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Decay rate engineering

• The electric dipole

• Green function

• Fields of electric dipole

• Power dissipated by an oscillating dipole

• The local density of optical states (LDOS)

• Decay rate of quantum emitters

• Decay rate engineering

• Example: Drexhage experiment

• Example: classical analogue of Drexhage experiment

• Example: optical antenna

Optical antennas

• Dipolar scattering theory

• Radiation damping

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Power radiated in inhomogeneous environment

In an inhomogeneous environment:

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Local density of optical states

• The power dissipated by a dipole depends on it’s environment and is proportional to the local density of optical states (LDOS).

• The LDOS is (besides prefactors) the imaginary part of the Green’s function evaluated at the origin.

• Controlling the boundary conditions (and thereby the LDOS) allows us to control the power radiated by a dipole!

Power radiated in inhomogeneous environment

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Local density of optical states

current

Power dissipated in an electrical circuit:

resistance

LDOS!

Radiation resistance!

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Why is it called density of states?

Expression “density of states” becomes clear when considering modes of resonator.

Determine DOS for free space by counting states in cubic resonator and letting resonator size become much larger than the wavelength.

Density of states in a realistic resonator

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How many modes in frequency band [w, w+Dw] and resonator volume V?

In free space (large resonator):

Small resonator

Large resonator

• Losses broaden delta-spike into Lorentzian

• Area under Lorentzian is unity

• The lower the loss, the higher the density of states on mode resonance

• Density of states on resonance exceeds that of free space

Via the local density of states (LDOS)• Radiated power depends on location of source within its

environment• Radiated power depends on frequency of source• Radiated power depends on orientation of source

The LDOS can be interpreted as a radiation resistance

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Power radiated in inhomogeneous environment

In analogy with

Normalize emitted power to power emitted in free space:

Depending on the sign (phase) of the scattered field returning to the dipole, it enhances or suppresses power dissipation.

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Power enhancement by photonic system

Warning: The term LDOS (enhancement) is used sloppily to refer to

and more

Radiating source up to GHz:

Radiating sources at 1000 THz (visible):

Wikimedia; Emory.edu

Quantum dotsDye moleculesAtoms

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Light sources

Radiating sources at 1000 THz :

Quantum dotsDye moleculesAtoms

Optical emitters have discrete level scheme (in the visible)Let’s focus on the two lowest levelsHow long will the system remain in its excited state?

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Quantum emitters

The probability to detect a photon at time t is proportional to p(t)!1. Prepare system in excited state with

light pulse at t=02. Record time delay t13. Repeat experiment many times4. Histogram arrival time delays

detectormolecule t1 t2 t3

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Fluorescence lifetime measurements

time

decay rate lifetime

Fermi’s Golden Rule:

Initial state (excited atom, no photon):

Final state (de-excited atom, 1 photon in state k at frequency omega):

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Calculation of decay rate g

Sum over final states is sum over photon states (k) at transition frequency ω.

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Calculation of decay rate g

Fermi’s Golden Rule:

Initial state (excited atom, no photon):

Final state (de-excited atom, 1 photon in state k at frequency w):

Interaction Hamiltonian:

Atomic part: transition dipole moment (quantum)

Field part: Local density of states (classical)

EmitterTransition dipole moment:Wave function engineering by synthesizing molecules, and quantum dots

Chemistry, material science

EnvironmentLDOS: Electromagnetic mode engineering by shaping boundary conditions for Maxwell’s equations

Physics, electrical engineering

www.photonics.ethz.chantennaking.com, Wikimedia, emory.edu

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Decay rate engineering

Transition dipole moment is NOT classical dipole moment, but

Classical electromagnetism CANNOT make a statement about the absolute decay rate of a quantum emitter.BUT: Classical electromagnetism CAN predict the decay rate enhancement provided by a photonic system as compared to a reference system.

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Rate enhancement – quantum vs. classical

Drexhage’s experiment (late 1960s)

First observation of the local (!) character of the DOS!

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Mirror

Eu3+

d

HW3

Drexhage, J. Lumin. 1,2; 693 (1970)

Drexhage’s experiment (late 1960s)

Emitter sees its own mirror image.Gs is given as the field generated by the mirror dipole.

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Mirror

Eu3+

d

HW3

Drexhage, J. Lumin. 1,2; 693 (1970)

Describe a classical version of the experiment!

A classical analogy for Drexhage’s experiment

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Langguth et al., PRL 116, 224301 (2016)

Fourier-trafoDecay rate

A classical analogy for Drexhage’s experiment

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Langguth et al., PRL 116, 224301 (2016)

Fourier-trafoDecay rate

A classical analogy for Drexhage’s experiment

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Langguth et al., PRL 116, 224301 (2016)

Fourier-trafoDecay rate

Make clear to yourself how the radiated power for a dipole with constant current/amplitude is related to the decay rate!

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Density of states in a realistic resonator

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How many modes in frequency band [w, w+Dw] and resonator volume V?

In free space (large resonator):

Small resonator

Large resonator

• Losses broaden delta-spike into Lorentzian

• Area under Lorentzian is unity

• The lower the loss, the higher the density of states on mode resonance

• Density of states on resonance exceeds that of free space

The Purcell effect

Free space: Density of states via Green function.Alternatively, count states in large box (see EM course).

In cavity: Lorentzian with essentially one mode per Δωand cavity volume V

ω

ρ(ω)

Δω

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Literally: “1 mode per volume V and frequency band “

The Purcell effect

Free space: Density of states via Green function.Alternatively, count states in large box (see EM course).

In cavity: Lorentzian with essentially one mode per Δωand cavity volume V

ω

ρ(ω)

Δω

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The Purcell effect

The Purcell factor is the maximum rate enhancement provided by a cavity given that the source is1. Located at the field maximum of the mode2. Spectrally matched exactly to the mode3. Oriented along the field direction of the mode

Caution: Purcell factor is only defined for a cavity. The concept of the LDOS is much more general and holds for any photonic system.

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1. Because it is awesome!2. Some people like bright sources. Increase photon production rate of

emitter by LDOS enhancement.

3. Some people like efficient sources. Increase quantum efficiency of emitter by LDOS enhancement.

4. Some people (physicists) like to investigate the excited states of quantum emitters. Increase lifetime of excited state by LDOS reduction.

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Why engineer the decay rate?

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Micro-cavities in the 21st century

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Vahala, Nature 424, 839

Micro-cavities in the 21st century

How to squeeze more light out of a source:

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Vahala, Nature 424, 839

HW3

Micro-cavities in the 21st century

A cavity is a tool to increase light-matter interaction.

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Vahala, Nature 424, 839