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Strategic Application

of WIPO’s Technical

Assistance to

Accelerate Innovation-

Driven Development

Dr. Stanley P. Kowalski

Director

International Technology Transfer Institute (ITTI)

1) Overview of Webinar/Theme

2) WIPO Development Agenda

3) Accelerated Innovation-Driven

Development (Need)

4) ASPAC Region Challenges

5) IP Paradigms

6) Innovation Driven Development (Details)

7) Strategic Capacity Building

8) Recommendations

Theme of Webinar

Technical Assistance (TA) is about Tactics.

Therefore, to have sustainable impact …

Technical assistance programs should be

strategically delivered to and focused in

member states.

WIPO Development Agenda

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

Development Agenda

To assist Member States to develop and

improve national IP institutional

capacity through further development

of infrastructure and other facilities

with a view to …

making national IP institutions more

efficientand promote fair balance between intellectual property

protection and the public interest.



Development Agenda

Increase human and financial allocation for

technical assistance programs in WIPO

for promoting a, inter alia, development-

oriented IP culture, with an emphasis on

introducing intellectual property at different

academic levels and on generating greater public

awareness on intellectual property.



Development Agenda

The first proposal for the establishment of a

development agenda for WIPO (document

WO/GA/31/11) was submitted by Argentina and

Brazil at the 2004 General Assembly, and

subsequently supported by 12 other developing

countries.



Development Agenda

Sixteen years have passed. Where are we now?

For Starters: Many of the WIPO

Technical training and

educational programs are

excellent (I’ve worked in several

of them). For example…


WIPO Academy

The WIPO Academy is the

core entity in WIPO for

training and human

capacity-building activities,

particularly for developing

countries, least-developed

countries (LDCs) and

countries in transition..


The WIPO Technology and

Innovation Support Center

(TISC) program provides

innovators in developing

countries with access to

locally based, high quality

technology information and

related services, helping

them to exploit their

innovative potential and to

create, protect, and manage

their intellectual property

(IP) rights.


WIPO GREEN, an

interactive marketplace that

connects technology and

service providers with those

seeking innovative solutions,

was established by the World

Intellectual Property

Organization (WIPO) in

2013.


However, in order to

achieve accelerated and

sustainable impact, such

WIPO technical training

programs need to be

coordinated with member

country development

initiatives.

Development?


I propose that we

take a moment

and proffer a

definition of

“Development”!

Development: real improvements

in people’s quality of life and well-

being.

Development: social outcomes and

environmental sustainability.

OECD (2018), Perspectives on Global Development 2019: Rethinking Development Strategies,

Perspectives on Global Development, OECD Publishing, Paris.


The benefits from innovation go

beyond income alone: the

unmeasured welfare gains from

improvements in health and

longevity are thought to be almost

as large as those measured by GDP

per capita.

Cirera, Xavier, and William F. Maloney. The innovation paradox: Developing-country capabilities and

the unrealized promise of technological catch-up. The World Bank, 2017.


➢More investment in technical skills

through both formal education and

lifelong learning.

➢A more effective national innovation

systems.

➢Greater support for

entrepreneurship and for the start-

up of new technology-based

companies.

OECD (2018), Perspectives on Global Development 2019: Rethinking Development Strategies,

Perspectives on Global Development, OECD Publishing, Paris.


➢Creating an environment that

stimulates research and

development by public and private

entities.

➢Leveraging information and

communications technology.

Tsunekawa, Keiichi, and Yasuyuki Todo, eds. Emerging States at Crossroads. Springer, 2019. Waseda Univ. Japan.


Proposed Development Definition:

Broad-based human, societal and

environmental progress via establishment of

indigenous, dynamic, sustainable, globally

networked innovation ecosystems.


Development is a

major undertaking.

It cannot be achieved via ad-hoc,

piecemeal, willy-nilly programs. It must

be strategic, focused and sustained.


“[E]ach country has primary responsibility for its own

economic and social development, while acknowledging that

the scale and ambition of the new agenda requires a

revitalized Global Partnership … to mobilize all

available resources.”(CDIP Twenty-Third Session Geneva, May 20 to 24, 2019)

“mobilize” strategically.


“mobilize” strategically,

define strategy and tactics:

Strategy = ?

Tactics = ?


Strategy is a plan to achieve objectives and

actualize a vision.

Tactics are the activities to achieve the

strategy, progressing from milestone to

milestone.


Objective ... accelerated/sustainable

innovation-driven development to diversify

from commodity over-dependence and/or

middle-income trap persistence (MNC FDI,

labor-intensive manufacturing and export-led

growth).



Strategy and Tactics

WIPO Development

Agenda

Member States

Strategic Platform

Action Plans

WIPO Technical

Assistance


Sustainable systematic execution (ideally): from Vision to Strategy

to Tactics


“Implementation” From Vision directly to Tactics

All too

Often


Sustainable systematic execution : from Vision to Strategy to Tactics

Airport =

Member State

Strategic Action

Plan

Airplane =

Tactics


Airplane = WIPO TA

Airport = Member

State Strategic

Innovation Platform

Global

Partnerships in

Development:

WIPO, Member

States and Others,

e.g., AUTM

“The Transfer of Appropriate Technology for the benefit of LDCs …

to contribute to the national knowledge and skills capacity

transformation … in the management, administration and utilization

of technical and scientific information with a view to building their

appropriate technology bases and meeting nationally identified

development needs.”

(CDIP Twenty-Third Session Geneva, May 20 to 24, 2019)

“building … appropriate technology bases” strategically.


The specific objectives of the transfer of appropriate technology include:

1. To facilitate greater use of appropriate technical and scientific information in

addressing nationally identified needs for the achievement of the development

goals;

2. To transform national knowledge, skills and build institutional capacity in the

use of technical and scientific information for identified development needs;

and

3. To coordinate the retrieval of appropriate technical and scientific information

and provide appropriate expertise in those technical areas for the application of

the appropriate technology in a practical and effective manner.

(CDIP Twenty-Third Session Geneva, May 20 to 24, 2019)



WIPO

TA

Member

State

Strategic

Platform

Strategic Application (Delivery) of WIPO’s Technical

Assistance to Accelerate Innovation-Driven Development

Important/Urgent Need for Accelerated

Innovation-driven Development

Accelerated Innovation-Driven Development

Now in the 21st Century;

accelerated economic

diversification and

development is crucial

for the emerging

economies: rapidly

emerging global

innovation marketplace.


21st Century Increasingly Driven by Knowledge-

Based, Innovation-Driven Development


Keith E. Maskus,

“Economic Development

and Intellectual Property

Rights: Key Analytical

Results from Economics,”

in Peter Menell and David

Schwartz, editors, The

Economics of Intellectual

Property Law: Volume 2

Analytical Methods,

(London: Edward Elgar),

2018, in press.


For most developing economies, incoming international

technologies are the primary source of new information,

productivity gains, and economic growth. International

technology diffusion is therefore a major determinant of

global technical change and increasing such flows is a critical

part of economic development policy. It is equally vital to

adapt technologies to local conditions and learn how to use

and improve them. Countries seeking access to foreign

technologies therefore build into their innovation systems the

entire policy complex involving skill accumulation,

investment, competition, R&D support, and IPRs.


Baldia, Sonia. "The transaction

cost problem in international

intellectual property exchange

and innovation markets." Nw. J.

Int'l L. & Bus. 34 (2013): 1-52.


Indeed, innovation in the 21st century

is a highly interactive, multi-

disciplinary process that involves

cooperation among a growing and

diverse network of organizations and

individuals across national borders.

Such a partnering model is referred to

as “networked” or “open” innovation.


Stevens, Ashley J. "An emerging model for life sciences commercialization." Nature

biotechnology 35, no. 7 (2017): 608.



[In] natural-resource-rich economies, where

money is available, the skills needed to

manage the risks of investing in technology

development are frequently absent. Resource

rich economies have little experience in

managing market risk—there is no market

risk in oil, gas or mineral projects. There is

certainly technical [and pricing] risk … but

markets for the products exist. As a result,

technology investment pools in such

countries are frequently mismanaged.

Asia-Pacific Region

Inertial forces

forestalling

innovation-driven

development

ASPAC Challenges

Resource curse

The resource curse, or resource trap, is a paradoxical situation

in which countries with an abundance of natural resources

(petroleum, minerals, agriculture) experience stagnant

economic growth or even economic contraction.

ASPAC Challenges

ASPAC ChallengesResource curse

Middle income trap

The challenge is to move from resource-driven growth that is

dependent on cheap labor and capital to growth based on knowledge

innovation, technology transfer and intellectual property.

ASPAC Challenges

The traditional growth paradigm in developing countries of

labour-intensive manufactured exports seems to have

reached its limits. (OECD (2018)

ASPAC ChallengesMiddle income trap

The resource curse and

middle-income trap

predominate and thereby

hinder and delay

investment in strategic

innovation development.

ASPAC Challenges

But can’t we wait until

later in the century to

finally get around to this?

ASPAC Challenges

NO

ASPAC Challenges

States' vulnerability to conflict or collapse, poverty and

migration. Impact can be regional or global.

ASPAC Challenges

Fragile/Failed States

Erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions;

Inability to provide reasonable public services;

Loss of physical control of its territory or a monopoly on the legitimate use of force;

Inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community. https://fragilestatesindex.org/

ASPAC Challenges

Fragile/Failed States

Examples of Countries from the

Asia Pacific Region

➢ Indonesia

➢ Philippines

➢ Vietnam

➢ Korea

ASPAC Challenges


Asia Pacific Region

➢ Indonesia

ASPAC Challenges

But who are the

top IP owners in

Indonesia?Hint: It is not the Indonesians.

ASPAC Challenges

Countries

Name No

Indonesia 134,964

PCT 13,213

Source: PatentScope

Applicants

Name No

QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 3,212

HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD. 1,631

UNILEVER N.V. 1,383

HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES, INC. 1,107

BASF SE 1,027

KAO CORPORATION 982

NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION 936

NOVARTIS AG 929

QUALCOMM INC 880

NESTEC S.A. 866

ASPAC Challenges

Indonesia Patenting

ASPAC Challenges

What did

Indonesia

export 2017

ASPAC

Challenges


Asia Pacific Region

➢ Philippines

ASPAC Challenges

But who are the

top IP owners in

The Philippines?Hint: It is not the Filipinos.

ASPAC Challenges

Name No

PCT 37,156

Philippines 26,004 Source: PatentScope

Name No

NESTEC S.A. 1,278

QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 1,076

NOVARTIS AG 954

COLGATE-PALMOLIVE COMPANY 920

UNILEVER PLC 702

UNILEVER N.V. 681

PHILIP MORRIS PRODUCTS S.A. 652

F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG 638

BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM INTERNATIONAL GMBH 626

ASTRAZENECA AB 522

ASPAC Challenges

Philippines Patenting

ASPAC Challenges

What did

Philippines

export 2017

ASPAC

Challenges


Asia Pacific Region

➢ Vietnam

ASPAC Challenges

But who are the

top IP owners in

Vietnam?Hint: It is not the Vietnamese.

ASPAC Challenges

Countries

Name No

Viet Nam 59,938

PCT 25

Source: PatentScope

Applicants

Name No

HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD. 763

QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 572

THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY 487

NOVARTIS AG 459

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. 427

UNILEVER N.V. 419

Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha 414

SONY CORPORATION 405

HONDA GIKEN KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA 351

Qualcomm Incorporated 297

ASPAC Challenges

Vietnam Patenting

ASPAC Challenges

What did

Vietnam

export 2017

ASPAC

Challenges


Asia Pacific Region

➢ Korea

ASPAC Challenges

But who are the

top IP owners in

Korea?Hint: It is the Koreans. ☺

ASPAC Challenges

Countries

Name No

Republic of Korea 4,191,190

PCT 490,993

Source: PatentScope

Applicants

Name No

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. 164,186

SAMSUNG 129,468

LG ELECTRONICS INC. 106,805

LG 91,602

HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY 55,592

HYUNDAI 46,676

Yoon Jong-yong Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. 44,609

HYNIX SEMICONDUCTOR INC. 44,020

Kwangho Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. 34,423

Bae Soon-Hoon Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd. 30,239

ASPAC Challenges

Korea Patenting

ASPAC Challenges

What did

Korea export

2017

ASPAC

Challenges

Courtesy Dr.

Al Watkins,

World Bank

ASPAC

Challenges

Courtesy Dr.

Al Watkins,

World Bank

ASPAC

Challenges

Four Intellectual Property

Rights Paradigms

IPR Paradigms

IP as a barrier?

IPR Paradigms

IP as a barrier?➢ Patent Monopolies

➢ Patent Thickets

➢ Compulsory Licensing

➢ Blocked Access to Medicines

➢ Blocked Access to Environmentally Sound

Technologies

➢ MNC Global Domination of Innovation Markets

IPR Paradigms

IP as a weapon?

IP as a weapon?

IP as a

Windfall?

IPR Paradigms

The “Money Truck” Fallacy – a Patent is not a Printing Press for Money

IPR Paradigms

Or, IP as part of a system?

IPR Paradigms

IP as part of a system?

➢ IP Rights as Incentives

➢ IP Rights as Transaction Mechanism for

Technology Transfer (system of transferable

property rights)

➢ IP Rights and Open Innovation Paradigm

(Technology Assembly)

➢ IP Rights as an Investment

➢ IP Rights as a Means to Enter Global Markets

➢ Patent Information as Driver of Innovation

IPR Paradigms

Development Paradigms:

What is the objective?

1) Accelerate establishment of globally

connected innovation ecosystem …

Or

2) Make money from IP “riches”?

Innovation Driven Development

Intellectual Property

(IP) or Innovation

Driven Development


Developing

Countries are

(primarily)

consumers,

not generators,

of innovation.


IP-Driven Development

(to find IP to protect and

make $$$)

Will not work if there is

no IP (nascent

innovation) in the first

instance.

Futile Cycle.


Gotta find

an invention

to patent

and make

$$!

Work

shops

White Papers

Work

shops

White Papers

Work

shops

White Papers


Work

shops

White Papers

Work

shops

White Papers

Work

shops

White Papers


symposia

summits

Impact Forum

summits

symposia

Impact Forum


symposia

summits

Impact Forum

summits

symposia

Impact Forum



25 Years of

Workshops and

White Papers!

Where’s the

developing

country generated

IP?


It’s not an IP

problem. It’s a

development

problem.

Innovation is

facilitated and

fostered by IP, not

vice versa!


Need to focus on hard

work of innovation-

driven development,

and NOT IP-driven,

futile technical

training. Tail has

been wagging the dog

of 25 years!

Just one more

IP workshop

and we should

be all set!!


IP is neither a

commodity to be

mined, drilled or

harvested, nor a

manufacture to mass

produce for export.


IP is a tool to

accelerate the efficient

and equitable

functioning of

innovation ecosystems.


Assess, recognize and

accept

innovation/technology

development status of

country


“IP as a policy exists to

encourage investments in

innovation.” WIPO DG

Francis Gurry


Therefore, focus on IP not only

as means to protect and

enforce rights, but as a tool to

enable, accelerate and sustain

innovation-driven

development.


Open Innovation/Global Market


Innovation-Driven

Development:

Connecting to the

Global Innovation

Market ….

Identifying

opportunities for

strategic

engagement.


Develop strategic action

plan to build innovation

ecosystem foundation


Institute realistic series of

tactical steps, deliverables and

benchmarks to implement

strategic plan (avoid dreams of

IP gold mines and Silicon

Valley clones).


Role of IP:

I. Facilitate Efficient Transactions

(e.g., licensing, collaborations)

II. Create Value

III. Protect Assets

IV. Foster establishment of research

enterprise (innovation ecosystem)


WIPO TA Programs thereby

efficiently and tactically

delivered into member nation

strategic innovation capacity

building initiatives.


WIPO TA Programs, which

are scarce assets, can thereby

be invested and delivered with

the greatest strategic impact in

terms of development

objectives (UN MDGs).


Innovation-Driven

Therefore:

THIS (strategic TA delivery):


And …

NOT THIS

(ad-hoc,

piecemeal,

willy-nilly

TA delivery):


Longer term sustainable

system development:

Intellectual Property capacity

building

Strategic Capacity Building


What is “CapaCity Building”?

“Capacity consists of a party's ability to solve its

problems and achieve its objectives. Capacity

building aims to strengthen parties' ability to

work together for their mutual benefit by

providing them with the skills and tools they

need to define problems and issues and formulate

solutions.

– Michele Malise, 2010


and … What is “CapaCity development”?

While 'capacity-building' suggests building

something new from the ground up, according to

a pre-imposed design, 'capacity development' is

believed to better express an approach that builds

on existing skills and knowledge, driving a

dynamic and flexible process of change, borne

by local actors.https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2017)599411


What is “CapaCity

Building/development”?

Human capital

Institutions

Institutional

infrastructure

Global networks


Human Capital: How to do

Institutions: What to do

Institutional Infrastructure: Where to do

Global networks: Who to know


Human Capital:

the skills, knowledge, and

experience possessed by an

individual or population,

viewed in terms of their value

or cost to an organization or

country.


Institutions:

Rules and norms that are

developed to manage social,

economic and political systems.


Institutions:

Interactions and relationships among

individuals and organizations, e.g.,

government, industry and university.

(aka, “Triple Helix”)


Institutional Infrastructure:

The organizational structure

that serves as the hub or center

for implementing development

agendas and action plans.


Institutional Infrastructure:

Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs)


Global Networks: Identifying,

communication, collaborating

in an open innovation

ecosystem.


Key for sustainable

success:

Strategic, systematic,

applicable IP education:

Technical training with

focus, purpose and goals

to advance innovation.


Prescriptive

Recommendations

for ASPAC Region :

Action Plan to

Accelerate

Development of

Sustainable

Globally-Networked

IP/Innovation Ecosystem

Recommendations

Action Plan:

Implementation of

Strategic Capacity

Building to Establish

Platform (think Airport)

for Efficient Delivery of

TA (think Aircraft)

Recommendations

Establish a Center of Excellence for IP capacity building

Developing countries urgently need personnel trained

in tech-transfer, IP management, information systems

and related business, technical and legal disciplines.

This will require corresponding institutional

infrastructure, both for immediate and then

subsequent ongoing capacity and capability building.

Recommendations

Establish a Center of Excellence for IP capacity building

Recommendations

Use information strategically

Recommendations

Strengthen Global networks

Recommendations

Connect to Global Open Innovation Market

Recommendations

Prioritization of innovations of economic/societal

appropriateness and importance

Recommendations

Development is a major

undertaking. It cannot be

achieved via ad-hoc, piecemeal,

willy-nilly programs. It must be

strategic, focused and sustained.


WIPO TA Delivery: Strategic,

Coordinated, Focused, Efficient,

Sustainable for Development

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