Report should identify the relevant

environmental concerns and focus on potential

impacts that may change due to the construction

of proposed project. Based on the baseline data

collected for three (3) seasons (pre-

monsoon/summer, Monsoon and Post Monsoon) of

the existing environment in the area and capacity

to bear the impact on this should be analyzed.

Based on this analysis, the mitigation measures for

minimizing the impact shall be suggested in the

EIA/EMP study.

Complied

2

Details of the Project and Site

General introduction about the proposed project Chapter 1.

A map of boundary of the project site giving

details of protected areas in the vicinity of project

location.

Chapter 3.

Location details on a map of the project area with

contours indicating main project features. The

project layout shall be superimposed on a contour

map of ground elevation showing main project

features (viz. location of dam, Head works, main

canal, branch canals, quarrying etc.) shall be

depicted in a scaled map.

Chapter 2.

Layout details and map of the project along with

contours with project components clearly marked

with proper scale maps of at least 1 :50,000 scale

and printed at least on A3 scale for clarity

Chapter 2.

Existence of National Park, Sanctuary, Biosphere

Reserve etc. in the study area, if any, should be

detailed and presented on a map with distinct

distances from the project components

Chapter 3.

Soil characteristic and the map of project area Chapter 3.

Geological and Seismo-tectonic details and maps

of the area surrounding the proposed project site

showing location of dam site and canal sites

Chapter 3.

Remote Sensing studies, interpretation of satellite

imagery, topographic sheets along with ground

verification shall be used to develop the land

use/land cover pattern of the study using

overlaying mapping techniques viz. Geographic

Information System (GIS), False Color Composite

(FCC) generated from satellite data of project

area

Chapter 3.

Land details including forests, private and other

land. Chapter 3.

3 Description of Environment and Baseline Data





to final EIA Report

To know the present status of environment in the

area, baseline data with respect to environmental

components air, water, noise, soil, land and

biology & biodiversity (flora & fauna), wildlife,

socioeconomic status etc. should be collected

within 10 km radius of the main components of the

project/site i.e. dam site and power house site. The

air quality and noise are to be monitored at such

locations which are environmentally & ecologically

more sensitive in the study area. The baseline

studies should be collected for 3 seasons (Pre

Monsoon, Monsoon and Post Monsoon seasons).

Flora-Fauna in the catchment and command area

should be documented.

The study area should comprise of the following:

Command area

Project area or the direct impact area

should comprise of area within 10 Km radius

of the main project components like Jack

well, pump house, etc.

Complied

4 Components of EIA study

A. Physical an d Chemical Environment

Physical geography, Topography and Regional

Geological aspects Chapter 3.

Tectonics, seismicity and history of past earthquake

in the area. Chapter 2

Landslide zone or area prone to landslide existing

in the study area should be examined. Chapter 2

Justification for location and execution of the

project in relation to structural components. Chapter 2

Impact of project on geological environment Chapter 3

Meteorology, Air and Noise

Meteorology (viz. Temperature, Relative humidity,

Rainfall, Wind speed and direction etc.,) to be

collected from nearest IMD station

Chapter 3

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring parameters viz.,

Particulate Matter (PM10), Respirable Suspended

Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) within the study area

at 2 locations.

Chapter 3

Existing Noise levels in the study area at 2 locations Chapter 3

Soil characteristics

Soil studies, Physical parameters (viz., Texture,

Porosity, Hydraulic conductivity, Bulk density and

water holding capacity) and chemical parameters

(viz pH, Electrical conductivity, Magnesium,

Calcium, Total alkalinity, Chlorides, Sodium,

Potassium, Organic Carbon, Available Potassium,

Available Phosphorus, SAR, Nitrogen and salinity) at

5 – 6 locations.

Chapter 3

Remote sensing and GIS studies





to final EIA Report

Generation of thematic map, drainage map, land

use and land cover map etc., based on these

thematic maps, an erosion intensity map should be

prepared.

Chapter 3

Water Quality

History of the ground water fluctuation in the study

area Chapter 3

Water quality for both surface and ground water

for physical parameters (pH, EC,TDS), chemical

parameters (Alkalinity, Hardness, BOD,

COD,NO3,PO4,Na,K,Ca,Mg,Silica,Oil and grease,

Phenolic compounds, residual sodium carbonate),

Bacteriological parameter (MON, Total Coliform)

and Heavy metals (Pb,As,Hg,Cd,Cr6,total Cr,

Cu,Zn,Fe)at minimum 4 – 5 locations

Chapter 3

Delineation of sub and micro watersheds, their

locations and extent based on the soil and land

use survey of India (SLUSOI), Department of

Agriculture, Government of India, erosion levels in

each micro – watershed and prioritization for micro

– watershed through silt yield index method of

SLUSOI.

Chapter 4

B. Water Environment and Hydrology

Water allocation agreement between Karnataka

and Andhra Pradesh is to be provided/ submitted

while submitting EIA/EMP reports.

Complied

Hydro – Meteorology of the project viz.,

precipitation (rainfall), temperature, relative

humidity etc.,

Chapter 3

Run – off, discharge, water availability for the

project etc., Chapter 2

Basin characteristics Chapter 2

Catastrophic events like cloud bursts and flash

floods, if any, should be documented. Chapter 2

For estimation of Sedimentation Rate, direct

sampling of river flow is to be documented. Chapter 3

Flow series, 10 daily with 90%, 75%, and

dependable years discharges.

Chapter 3

A table of 10 daily water discharge in 75%

dependable year showing the intercepted

discharge at the barrage, diversion for irrigation,

environmental and other flow releases at the

barrage, diversion for irrigation, environmental and

other flow releases d/s of the lift point shall be

included in the EIA report

Chapter 3

Norms for release of Environmental flows, i.e., 30%

in monsoon season, 20% in lean season and 25% in

non – monsoon and non – lean season to be

followed corresponding to 90% dependable year.

Chapter 3

C. Biological Environment





to final EIA Report

Flora

Characterization for forest types in the study area

and extent of each forest type Chapter 3

General vegetation pattern and floral diversity

covering all groups for flora including Bryophytes,

Pteridopytes, lichens and orchids. A species to be

provided.

Chapter 3

Assessment of plant species with respect to

dominance, density, frequency, abundance,

diversity index, similarity index, importance value

index, importance value index IVI, Shannon Weiner

Index etc of the species to be provided.

Methodology used for calculating various diversity

indices along with the details of locations of

quadrates, size quadrates etc., to be reported

within the study area in different ecosystem

Chapter 3

Existence of national park, Sanctuary, Biosphere

reserve etc., in the study area, if any should be

detailed

Chapter 3

Economically important species like medicinal

plants, timber, fuel woods etc,. Chapter 3

Details of Endemic species found in the project

area Chapter 3

Flora under RET categories should be documented

using IUCN criteria and Botanical survey of India‟s

red data list along with economic significance.

Species diversity curve for RET species should be

given.

Chapter 3

The command area of the proposed project is

adjacent to RF and hence NOC from the

respective Deputy Conservator of Forest (DCF),

forest department has to be provided (if required)

along with EIA/EMP report

Not applicable

Fauna

Fauna study and inventorisation should be carried

out for all groups of animals including reptiles and

nocturnal animals in the study area. Their present

status along with schedule of the species

Chapter 3

Information on Avi – Fauna and wild life in the

study area

Chapter 3

Status of avifauna their resident/migratory/passage

migrants etc.,

Chapter 3

Documentation of butterflies, if any, found in the

area

Chapter 3

Details of endemic species found in the project

area

Chapter 3

Existence of barriers and corridors, if any, for wild

animals

Chapter 3

D Aquatic ecology

Documentation of aquatic fauna like micro –

invertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton, Chapter 3





to final EIA Report

benthos etc.,

Fish and fisheries their migration and breeding

grounds Chapter 3

Fish diversity composition and maximum length

and weight of the measured populations to be

studied for estimation of environmental flow.

Chapter 3

Conservation status of aquatic fauna Chapter 4

E. Irrigation and cropping pattern

Cropping pattern and horticultural practices in the

study area Chapter 2

Collection of primary data on agricultural activity,

crop and their productivity and irrigation facility

component.

Chapter 2

Details of conjunctive use of water for irrigation Chapter 2

F Socio-Economic

Collection of Baseline data on human settlements,

health status of the community and existing

infrastructure facilities for social welfare including

sources of livelihood, job opportunities and safety

and security of workers and surrounding

population.

Chapter 7.

Collection of information with respect to social

awareness about the developmental activity in

the area and social welfare measures existing and

proposed by project proponent.

Chapter 7.

Collection of information on sensitive habitat of

historical, cultural and religious and ecological

importance.

Chapter 7.

The Socio-economic survey/profile within 10 Km of

the study area for Demographic profile; Economic

Structure; Development Profile of the area

Chapter 7.

Information on Agricultural practices, Cultural and

aesthetic sites, Infrastructure facilities etc Chapter 7.

Information on the dependence of the local

people on minor forest produce and their cattle

grazing rights in the forest land.

Chapter 7.

List of all the Project Affected Families with their

names, education, land holdings, other properties,

occupation, source of income, land and other

properties to be acquired, etc.

Chapter 7.

5 Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures

The adverse impact due to the proposed project

should be assessed and effective mitigation steps

to abate these impacts should be described.

Chapter 4.

Air Environment Chapter 4.

Changes in ambient and ground level

concentrations due to total emissions from point,

line and area sources

Chapter 4.

Effect on soils, material, vegetation and human

health Chapter 4.

Impact of emissions from DG sets used for power Chapter 4.





to final EIA Report

during the construction, if any, on air environment.

Pollution due to fuel combustions in equipments &

vehicles Chapter 4.

Fugitive emissions from various Sources. Chapter 4.

Impact on micro climate. Chapter 4.

Water Environment

Changes in surface & ground water quality. Chapter 4.

Steps to develop pisci-culture and recreational

facilities. Chapter 9.

Changes in hydraulic regime and down stream

flow. Chapter 4.

Water pollution due to disposal of sewage. Chapter 4.

Water pollution from labour colony/camps and

washing equipment. Chapter 4.

Land Environment

Adverse impact on land stability, catchment of soil

erosion, reservoir sedimentation and spring flow (if

any) [a] due to considerable road

construction/widening activity [b) blasting for

excavation

Chapter 4.

Changes in land use/land cover and drainage

pattern. Chapter 4.

Immigration of labour population. Chapter 4.

Quarrying operation and muck disposal. Chapter 9.

Changes in land quality including effects of waste

disposal Chapter 4.

River bank and their stability NA

Biological Environment

Impact on forests, flora, fauna including wildlife,

migratory avi-fauna, rare and endangered

species, medicinal plants etc.

Chapter 4.

Pressure on existing natural resources Chapter 4.

Deforestation and disturbance to wildlife, habitat

fragmentation and wild animal's migratory

corridors

Chapter 4.

Compensatory afforestation-Identification of

suitable native tree species for compensatory

afforestation & green belt

Chapter 4.

Impact on fish migration and habitat degradation

due to decreased flow of water Chapter 4.

Impact on breeding and nesting grounds of

animals and fish Chapter 4.

Socio-Economic Aspects

Impact on local community including

demographic profile.

Chapter 4.

Impact on socio-economic status. Chapter 4.

Impact on economic status. Chapter 4.

Impact on human health due to water / vector

borne disease.

Chapter 4.

Impact on increases traffic. Chapter 4.





to final EIA Report

Impact on Holy Places and Tourism Chapter 4.

Impacts of blasting activity during project

construction which generally destabilize the land

mass and lead to landslides, damage to

properties and drying up of natural springs and

cause noise pollution will be studied. Proper record

shall be maintained of the base line information in

the post project period.

Chapter 4.

Positive as well as negative impacts likely to be

accrued due to the project are to be listed.

6 Environment Impact Analysis

Environmental Impact Analysis due to the project

on the above mentioned components should be

carried out for construction and operation phases

using qualitative or quantitative methods.

Chapter 4.

7 Environment Management plan(EMP)

Environmental Management Plan aimed at

minimizing the negative impacts of the project

should be given in detail. The mitigation measures

are to be presented for all the likely adverse

impacts on the environment, The following

suggestive mitigating plans should be included:

Chapter 9.

Command Area Development (CAD) Plan giving

details of implementation schedule with a sample

CAD plan.

Chapter 9.

Biodiversity and Wild Life Conservation &

Management Plan for conservation and

preservation of endemic, rare and endangered

species of flora and fauna to be prepared I

consultation with State Forest Department.

Chapter 9.

Plan for Green Belt Development along the

periphery of reservoir, colonies, approach road,

canals etc. to be prepared in consultation with

the State Forest Department. Local plant species

suitable for greenbelt development should be

selected.

Chapter 9.

Plan for Land Restoration and Landscaping of

project sites. Chapter 9.

Fisheries Conservation & Management Plan-Fish

fauna inhabiting the affected stretch of river, a

specific fisheries management plan should be

prepared for river and reservoir.

Chapter 9.

Muck Disposal Plan- suitable sites for dumping of

excavated material should be identified. Chapter 9.

Plan for Restoration of quarry sites and

landscaping of colony areas, working areas,

roads, etc.

NA

Water and Air Quality & Noise Management Plans

to be implemented during construction and post-

construction periods.

Chapter 9.

Mitigating measures for impacts due to Blasting on Chapter 9.





to final EIA Report

the structures in the vicinity.

Ground Water Management Plan Chapter 9.

Public Health Delivery Plan including the provisions

for drinking water facility for the local community. Chapter 9.

Labour Management Plan for their Health and

Safety. Chapter 9.

Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan for

domestic waste from colonies and labor camps

etc.

Chapter 9.

Local Area Development Plan to be formulated in

consultation with the Revenue Officials and

Village Panchayats.

Chapter 7.

Energy Conservation Measures. NA

Environmental Monitoring Programme with

physical & financial details covering all the

aspects of EMP. A summary of cost estimate for all

the plans, cost for implementing all Environmental

Management Plans including the cost for

implementing environmental monitoring

programme should be given. Provision for an

Environmental Management Cell should be made

Chapter 6.

8. Additional ToRs

Details of area through which power transmission

line for this project is passing.

Power for lifting the water

will be traversed from

Satti 100 KVA line, Athani

Taluk.

Sources of materials used in the project All construction materials

will be procured from

Govt. authroised

agencies from

Jamakhandi.

Water quality of the command area to be

considered in EIA report Complied, Chapter 3

Provision of strip plantation all along the bank on

either side Complied, Chapter 9

Width of land and total area proposed for

acquisition

40 m for Main canal and

30 m for distributories.

Overall, 123 Ha of land is


Chapter 7




Chapter 13. Photographs

Expert Field visit

Soil sampling

Surface and Ground Water Collection




Noise level monitoring Meteorological station

Preparation for AAQ monitoring

Consultants

Environmental Health & Safety Consultants Pvt. Ltd

No. 13/2, First Main Road, Near Fire Station,

Industrial Town, Rajajinagar, Bangalore - 560010,

Karnataka.

(accredited by QCI - NABET)

P +91 80 23012100 I W www.ehsc.in

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