Official Statistics and ICT in MDGs

Official Statistics and ICT in MDGs

Dr. A.C. KulshreshthaUN Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific

Third Group Training Course in Application of Information and Communications Technology to Production and Dissemination of Official Statistics

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

MDGs –Targets, Indicators MDGs –Policy Implications MDGs –Monitoring-Requirements of

Official Statistics Application of ICT to Production and

Dissemination of Official Statistics on MDGs

Contents

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Raise awareness of MDGs and MDG Indicators

Flag their role in Policy making Needed Official Statistics for

implementation Application of ICT for efficient

Production and Dissemination of MDG Indicators

Purpose of this session

4

What are MDGs? Introduction to Millennium

Development Goals MDGs, Targets and Indicators Individual MDGs Global, Regional, National and Sub-

national Indicators

5

Introduction to MDGs Where did they come from?

What are they?

Why do they matter?

Global, regional, national and sub-national MDGs

6

World leaders at United Nations in September, 2000

The Millennium Declaration

called for the creation of an “environment... conducive to development and to the elimination of poverty”

specified “fundamental values” freedom, equality, solidarity, toleran

ce, respect for nature, shared responsibility

7

UN member countries committed themselves to 8


affirming that they would “spare no effort to free our fellow men, women and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty”

The Millennium Declaration (Contd.)

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1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

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The MDGs represent a new development agenda focusing on greater involvement and participation, better governance, enhancement of rights, expanded choice, and economic and social development with equityhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.aspHuman Development Report


10

Since 1990 series of world submits/ global conferences to lay comprehensive rights-based development agenda-International Development goals (IDGs)

IDGs and development goals in Millennium Declaration are similar. Merging these we have the MDGs with Targets and Indicators


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MDG monitoring at global & country levels

Secretary General reports progress to General Assembly annually/quinquennially


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Statistical Requirements UN Secretary General (September

2001) formulated a framework of 8 Goals, 18 Targets and 48 Indicators

to measure progress towards human development and broadening its benefits Based on inputs from a consensus of experts

from the United Nations Secretariat and IMF, OECD and the World Bank


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GOAL: An objective expression of what is to be achieved, usually non technical and often not quantified

TARGET: Individual, observable achievement directly related to the goal

INDICATOR: Variable used to measure progress towards the target


Goals, Targets and Indicators

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Statistical Requirements While the Millennium Declaration

was signed by an overwhelming majority of countries, NSOs were not engaged nor consulted adequately on the ensuing development of the MDG monitoring process in general, and on the choice of indicators in particular


15

Statistical Requirements Changes in the indicators were

being made until May 2002 by the international agencies assigned as compilers/ custodians, in meetings attended mostly by the same agencies


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Statistical Requirements Some MDG indicators are compiled

by international agencies but not by the countries, e.g., $1 a day poverty line/incidence Proportion of population below

minimum level of dietary energy Energy use in kg. oil equiv. per capita

However, these indicators still require country data as inputs


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Statistical Requirements There are possibilities of

discordance with otherwise conceptually highly correlated national indicators

or with indicators compiled by the other international agencies


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Statistical Requirement Assessment

Availability of the MDG indicators, varies from country to country In most developing countries all

the 48 recommended MDG Indicators are not available

Several indicators are not applicable in some countries


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Some Abbreviations Used

MDGsIDGsNSOsUNESCOUNICEFIPUPPPWBWHOFAOILOHIVAIDSUNEP

Millennium Development GoalsInternational Development GoalsNational Statistical OfficesUN Education, Scientific & Cultural OrgUN Children’s FundInter-Parliamentary UnionPurchasing Power ParityWorld BankWorld Health OrganizationFood and Agricultural OrganizationInternational Labour OrganizationHuman Immunodeficiency VirusAcquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeUN Environmental Programme

IUCNIAEADOTSUNSDGDPUNFCCCHABITATODAOECDDACLDCsHIPCGNIITU

The World’s Conservation UnionInternational Atomic Energy agencyDirectly Observed Treatment Short courseUnited Nations Statistics DivisionGross Domestic ProductUN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUN Organization for InhabitantsOverseas Development AssistanceOrg for Economic Cooperation & DevelopmentDevelopment Assistance CommitteeLeast Developed CountriesHeavily Indebted Poor CountriesGross National IncomeInternational Telecommunication Union

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MDGs: Targets and IndicatorsGoal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty

and hungerTARGETS INDICATORS (Data Source)

T1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day

1A.Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) a day (WB)

1B. Poverty headcount ratio (Percentage of population below the national poverty line)

2. Poverty gap ratio (WB)

3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption (WB)

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Headcount Index The Headcount Index (denoted as P0) is the

proportion of the population for whom consumption (or some other welfare indicator) is below the poverty line, that is, the share of the population that cannot afford to buy a basic basket of goods

It is ratio of the number of poor people to the total population

It measures the incidence of poverty

It is also called the poverty rate or poverty incidence

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Formally,

where N = total population I(.) = an indicator function that takes on a

value of 1 (poor) if the bracketed expression is true, and 0 (non-poor) otherwise

yi = welfare indicator, e.g., consumption per cap

z = poverty line NP= number of poor in the population

yi , …, yq < z < yq+1 … yn

q

i

pN

ii N

N

NzyI

NP

110 ,1

1)(

1

Headcount Index (Contd.)

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The poverty gap index is the average, over all people, of the proportionate gaps between poor people’s living standards and the poverty line (as a proportion of the poverty line).

More specifically, define the gap (Gn) as the difference between the poverty line (z) and the actual consumption (yi) for poor individuals; the gap is considered to be zero for everyone else, then the

Poverty Gap Index

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poverty gap index P1 is

This measure reflects the average shortfall of poor people so it gives a better idea of the depth of poverty

q

i

iN

ii

i

z

yz

NyzI

z

yz

NP

111

1)(

1

Poverty Gap Index (Contd.)

25

MDGs: Targets and Indicators (Contd)

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

TARGETS INDICATORS

T2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

4. Prevalence of underweight in children (under five years of age) {UNICEF-WHO}

5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption {FAO}

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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

TARGETS INDICATORS

T3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

6. Net enrollment ratio in primary education (UNESCO)

7A. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (UNESCO)

7B. Primary completion rate (UNESCO)

8. Adult Literacy rate (literacy rate of 15 to 24-year-olds) (UNESCO)

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MDGs: Targets and Indicators (Contd)Goal 3. Promote gender equality and

empower womenTARGETS INDICATORS

T4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015

9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education (UNESCO)

10. Ratio of literate women to men ages 15- to 24 (UNESCO)

11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (ILO)

12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (IPU)

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Goal 4. Reduce child mortality

TARGETS INDICATORS

T5: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

13. Under-five mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO)

14. Infant mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO)

15. Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles (UNICEF-WHO)

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Goal 5. Improve maternal health

TARGETS INDICATORS

T6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio

16. Maternal mortality ratio (UNICEF-WHO)

17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (UNICEF-WHO)

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Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, & other diseases

TARGETS INDICATORS

T7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women ages 15- to 24 (UNAIDS, WHO, UNICEF)

19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate (UNAIDS, UN Population Div)

20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans (by HIV/AIDS) to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 (UNAIDS, WHO, UNICEF)

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TARGETS INDICATORS

T8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria (WHO)

22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures (UNICEF, WHO)


32


TARGETS INDICATORS

T8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis (WHO)

24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS, WHO)


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Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityTARGETS INDICATORS

T9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and program and reverse the loss of environment resources

25. Proportion of land area covered by forest (FAO)

26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area (UNEP-IUCN)

27. GDP per unit of energy use (as proxy for energy efficiency) (UNSD, IAEA, World Bank)

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TARGETS INDICATORS

T9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and program and reverse the loss of environment resources

28. Carbon dioxide emissions (metric tons per capita) (UNFCCC, UNSD) [Plus two figures of global atmospheric pollution: ozone depletion and the accumulation of global warming gases] (UNEP-Ozone Secretariat)

29. Proportion of population using solid fuels (WHO)

Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

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TARGETS INDICATORS

T10: Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source (WHO, UNICEF)31. Proportion of people with access to improved sanitation (WHO, UNICEF)


36


TARGETS INDICATORS

T11: By 2020 to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

32. Proportion of people with access to secure tenure (HABITAT)


37


TARGETS (T12 to T15) INDICATORS (33 to 44)

T12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial systemIncludes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction-both nationally and internationally

Official development assistance 33. Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage to OECD/DAC donors gross national income

34. Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)

Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

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T13: Address the special needs of the least developed countriesIncludes: tariff and quota free access for least developed countries’ export; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction

35. Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is united

36. ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs37. ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs


39



T14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing States(through the programme of Action for the Sustainable development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the general Assembly)

Market access 38. Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and LDCs, admitted free of duties

39. Average tariffs imposed by developing countries on agricultural products and ‘textiles and clothing’ from developing countries


40



T14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing States(through the programme of Action for the Sustainable development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the general Assembly)

40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP

41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity


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T15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

Debt sustainability

42. Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)

43. Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US $44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services


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TARGETS INDICATORST16: In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth

45.Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds, each sex and total (ILO still developing improved measure)


43


TARGETS INDICATORS

T17: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries

46. Proportion of population with access to affordable, essential drugs on a sustainable basis (WHO)


44


TARGETS INDICATORST18: In cooperation with private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

47 Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population

48a. Personal computers in use per 100 population and internet users per 100 population (ITU)

48b. Internet users per 100 population (ITU)


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Number of Targets and Indicators in Goals

Goal Number

Number of Targets

Number of Indicators

1 1 3

2 2 5 +1

3 1 4

4 1 3

5 1 2

6 2 7

7 3 8

8 7 16 +1

Total: 8 18 48

46IPMAIPMA 9

Understand the definitions of the Millennium Development Goals and how they relate to their

targets and indicators

I4

Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age

I5I5

Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

Goal 1Goal 1

Eradicate extreme Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerpoverty and hunger

Target 2 (Hunger)

Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

47IPMAIPMA 10

Understand the role that MDGs can play in the policy process

ImplementImplement

EvaluateEvaluate

FormulateFormulate

MDG IndicatorsMDG Indicators

48IPMAIPMA 12

Understand the link between MDG indicators and the data on which they are based

IndicatorIndicator

HH SurveyHH Survey

AdminAdmin

datadata

49IPMAIPMA 13

Reliably assess and use information about uncertainty in the production of MDG indicators

UncertaintyUncertainty

50IPMAIPMA 14

Use MDG indicators to measure progress towards national goals, and to monitor PRSPs and other

country strategies

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1990 1995 2000

East

West

North

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IPMAIPMA 15

Compare and contrast MDG indicators relating to global, regional, national and sub-national levels

1212

202627

2931

3333

353636

3843

4549

5759

6161

6467

7073

South Africa-1993

Côte d'Ivoire-1995

Tanzania-1993

Senegal-1995

Kenya-1994

Mauritania-1995

Ethiopia-1995

Botswana-1985-86

Cameroon-1996

Namibia-1993

Rwanda-1983-85

Zimbabwe-1990-91

Mozambique-1996

Lesotho-1993

Ghana-1999

Madagascar-1999

Sierra Leone-1989

Gambia, The-1998

Burkina Faso-1994

Niger-1995

Zambia-1998

Central African Republic-1993

Nigeria-1997

Mali-1994

MDG1: People living on below $1 a day in Sub-Saharan Africa

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IPMAIPMA 16

Disaggregate MDG indicators to explore progress by gender, urbanization and other critical sub-groupings

53IPMAIPMA 17

Produce effective reports and presentations designed to convey information about MDGs to a

variety of target audiences

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Monitoring MDGsAvailability of baseline

statistics :Non- availabilty of indicators

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Monitoring MDGs Most of the indicators for Goal 8

are compiled only by international organizations, such as the OECD, IMF and the World Trade Organization

without any direct inputs from national counterparts

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ICT to Production and Dissemination of Official Statistics on MDGs

Reduction of data redundancy through proper designing; integrating the information coming from the various surveys

User friendly software (IMPS; CSPRO; Dev-Info, particularly for MDGs)

Metadata Data warehouse Data mining; Data filtering

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ICT to Production and Dissemination of Official Statistics on MDGs (Contd.) Time dimension

Timeliness Periodicity

Content dimension Accuracy; Reliability Completeness; Conciseness

Form dimension Clarity Level of detail; National/ Regional

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THANKS

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Official Statistics and ICT in MDGs

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