On Ngu phap toeic

Teacher in charge: Nguyen Trang Dung | Page 1

Unit 1: NOUNS, ARTICLES

A. COUNT & NON-COUNT NOUNS

1. Count nouns

Most nouns are count nouns. They have both a singular and a plural form.

- To make singular words plural, add s. (e.g. pens)

- If the words end in o, s, ch, sh, x add es. (e.g. tomatos, buses, watches, crashes, faxes)

Note: pianos, stereos, videos

- If the words ends in –f, –fe , chage the f/fe to ves (e.g. wives)

Note: roofs

- If the words end in –y, change y to ies (e.g. babies)

- Some irregular words:

o have the same form in singular and plural deer, sheep, fish, fruit

o change totally: men, women, children, people, teeth, feet

We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refer to:

We use PLURAL VERBS with nouns that refers to objects with two parts: glasses, pants, pajamas, gloves, shorts

2. Non-count nouns

Non-count nouns do not have a plural form.

Gas, liquid, metal, material, ingredient Air, water, silver, paper, sugar

Activities, sports Gardening, shopping, football, soccer

Subjects History, mathematics, economics

Languages Russian, Greek

Abstract nouns Intelligence, information, advice, knowledge

Collective noun Luggage, furniture, equipment, traffic

3. Nouns that are both count and non-count nouns Certain nouns can be used as either count or non-count nouns, but different in meaning

Count Non-count

GLASS I want a glass of milk There is some broken glass on the road.

PAPER I’m going to buy a paper. I need some paper to write on.

IRON We have bought a new iron. The gate is made of iron.

HAIR There is a hair in my soup. Comb your hair before you go out.

ROOM Can I see your spare room? There isn’t any room for a piano in my house.

BUSINESS My father owns a small business. Business has been slowly lately.


GRAMMAR: ARTICLES

USE Example

A / AN +

singular

noun

For a new item of information e.g. Suddenly I saw a man appeared outside the

window.

For large whole numbers, fractions, weights, and

distances

e.g. a hundred / a million, a fifth, a half, a kilo, a

meter

For disease e.g. have a headache / a cold / a flu

THE

To talk about something again e.g. I saw a nice picture on the wall. When I went

back, the picture wasn’t there anymore.

When a noun is made definite by details following it e.g. That man outside was the man that we were

looking for.

When we definitely know what we talk about e.g.

- The cheese is in the fridge.

- We buy most of food from the local supermarket.

With superlatives and ordinals e.g.

- She is the tallest girl in our class.

- You are the first person I’ve talked to in this class.

The only one e.g. People used to believe the moon is a goddess.

Before some adjectives to say about the group in

general

e.g. The British really like to drink tea.

With some place name:

- Oceans and seas - The Black Sea, The Atlanta, The Pacific, The

Mediterranean

- River - The Nile, The Amazon, The Danube

- Mountain ranges - The Alps, The Himalayas

- Countries - The Netherlands, the Philippines, the United

Kingdom, the United States of America, the

People’s Republic of China

No article

Things in general e.g. Trees are easily damaged by pollution.

Music helps me concentrate when I’m

working.

Proper names Kate lives in Manchester.

Meals I’ve had dinner.

Means of transport She goes to school by bus every day.

* Fixed expression:

1. We listen to the radio. BUT We watch television

2. We play the guitar. (a musical instrument) BUT We play tennis. (a sport)

3. We go to the cinema, the concert, the theatre…

4. My mother is at work. BUT My mother is at the office.


QUANTIFIERS


Unit 2: TYPES OF VERBS

1. VERB FORMS

a. Auxiliaries (will, would, shall, do, does, did) + (NOT) Bare infinitive

e.g. He does not want to go out alone.

b. BE + V-ing / P.P (V3)

e.g. They are discussing the matter in the conference room.

No one was admitted to the seminar without an invitation.

c. HAVE / HAD / HAS + P.P (V3)

e.g. The conference had started thirty minutes before I reached the hall.

2. INTRANSITIVE or TRANSITIVE VERBS?

ABIDE BY

AGREE WITH

BENEFIT FROM

CONSENT TO

DEAL WITH

INSIST ON

ACCOUNT FOR

APOLOGIZE TO

COMPETE WITH

CONTRIBUTE TO

DEPEND ON

GRADUATE FROM

INTERFERE WITH

PROCEED WITH

REFER TO

RELY ON

SUBSCRIBE TO

SYMPATHIZE WITH

THINK OF

OBJECT TO

PARTICIPATE IN

REFRAIN FROM

RESPOND TO

SUCCEED IN

TALK ABOUT

WAIT FOR

NOTE

WRONG CORRECT WRONG CORRECT

APPROVE FOR

ACCOMPANY WITH

ATTEND AT

ALERT TO

CONTACT TO

ANSWER TO

APPROVE

ACCOMPANY

ATTEND

ALERT

CONTACT

ANSWER

ENTER INTO

APPROACH TO

EXPLAIN ABOUT

INSPECT INTO

PROVIDE WITH

LEAVE FROM

ENTER

APPROACH

EXPLAIN

INSPECT

PROVIDE

LEAVE


DISCUSS ABOUT

DISCUSS

MENTION ABOUT

REACH AT

RESEMBLE WITH

VISIT TO

MENTION

REACH

RESEMBLE

VISIT

e.g. We proceed ( proceed with) our work after a two-week break.

Mr. Shell insists ( insists on) the freshest produce for his restaurant.

Mr. Jenson himself answered to ( answered) the phone when I called the police.


Unit 3: PASSIVE VOICE

1. STRUCTURES

e.g. A car hit the man. The man was hit by a car.

PRESENT SIMPLE People speak English here. English is spoken here.

AM / IS / ARE + P.P

PRESENT CONTINUOUS They are painting the house. The house is bening painted.

AM / IS / ARE + being + P.P

PRESENT PERFECT I have cleaned the room. The room has been cleaned.

HAS / HAVE + been + P.P

PAST SIMPLE They robbed the bank. The bank was robbed.

WAS / WERE + P.P

PAST CONTINUOUS We were doing homework at 6pm last night. Homework was being done at 6pm last night.

WAS / WERE + being + P.P

PAST PERFECT I had checked everything before I got home. Everything had been checked before I got home.

HAD + been + P.P

Note: Verbs with 2 objects

give, lend, offer, promise, sell, send, take sth TO sb buy, keep, make, prepare, save sth FOR sb

In active or passive sentences, we can say in 2 ways

e.g. Peter gave Karen a present. = Peter gave a present to Karen.

Karen was given a present. = A present was given to Karen.

2. ACTIVE SENTENCES WITH A PASSIVE MEANING

DESERVE / REQUIRE / WANT / NEED + V-ing

e.g. The old closet needs painting. = The closet needs to be painted.

Ms. Lee deserves promoting. = Ms. Lee deserves to be promoted.

3. PASSIVE VOICE OF CAUSATIVE VERBS

Active have sb do sth Passive have sth done

e.g. I have them paint my kitchen I have my kitchen painted.


Unit 4: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

I. SUBJECT are separated

(c) Cross out the (shortened) relative clause

Example: The girl who stands next to two big plants is my sister.

The girl standing next to two big plants is my sister.

II. VERBs coming BEFORE the SUBJECTs

III. SUBJECTS THAT ALWAYS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS

1. 1. Indefinite Pronouns Subjects


2. 2. Words for Amounts

3. Plural-looking nouns (subjects, diseases)

IV. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS


V. COMPOUND SUBJECTs


Unit 5: TENSES – CONDITIONAL

I. TENSE

1. PRESENT SIMPLE

Form: S + is / am / are S + V(s/es)

S + is / am / are NOT S + do / does NOT + V

Is / Am / Are + S Do / Does + S + V ?

Uses:

1. Express a habit or often repeated action. Eg. She goes to work from 9 to 5 every day.

2. Express general truth. Eg. Water boils at 1000C.

3. Talk about future scheduled events. Eg. The course begins next Monday at 2 p.m.

Common time expressions:

- Adverbs of frequency: usually, always, never, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often

- Every (day / week …)

- Once (a week), twice (a day), three times (a year)

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Form: S + is / am / are + V-ing S + is / am / are NOT + V-ing Is / Am / Are + S + V-ing?

Uses:

3. Express an action in progress. Eg. She is typing the letter for him.

4. Express an action that is occurring at present, but is temporary

Eg. John is living in Paris, but he will move soon.

5. Talk about an action around noun. Eg. I am dating with a beautiful girl these days.

6. Talk about the near future Eg. I am leaving for Hanoi tomorrow.


- At the moment = at present

- Currently, now, right now

- Look! Eg. Look! A hot girl is crossing the road.

- Watch out! = Look out! Eg. Look out! A car is coming behind you.

3. PRESENT PERFECT

Form: S + has / have + V3 S + has / have not + V3 Has / Have S + V3

Uses:


1. Talk about an event that began in the past and continues up to now.

Eg. He has lived here for 3 years.

2. Talk about an event that was completed in the past, but the specific time of the event is not known.

Eg. I have seen that movie before.

3. Talk about an event that was completed in the past just a short time ago.

Eg. I have just had dinner.


- for (with a period of time)

- since (with an exact point of time)

- ever

- never

- yet

- already

- so far = up to now

- over / for / in the last / past few years

- recently / lately

- just

- It is the first / second time…

- Superlatives e.g. You are the most beautiful girl I have seen.

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form: S + has / have + been + V-ing S + has / have + been NOT + V-ing Has / Have S been V-ing?

Uses: The same as Present Perfect

Present Perfect: emphasizes the result answer the question How many (times)

Present Perfect Continuous: emphasizes the activity, duration -> answer the question How long

E.g. I have seen it twice. I have read 20 pages of the book.

I have been reading it all day. I have been working here for 5 years.

5. PAST SIMPLE

Form: S + was / were S + V(-ed / V2)

S + was / were NOT S + did NOT + V

Was / Were + S Did + S + V ?

Uses: Talk about a complete past action Eg I visited my aunt yesterday.


- last (week, year, night…)

- yesterday

- ago

- the other day

- those days

- at / in / on + past time

Teacher in charge: Nguyen Trang Dung Page 12

6. PAST CONTINUOUS

Form: S + was / were + V-ing S + was / were not + V-ing Was / Were + S + V-ing?

Uses:

1. Talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past.

Eg. I was studying while my mother was cooking dinner.

2. Talk about a past action which was in progress when another past action happened.

Eg. I was taking a bath when the door bell rang.

7. PAST PERFECT

Form: S + had + V3 S + had + V3 Had + S + V3?

Uses: Talk about a past action which happened before another past action or before a point of time in

the past.

e.g. The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the iceberg.

She had been driving around the city before 5 p.m last night.

8. FUTURE FORM

9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS


Form: S + will + be + V-ing S + will be not + V-ing Will + S + be + V-ing?

Uses: Talk about an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point in the future.

Eg. I will be teaching English 4 at 10 a.m. tomorrow.

10. FUTURE PERFECT

Form: S + will + have + V3 S + will have not + V3 Will + S + have+ V3?

Uses: Talk about an event or action that will be completed before another event or time in the future.

Eg. We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow

11. FUTURE TIME in Present tenses

II. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

First conditional A possible thing in future IF + S + (should) + V, S + will + V

e.g. If I have free time, I will drop by your house tomorrow.

Second conditional An unlikely thing at

present

IF + S + simple past, S + would / could/ should/might + V

e.g. If I were you, I would accept her offer.

Third conditional An unlikely thing in the

past

IF + S + past perfect, S + would/could/ should/might + have

+ V3

e.g. If I had met you last night, I would have given you his

phone number.


Mixed conditional An imagined event in the

past with the present

result

e.g. If it had not snowed last night, the road would not be

slippery now.

If John had followed my advice, he wouldn’t be in such a

difficult situation now.

Omission of IF

III. SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS


Unit 6: TENSES – CONDITIONAL

A. GERUND is used:

1. As the subject or the object of a sentence Ex: - Skiing can be dangerous. - I enjoy cooking. 2. After prepositions Ex: - He’s bad at talking to girls.

3. After the verbs GO when talking about activities Ex: - I often go swimming every day.

- She often goes fishing on Sundays.

4. After certain verbs or phrases:

ADMIT

AVOID

BE USED TO

CAN’T HELP

CAN’T STAND

CONSIDER

DELAY

DENY

ENJOY

FEEL LIKE

FINISH

HAVE DIFFICULTY

IMAGINE

IMAGINE

IT’S NO GOOD

IT’S NO USE

IT’S WORTH

KEEP

MENTION

MISS

POSTPONE

PRACTICE

SUGGEST

SPEND TIME

5. After some special expressions

a. SPEND / WASTE time/money + V-ing John spends most of his time studying TOEIC.

I wasted a lot of time watching TV.

b. SIT / STAND / LIE + place + V-ing John sat at his desk writing a letter.

I stood there wondering what to do next.

She is lying in bed reading a novel.

c. FIND / CATCH + sb + V-ing When I walked into my office, I found Peter using my telephone.

Getting home, I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers.

B. BARE INFINITIVE is used:

1. After modal verbs

Ex: - He should get married to her immediately.

2. After the verbs LET MAKE WOULD RATHER

Ex: - I let my son go out for 2 hours only.

- Her teacher makes her a lot of homework.

- He’d rather not shop for computers until they are on sale.

C. GERUNDS or INFINITIVES: Some verbs can be followed by Gerunds or Infinitives with no change in

meaning

BEGIN BOTHER CONTINUE

HATE LIKE LOVE START

Ex: - He begins playing/to play the piano.

- It started raining/to rain as soon as we left the house.

* Some verbs can be followed by Gerunds or Infinitives with some changes in meaning


1. FORGET

Ex: - He’s forgotten meeting you before.

- I forgot to say where I was going.

FOR GET + gerund = not remember a past action

FORGET + to –inf = forget, then fail to act

2. REMEMBER

Ex: - She remembers leaving water for the dog.

- I hope she remembers to leave water for the dog.

REMEMBER + gerund = recall doing sth in the past

REMEMBER + to –inf = recall, then act

3. GO ON

Ex: - They went on watching TV.

- They went on to watch TV.

GO ON + gerund = continue doing sth

GO ON + to –inf = finish one thing and start

another

4. STOP

Ex: - The lesson was boring; so they stopped listening.

- Talking quietly, they stopped to listen her words.

STOP + gerund = finish, quit doing sth

STOP + to –inf = finish one action in order to do

another

5. REGRET

Ex: - I regret telling him about my problem.

- I regret to say that you’ve failed your test.

REGRET + gerund = have second thoughts about a past

action

REGRET + to –inf = feel bad about what you are going to

say or do

6. TRY

Ex: - Try studying without TV on.

- Try not to worry.

TRY + gerund = experiment

TRY + to –inf = make an attempt to do

sth

Teacher in charge: Nguyen Trang Dung |

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Unit 7: PARTICIPLES

I. PARTICIPLES that MODIFY NOUNS

II. PARTICIPLES to EXPRESS OPINIONS and FEELINGS

III. PARTICIPLES in REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

- If it has the active meaning, use PRESENT participles.

e.g. Employees (who are) requesting vacation time should turn in their forms.

- If it has the passive meaning, use PAST participles.

e.g The invitations (which were) sent last Monday will arrive soon.


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Unit 8: PRONOUNS

Reflexive pronouns

We use a reflexive pronoun:

To emphasize the person or thing we are referring to:

e.g. Kendal itself is quite a small town. I baked the bread myself. She mended the car herself

As a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb.

e.g. I am teaching myself to play the piano.

Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.

Warning

But we use personal pronouns, not reflexives, after prepositions of place...

He had a suitcase beside him.

and after with when it means "accompanied by":

She had a few friends with her.

BY + Reflexive pronoun when we want to show that someone did something alone and/or without any

help

e.g. She walked home by herself. I prepared the whole meal by myself.

Indefinite pronouns

To say about something unspecific: use another / other(s)

ANOTHER + Singular Noun Eg: I was fired. I would find another job soon.

OTHER + Plural Noun = OTHERS Eg: These books are boring. Give me other books (others).

To say about something specific: use the other(s)


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THE OTHER + Singular Noun Eg: I have two brothers. One is a doctor; the other is a teacher.

THE OTHER + Plural Noun = THE OTHERS

Eg: There are five books on the table. I don’t like this book. I like the other books (the others).

Notes:

- EACH OTHER or ONE ANOTHER? when two or more people do the same thing.

Eg. Peter and Mary helped each other. (Peter helped Mary. Mary helped Peter)


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Unit 9: ADJECTIVE, ADVERBS,

COMPARISON

1. ADJECTIVES

A. Forms

-ic energetic -ate moderate -ing Interesting

-ible possible -ical logical -ile hostile

-ed bored -y cloudy -al mechanical

-less hopeless -ory compulsory -ly costly

-ial industrial -ish sluggish -ive attractive

-ous generous -able comfortable -ful colorful

B. Uses

2. ADVERBS


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3. CONFUSABLE ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

B. Changes in meaning when adding –ly to an adjective to form an adverb

close closely deep deeply free freely hard hardly high highly late lately near nearly short shortly wide widely most mostly

e.g.

1. They sat close together. (=near) I sat and watched everyone closely. (=carefully)

2. Children under five travel free. (=without payment) EU citizens can now travel freely between

member states.

3. I am not very good at jumping high. This is a highly paid job. (very, at a high level)

4. A bomb exploded somewhere near. The bottle’s nearly empty. (=almost)

5. Open your mouth wide. The idea is now widely accepted. (=by many

people)

6. He stood with his hands deep in his pockets. He tried to breathe deeply to keep calm.

7. He always studies hard. There’s hardly any tea left. (=almost no)

8. The products were delivered late. Lately, I’ve been redecorating the house.

9. I’d never let you go short of anything. (lack) She arrived shortly after that. (=not long)

10. You are the most interesting person in this class. The sauce is mostly cream. (=mainly)


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4. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

1. Comparison of Adjectives

ADJECTIVE FORM COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Only one syllable. e.g: light, neat, fast

Add -er: lighter, neater, faster Add -est: lightest, neatest, fastest

Two syllables, ending in -y, - er, -ow, -le e.g.: happy, narrow, gentle, clever

Change y to i, then add -er: happier, narrower, cleverer

Change y to i, then add -est: happiest, narrowest, gentlest, cleverest

Other two syllables or more e.g.: modern, interesting, beautiful

Use “more” before the adjective: more modern, more interesting, more beautiful

Use “most” before the adjective: most modern, most interesting, most beautiful

2. Comparison of Adverbs

- When an adjective has the same form as the adjective, it also has the same comparative and superlative forms.

e.g. early, fast, hard, high, late ( earlier, faster, harder, higher, later _ the earliest, the fastest, the hardest, the highest, the latest)

- When an adverb ends in –ly, use more and most

e.g. beautifully more beautifully, the most beautifully

Irregular adjectives / adverbs

Irregular Adjective Irregular Adverb Comparative Form Superlative Form

good well better the best

bad badly worse the worst

far far farther the farthest

little little less the least

many / much much more the most

3. Other comparison AS + adj/adv + AS: when two people/things are similar in some way

e.g. She is as tall as her brother. He doesn’t run as fast as his cousin.

LESS/THE LEAST + adj/adv:

e.g. This book is less interesting than the one I read last week.

(? Times) + AS adj/adv + AS

e.g. This book is twice as expensive as mine.


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Unit 10: PREPOSITIONS

A. IN:

1. Time

in + year, century, era (in 2006, in the 19th century, in the 1970s)

in + month, season (in January, in the summer)

in + part of the day (in the morning) Note: at dawn, at noon, at night

2. Place

in + place (in the world, in Korea)

in + oceans, continents (in the Pacific, in Asia)

in + neighborhood/suburb

3. Other uses

in + language (in English)

in + newspaper, magazine (in the newspaper) Note: on TV, on the radio

in + means of transport (in the car, taxi) Note: on the bus/plane/train, by taxi

4. Idiomatic expressions

in my opinion in front of

in the future / past in the middle of

in the end in general

in detail in particular

in person in time

in stock >< out of stock

in print >< out of print

B. ON:

1. Time

on + date (on October 8, on the morning of October 8, on that day)

on + day (on Friday)

2. Place

on + street (on Wall Street)

on + space, surface (on the floor, on the wall)

3. Idiomatic expression

on foot on a business trip

on vacation on duty

on the other hand on purpose

on sale on leave

on a diet on time

on air on strike

C. AT:

1. Time

at + an exact time (at 7:30, at the beginning of this month)

2. Place

at + address (at 123 Wall Street)

at + an exact position (at the station, at work, at the airport)

3. Idiomatic expression

at best at first / last

at risk at table

at times at the same time

at most / least at rest

at random at a low price

at present / the moment at work


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D. BY:

1. By + means of transportation, payment

by taxi by credit card

2. By chance

I met him by chance while walking on the street

3. By = no later than

The work must be done by the end of this week.

E. FOR: for + Noun -> a purpose

for free for good

for rent / sale for the sake of

F. OTHERS:

1. DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + Noun

Despite campaigns about the dangers of excessive drinking, most countries still see a steady increase in the number of alcoholics.

2. BECAUSE OF / DUE TO / OWING TO + Noun

THANKS TO + Noun

Due to the heavy traffic along the main road, the workshop administrator was more than 30 minutes late.

Thanks to a strong economic recovery this year, a lot of companies were able to avoid filing for bankruptcy.

3. EXCEPT (FOR) + Noun

EXCEPT THAT + Clause

ASIDE FROM / BARRING + Noun

Delivery is free for all dishes on the menu, except for the items noted below.

4. WITHOUT / BUT FOR + Noun

Without the sunlight, plans may wither or die

But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.

5. BETWEEN + 2 plural nouns

AMONG + plural nouns

There is a close correlation between the wealth of a country and the health status of its people.

The teacher is popular among students because he has a sense of humour.

6. CONCERNING / REGARDING + Noun

WITH REGARD TO / WITH RESPECT TO / WITH REFERENCE TO + Noun

Eric has written an insightful memo concerning the third quarter report.

With respect to your enquiry, I enclose an explanatory leaflet.


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Unit 11: CONJUNCTIONS

COORDINATING

CONJUNCTIONS

FUNCTION EXAMPLE

AND Joins 2 similar ideas They moved to Ho Chi Minh city in 2001, and they have

been living in District 8 since then.

BUT / YET Joins 2 contrasting ideas John is outgoing, but his twin brother is rather quiet.

He is talented, yet he is not very popular.

OR Johns 2 alternative ideas We can increase overtime working, or we can take on new

staff.

SO Shows that the second idea is the

result of the first one

We can increase the tying error just in time, so we did not

offend our customer.

FOR Shows the reason She goes cycling every morning, for it helps her stay

healthy.

NOR Joins 2 negative ideas Rocky does not like fast food, nor does he enjoy

vegetables.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS EXAMPLE

BOTH … AND + plural verb

Both my mother and my sister are here.

NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO + V

NOT ONLY … BUT …AS WELL + V

(the subject that is closer to the verb will determine

whether the verb is singular or plural)

Not only you but also I am interested in this matter.

She not only sings well but also dances beautifully.

NEITHER … NOR …

EITHER … OR …

(the subject that is closer to the verb will determine

whether the verb is singular or plural)

Neither John nor his colleagues want to do the task.

Either you or your teacher is correct.

TYPE OF

ADVERBIAL

CLAUSE

SUBORDINATING

CONJUNCTION FUNCTION EXAMPLE

Adverbial clause of

concession

ALTHOUGH, (EVEN)

THOUGH, WHEREAS,

WHILE…

show opposition Although she’s small, she’s very strong.

John is short, whereas Mary is tall.

Adverbial clause of

reason

BECAUSE, AS, SINCE,

NOW THAT

show a

cause/effect

relationship

between ideas

I lost my job because I was often late.

Since I have no money, I can’t go to the

movie.

Adverbial clause of

result

SO…THAT,

SUCH…THAT

The coffee is so hot that I cannot drink it.

It was such a good book that I couldn’t

put it down.


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Adverbial clause of

purpose

SO THAT, IN ORDER

THAT, FOR FEAR THAT,

LEST

express a

purpose

I am going to cash a check so that I can

buy my textbooks.

I am telling you this lest you should make

a mistake.

Adverbial clause of

condition

IF, UNLESS, WHETHER

(OR NOT), PROVIDING,

IN CASE, IN THE EVENT

THAT

present possible

conditions

If it rains, I will stay at home.

Adverbial clause of

time

AFTER, BEFORE,

WHEN, WHILE, SINCE,

UNTIL, AS, AS SOON

AS, ONCE, WHENEVER,

EVERY TIME (THAT), BY

THE TIME (THAT)

show time

relationships

After she graduates, she will get a job.

Adverbial clause of

place WHERE, WHEREVER

show place

relationships I will go whenever you tell me.

Adverbial clause of

manner AS, AS IF, AS THOUGH

show the

manner in which

sth happens

Everything went on as we had planned.

He spoke as if he were a learned man.


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Unit 12: RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. CASES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Pay attention to the noun it replaces to decide whether to use it as the subject, object, or in

the possessive case.

Noun Subjective case Possessive case Objective case

People WHO WHOSE WHOM

Things, animals WHICH WHOSE / OF WHICH WHICH

People, things, animals THAT _ THAT

Noun + that / which WHAT _ WHAT

+ Verb + Noun + Subject + Verb

a. WHO / WHICH

e.g. The man who lives across the street is a good neighbor.

San Francisco is a city which attracts a lot of tourists.

b. THAT

e.g. Our sales department will be unable to process

c. Relative pronouns in non-defining relative clauses Don’t use THAT

e.g. My best friend, who works for a florist, always sends me flowers on my

birthday.

2. USE of WHAT

WHAT is used to begin a noun clause and functions as the subject, object, or complement.

e.g. What he said was unbelievable.

I don’t understand what John is talking about.

This is just what she wants.

3. RELATIVE ADVERBS

A Relative adverb replaces the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause.

Antecedent Noun / Pronoun Subjective case Preposition + which

Time + date WHEN AT / IN / ON + WHICH

Place WHERE AT / IN / ON + WHICH

Reason WHY FOR WHICH

Method HOW THE WAY IN WHICH

a. WHEN

e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

= I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.

b. WHERE

e.g. The building where he lives is very old.

= The building in which he lives is very old.


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c. WHY

e.g. Please tell me the reason why she was disappointed.

= Please tell me the reason for which she was disappointed.

d. HOW

e.g. He told us how he met his girlfriend.

= He told us the way in which he met his girlfriend.

4. WH-QUESTION WORD

This is used to emphasize the idea.

a. WHOEVER

e.g. Whoever wants to come is welcome.

= Anyone who wants to come is welcome.

b. WHICHEVER

e.g. There are ten flights to San Francisco every day. We can take whichever fits in best with our

schedule.

= There are ten flights to San Francisco every day. We can take anything that fits in best with

our schedule.

c. WHATEVER

e.g. He always says whatever comes to his mind.

= He always says anythings that comes to his mind.

d. WHENEVER

e.g. You may leave whenever you want.

= You may leave at any time that you want.

e. WHEREVER

e.g. You can go wherever you want to go.

= You can go any place that you want to go.

f. HOWEVER

e.g. The students may dress however they please.

= The students may dress in any way that they please.

5. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

ANTECEDENT NOUN + (RELATIVE PRONOUN + BE) + PRESENT / PAST PARTICIPLE

e.g. Employees (who are) requesting vacation time should turn in their forms.

The invitations (which were) sent last Monday will arrive soon.


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Unit 13: INVERSION

1. Negative expressions: NEVER RARELY SELDOM BARELY

Eg. Never have we read such a good book.

Seldom have I seen such a beautiful view.

Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment.

Barely did we have time to get the train.

HARDLY NO SOONER SCARCELY

Eg. Hardly / Scarcely had we sat down at the table, when the phone rang.

No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.

2. After phrases “ONLY…”: ONLY AFTER / WHEN / THEN / IF + S + V…

ONLY BY + Noun / V-ing + Auxiliary V + S + V …

E.g. Only then did I understand the problem.

Only by hard work can you pass the exam.

Only after the film started did I realize that I’d seen it before.

3. Conditional sentences:

E.g SHOULD you have any questions, please feel free to contact me. (Type 1)

WERE I in your shoes, I would make a formal complaint. (Type 2)

WERE she to find out the truth, she would kill you.

HAD I known it was her birthday, I would have bought her a gift. (Type 3)

4. Prepositional phrases of place:

E.g. On the table LIES my textbook.

On the doorstep WAS a bunch of flowers.


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5. Special phrases:

a. After exclamations with HERE and THERE

E.g. Here comes the winner!

There goes all our money!

b. NOT ONLY + Auxiliary V + S + V + BUT ALSO + S + V

E.g. Not only did he write the text but he also selected the illustrations.

c. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES + Auxiliary V + S + V

E.g. Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.

d. ... (Negative form), NOR + Auxiliary V + S + V

E.g. She doesn’t like them and nor does Jeff.

e. SO / NEITHER + Auxiliary V + S

E.g. I am so hungry. – So am I.

I like apples. – So does he.

I don’t like bananas. – Neither does he.


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Unit 14:CAUSATIVE VERBS

1. HAVE , GET : Active form: HAVE / GET sb + BARE INF

Passive form: HAVE / GET sth + Past Participle

E.g. Mary has John wash the car. Mary has the car washed (by John).

2. MAKE, FORCE, LET: MAKE sb + BARE Inf = FORCE sb + To-inf

LET sb + BARE Inf = ALLOW sb + To-inf

E.g. The teacher makes us do exercise.

She doesn’t want to let them go.

3. NEED, PREFER, WANT, WOULD LIKE, ORDER + sb/sth + Past Participle = Need, prefer… sth to be done

E.g. Be careful! I don’t want them (to be) broken.

I would like my car (to be) serviced.

*Note:

We need the house redecorated.

The house needs redecorating.

4. FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH + sb/th + Past Participle

E.g. - I haven’t heard the piece played before.

- I heard her called Toni. (passive meaning; = she was called Toni) and

- I heard Sue call Toni. (active meaning; = Sue called Toni)

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