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pressure of a fluid flowing through a tube could arise c

from contraction of the tube was altogether ignored by ICrile, and some of his supporters had even said that it was r

not so, that the pressure was as high as, some said much r

higher than, that in the narrow part of the tube, forgetting c

that it was a difference of pressure that made a fluid flow. fThe fact that the blood was in an enclosed space must notbe forgotten. The effect of this was that although con- gtraction of a vessel tended to lower the blood pressure within a

it because the fluid flowed, yet the blood must collectsomewhere, and naturally it was found in the weakest part r

of the vascular system, i.e., in the large veins. This 11accounted for the raised pressure in them which did not e

exist in the pithed animals and which was not accounted for s

by Crile’s theory. Roy and Adami showed that peripheralirritation not only contracted the arteries but also increasedthe force of the ventricular contractions, and Eugene Boise,of Grand Rapids, Michigan, had pointed out that as shock tincreased the heart action became more limited until itsdilatations were so small that it could not take up and (

propel sufficient blood into the aorta, the pressure then afell and the blood accumulated in the veins. Crile’s (

explanation that the heart could not get sufficient bloodbecause of the low pressure in the veins was considered iunsatisfactory and irreconcilable with his previous state-ment that the veins were engorged. Whether the ivessels were dilated or contracted in shock changes ofcalibre certainly occurred and the conditions necessarilyreturned to the normal during recovery. Hence it was neces- i

sary to divide the treatment of shock into two stages, first toprevent change and later to promote a return to the normal.Crile taught that the vessels dilated as shock progressed andshould be filled with fluid and contracted if possible. Mr.Malcolm held that the vessels contract in shock, that thefluids were squeezed out of them and removed from the bodyas sweat. Hence vaso-dilators and sedatives should be givenas shock developed, and the administration of fluids was

necessary in the stage of recovery. In support of this lastview Crile was quoted to the effect that as shock deepenedthe quantity of fluid that could be taken into the veinsbecame progressively smaller, and that in deepest shockfluid so injected escaped into the tissues almost immediately.Mummery had confirmed these views, which did not seem tosupport his contention above mentioned that the volume ofthe blood naturally increased in shock. On the other hand, inthe days when fluids were rigidly withheld after operationspatients often remained in a state of profound shock for manyhours. Now it was known that a free administration of fluidwas all that was necessary to insure prompt recovery in anuncomplicated case. The evidence seemed complete that inshock fluids were removed from the vessels and from the

body and had to be replaced before recovery was possible.Hence endeavours to force blood into the veins in the stageof developing shock were considered useless and dangerous.When the vessels relaxed the danger of collapse was great.Vaso-dilators were then unnecessary and increased the dangerunless fluid was also supplied. Hence it was desirable tointroduce fluid in anticipation of the necessity for it, andthe dangers of venous injection could be avoided by intro-ducing the fluid into ’subcutaneous tissue, the rectum, or theperitoneal cavity. The employment of vaso-constrictorswhen the arteries were empty and would not dilate or wouldnot remain dilated was considered irrational, whilst alcoholwas considered useful and undoubtedly improved the pulse inthat stage. The action of strychnine had been condemned byCrile because when convulsions were prevented by curare inrepeated doses it produced a rise of blood pressure followedby a fall until the condition of low pressure in shock wasbrought about. Here again the possibility that strychninemight stimulate an intense arterial contraction which reducedblood pressure by narrowing the vessels was altogetherignored and the conclusion was arrived at that strychnineparalysed the vaso-motor centres. The improvements ofthe methods of administering anaesthetics, the disuse ofirritating antiseptics, the use of the Trendelenburg posi-tion, and the anticipation of septic and inflammatorytroubles by improved diagnosis and prompt treatment wereimportant measures for preventing shock. The greatestdanger arose in septic cases in which the vascular changesof shock were already partially produced, In such casesfluid was required as a food and never less than during anoperation. It should therefore be given subcutaneously during

or even before a surgical procedure was commenced to re-place fluid lost and to fill up vessels whenever they tended torelax. The treatment of septic peritonitis by continuousrectal injections was explained in a similar way. In suchcases there was always a free discharge from the peritoneumfor from 12 to 30 hours after the operation if recovery ensued.This drained the body of fluid, and if the loss was not madegood the patient could not recover but died partly from shockand partly from sepsis.

Mr. C. R. B. KEETLEY said that shock was less seen

now because of the care taken to prevent haemorrhage, tokeep the patient warm, and because of the substitution ofether for chloroform. He deprecated the extent to whichstrychnine was used in the operating theatres.

Mr. A. PEARCE GOULJ) said there were three elements of

primary importance in the treatment of shock: external

warmth, rest, and a small dose of morphine. He agreed thatthe hypodermic injection of strychnine was useless.

Dr. ALEXANDER MORISON pointed out that shock passedoff when the power of the heart’s action returned; the

application of warmth or the inhalation of amyl nitrite

quickened the action of the heart.Mr. V. WARREN Low spoke of intravenous saline injection

in very severe degrees of shock.Mr. LOCKWOOD raised the question of the definition of

shock and described an instance in which the administrationof oxygen produced an amelioration of the condition afterother remedies had failed. He had seen gangrene followinjections of brandy and ether into the tissues.

Mr. MALCOLM said his remarks referred to conditions ofshock produced gradually in a prolonged operation. Hethought shock was due to the contraction of the vessels andthat it killed slowly; syncope occurred when the vesselswere relaxed when there was not enough blood to fill them.In regard to the injection of fluid into a vein he said thatCrile’s view was that if saline solutions were injected into avein in conditions of shock the fluid merely passed into thetissues.

Mr. T. H. KELLOCK read a paper on Associated Disease ofthe Vermiform Appendix and Fallopian Tubes, which wasdiscussed by Mr. CHARLES RYALL, Mr. MALCOLM, Mr.WILLIAM ROSE, and Mr. LOCKWOOD.

OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Tubercle of the Choroid.—Spring Catarrh.—Atropine andRefraction Work.—Exhibition of Instrzcnaent and Cases.

’ A MEETING of this society was held on May 6th, Mr. R.MARCUS GUNN, the President, being in the chair.

Dr. G. CARPENTER read a paper entitled, " A ClinicalContribution to the Study of Tubercle of the Choroid." Thefirst patient, under Dr. J. Porter Parkinson, aged seven years,had been getting thinner. He was admitted to hospital withphysical signs at the right apex, front and back. There wasa history of abdominal pain, but no cause for it could bediscovered by palpation. The child then became drowsyand comatose, with great wasting. There were six choroidaltubercles and flecks of retinal pigment were scatteredabout them. Three of the tubercles were crossed byretinal vessels. The second patient, a girl, aged two

years, had been ailing six weeks and had had sicknessand headache five days. When admitted she was sufferingfrom meningitis, and died on the sixth day. The rightfundus was normal and no tubercles or optic neuritis could beseen, but on the left side there was slight papillitis. Closeto the optic papilla was a tubercle of considerable size, andseveral blood-vessels crossed its face. The retinal arterieswere small; nothing was noticed about the veins. Thesurface vessels of the brain were congested. The diagnosis wasverified at the necropsy. The next case was that of a boy, aged17 months, who had much the same physical signs. He hadmeningitis, which was later corroborated by lumbar puncture.Another case was that of a boy, aged two years, who had hada bad cough five weeks and when admitted had consolidationat both apices. There was a small amount of papillitis inboth eyes. He died 12 days after admission, no changeshaving occurred in the fundus in the meantime. Severalother cases of the kind were recorded, and Dr. Carpenterthen proceeded to discuss the readiness which had beenshown. to attribute such appearances to syphilis, whateverevidence to the contrary might have existed. He urged

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early.and systematic ophthalmological examinations, whichwould often render unnecessary spinal punctures, or injec-tions of substances to induce reactions.-The paper wasdiscussed by the PRESIDENT and by Dr. FREDERICK E.

BATTEN, the latter gentleman commenting on the compara-tive infrequency of tubercle of the choroid in tuberculouschildren, and stating that he was under the impression thatspinal puncture afforded a more certain indication than

ophthalmoscopic observation.-Dr. CARPENTER replied.Mr. J. MACKENZIE DAVIDSON and Mr. ARNOLD LAWSON

communicated a paper entitled, "A Case of Spring CatarrhTreated and Cured by Radium." The patient was a boy, aged12 years, who suffered from chronic photophobia, lacryma-tion, and slight conjunctival discharge which had persistedfor nearly a year, but no exciting cause could be discovered.Both tarsi were covered with dense hard excrescences, closelyaggregated, and separated by deep narrow fissures. Theretrotarsal tissue was swollen and hypertrophied and theviscid discharge was spread over the conjunctival surface.The disease was confirmed by examination of the discharge.The irritability was chiefly marked in the morning. Hewas ordered complete cessation from close work anddark glasses for out of doors. Yellow mercuric oxide wasused, but no benefit resulted, and it caused too much

pain. A week later he had cupric sulphate drops of astrength of one grain to the ounce. In August the boywent to the seaside against Mr. Lawson’s advice andgot worse there. Bicarbonate of soda and hydrocyanic acidgave relief and weak copper sulphate drops were used fromtime to time still. He then consulted with Mr. MackenzieDavidson as to the possibility of treating the case withradium. It was carried out for a year, during which periodeach eye was treated eight times. No pain or other im-mediate effect was produced but the granulations graduallysubsided. After the eighth application he was quite cured,but the interval before reading the communication was tomake quite sure there had been no recurrence for a goodtime. 39 milligrammes of radium were used for 15 minutesat first and then 44 milligrammes. Mr. Lawson thought thatfew applications with a potent dose of radium was betterthan many applications with a weaker quantity.-Mr.MACKENZIE DAVIDSON discussed the case, pointing out theimportance of being sure that the strength of radium used waswhat it was said to be, as he had found serious discrepancies.It was also very important to cut off those radium emanationswhich were not needed in the cure.Mr. R. R. CRUISE read a paper on the Abuse of Atropine in

Refraction Work. The paper was based on the examinationof 140 eyes under 16 years of age. He concluded that, onthe whole, homatropine and cocaine were quite equal if notsuperior to atropine, though in most cases the result after thetwo mydriatics was identical.-The paper was discussed byMr. S. STEPHENSON, Mr. N. BiSHOP HARMAN, and Mr. C.DEVEREUX MARSHALL, the latter of whom alluded to Mr. W.Lang’s investigations on the matter; and Mr. ERNEST CLARKEsaid it would have been useful to learn what the astigmatismwas in the cases.Mr. M. S. MAYOU read a communication on the Dis-

appearance of the Iris from the Pupillary Area followingInjury.Major R. H. ELLIOT, I.M.S., exhibited Instruments :

(a) An Evisceration Spoon ; (b) an Optic Nerve Hook for usein the operation of Optico-ciliary Neurectomy ; and (c) an lElevator for use in Extirpation of the Lacrymal Sac.Mr. STEPHENSON showed a case of Congenital Anterior

Staphyloma in a baby, who also had absence of patellae, :genu recurvatum, cryptorchidism, and other abnormalities. :

Mr. G. WINFIELD ROLL showed a case with unusual appear- 1ance of the optic disc, the result of a previous papillitis. :

Mr. E. TREACHER COLLINS showed a case of Nodular iLeprosy affecting the Eyes ; also a case of Progressive (

Bilateral Ptosis. t

UNITED SERVICES MEDICAL SOCIETY.

Physical Training and tke Medical Profession.A MEETING of this society was held on April 14th, Colonel

D. WARDROP, A.M.S., being in the chair.Surgeon KENELM DiGBY BELL, R.N., read a paper on

Physical Training and the Medical Profession. Afterlamenting the national tendency to ’’ specialise " in modern

sports and to neglect the well coordiriated training of thebody and the mind the speaker said : "It must be our dutyto ensure that some sound method of physical education isuniversally adopted to encourage the building up of a healthybody to keep in touch with the rapid growth of mentaleducation. The true object of physical training should beto increase the strength, agility, and power of enduranceof our boys and men. By strength ’ I do not mean largemuscular development (as is so commonly understood) buan even balance of work between every organ and functionof our body, striving to produce an all-round man. Wemust endeavour to build up the feeble to a good mediumof health and strength ; we should strive to diminish annuallythe number of social wasters which the ’modern conditions oflife tend to increase. Discretion and experience warn us ofthe error of acrobatic sights which pervert public spirit.The results of physical training lose their interest if insteadof benefiting the mass they serve to form certain athletes tosatisfy the vain curiosity of the crowd. In the Services theneed for some daily routine of exercise to keep the men fitand ready for any duty they may be called upon to do, with-out strain to their individual economy, has been recognisedfor some years now and the schools of physical training atPortsmouth and Aldershot turn out annually officers and menwho have been trained to instruct boys and all ratings on thelines of the Swedish system of gymnastics. I have beenfortunate in having had the opportunity to study this questionfor the last three years by the command of the Lords Commis-sioners of the Admiralty, as I was appointed to the PhysicalTraining School at Portsmouth in August, 1906, where I amstill employed, and also had the privilege of attending a year’scourse of instruction at the Central Gymnastic Institute atStockholm last year. The fact that I was in attendance as

honorary medical officer at the Olympic games in Londonlast July gave me a further advantage, as I seized everyopportunity of studying the types of physique of thevarious nations competing and the different systems of

gymnastics performed by the teams at the Stadium. Myconstant endeavour has been to study the various exercisesfrom the practical as well as the theoretical point ofview in order to learn what is being taught and to feel theeffect of the exercises on myself personally,. I am fullyconvinced that the best method for conducting the physicaltraining of numbers of boys and men is on the lines of theSwedish system of gymnastics." Surgeon Bell then proceededto describe the general principles of that part of the systememployed in the navy and army schools-namely, educa-tional gymnastics-of which the three fundamental cha-racteristics were : (1) the nature and intention of theexercises ; (2) the progression of the exercises; and (3) thedefinite arrangement of the exercises in the daily lesson.Every exercise had a special physical effect embodied in it,which was chiefly dependent on the changes, produced inaccordance with the laws of physiology, in the organs oflocomotion taking part in the movement and in those partsof the nervous system which were called into play by itand each exercise was practised solely to produce thateffect. There were some 900 to 1000 distinct exercisesin the system and the combination of those was almostinfinite, so that there was large scope for variety andindividuality. The progression of the exercises had beenso carefully thought out and described that the whole

training could be carried out by persons of any age or

special requirements without overstrain or damage. Theexercises should be graduated and the so-called position ofattention should be gradually reached by careful trainingand not insisted on at the first lesson, where it was bound tobe accompanied by effort amounting almost to strain. The

arrangement of the exercises in the daily lesson providedfor the all-round development of every organ and functionof the body. A certain definite order was employed based on’the effects of the exercises, care being taken not to let severalmovements having the same effect follow each other andthus prevent fatigue and strain. When one group of muscleshad been concentrically contracted for any period of time theywere at once extended by the exercises which immediately’ollowed and in this way their full capacity of action wasassured which kept them supple and expansile instead ofallowing them to remain shortened and fixed as was oftenhe case when their contraction was alone considered. Greatttention was paid to the development of an expansible andesilient chest in the young and its maintenance throughout