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prevention of disease among their recognised aims. Theharvest was near. Let them be content if they only sowedthe seed, leaving it to others to reap the crop, which but forthem and their fellow-labourers they never would have seen.He need not dilate upon the melancholy topic, the losses bydeath which the society had sustained during the past year-this had been dealt with in the Council’s report-but hecould not forbear to refer to a circumstance of another kind,though the same report had not failed to do justice to it.He referred to the approaching completion of his seventiethyear by their distinguished honorary member, ProfessorVirchow. Professor Virchow occupied so exceptional aposition that the Council had proposed to take a no lessexceptional course, and to signalise the event by the con-gratulatory address which had been read. That it mightbe long before this eminent, he might say super-eminent,member of their society claimed notice of a different kindmust, he was sure, be the wish of everyone who honouredtranscendent ability associated with uprightness and publicspirit. He ended as he began, by reiterating his sense ofthe honour which the Society had bestowed upon him; andif he might venture on his departure to prophesy, it wouldbe of the increasing prosperity and scientific importance ofthat Association-issues which he was sure would be pro-moted by the accession of his respected teacher, Sir GeorgeHumphry, to the position which had been far less worthilyoccupied by himself.The following card specimens were shown :-Dr. S. WEST : Secondarv Sarcoma of Lung.Dr. A. F. VOELCKER : Ttibsrculosis of Thyroid.Dr. ROLLESTON : Lung invaded with Myxo-Sarcoma.Mr. H. B ROBINSON : Ulcerative Colitis.Dr. W. H. ALLCHIN: Pigmented Intestine and Adrenals

from a case of Addison’s Disease.Mr. J. H. TARGETT : Entero-Cystoma from Ox.Dr. F. HAWKINS: (1) Aneurysms above and involving

the Sinuses of Valsalva-Death by Rupture of one into thePericardium ; (2) Malignant Tumour of the Ileo-CsecalValve.

Dr. LAURISTON SHAW : Contraction of Stomach fromChronic Inflammation.After the usual votes of thanks to the retiring officers

the Society adjourned.

OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Arterio-venous Aneurysm of the Orbit.-Parageiesia withOphthalmoplegia.-Emphysema of the Conjunctiva.-Eyelashes in the Anterior Chamber.-The Formation andPathology of Pyramidal and Central Anterior CapsularCataracts.

AN ordinary meeting of this Society was held on May 7th,the President, Mr. H. Power, in the chair.Mr. RICHARD WILLIAMS (Liverpool) read a description

of a case of Arterio-venous Aneurysm of the Orbit. The

patient, a youth, aged fourteen, had received a kick from ahorse on the left temple. The left eye had been "swollenout ever since the accident, and the swelling was

gradually increasing. At the upper and inner angle of theorbit there was an oval swelling about the size of a small !,walnut, which distinctly pulsated. Ligature of the commoncarotid was performed, and the pulsation ceased, but re-turned in some degree later, and then gradually subsided,until one day, whilst weeding in the garden, the eye felt sud.denly painful, and the lids became swollen. Since then thepulsation entirely ceased, and the appearance and vision ofthe eye became normal, all that remained being slight ptosisand contraction of the pupil. Mr. Williams cited othercases in which recovery had occurred after compression orligature of the common carotid, and expressed his opinionthat this latter was the most satisfactory method of treat-ment.-Mr. WHERRY (Cambridge) had tied the carotid in alad exhibiting similar symptoms after sustaining a fractureof the base of the skull. Subsequently there were doubleptosis and optic neuritis. The operation was followed bygrave symptoms-coma lasting fourteen days, hemiplegia onthe opposite side of the body, with contraction of the limb,and almost complete loss of reason. No doubt the brainhad been seriously bruised at the time of the accident; pro-bably some thrombosis had occurred, and extended rapidlywhen the blood supply was retarded by ligature of thecarotid. So far as the operation was concerned, the immediate

recovery was all that could have been desired.-Mr. FROSTmentioned a case under his own care in which the con-dition remained stationary for some years, and the patientwas able to follow his occupation as a wheelwright.He deprecated early interference in such cases, as a con-siderable number of spontaneous recoveries were on record.-Dr. MULES (Manchester) mentioned a case in which inter-mittent pressure on the carotid was applied by the patienthimself with perfect success -Mr. CHARLES LEE (Liver-pool) said he had had the advantage of seeing both the casesmentioned by Mr. Richard Williams, and he was an advo-cate for early operation. In one of the cases mentionedoperation had been postponed, and severe haemorrhageoccurred from dilated veins in the eye of the affected side, andthe sight had been lost.-Mr. SILCOCK mentioned a case hehad shown to the Society some years ago. No operationhad been performed, and the man was now in practicallythe same condition as when first seen.-Mr. TATHAMTHOMPSON (Cardiff) referred to three cases of arterio-venous aneurysm of the orbit. One, a girl aged ten, per.forated the orbit by falling on a knitting needle. Theaneurysm which ensued was completely cured by electrolysis.In the second case, also in a child, the orbit was penetratedby the frame of an umbrella. In the third, a woman agedforty, during a severe fit of coughing in pregnancy, expe-rienced the sensation of a pistol crack in the eye, and everafter heard a buzzing noise The bruit could be stopped bypressure on the carotid.-Mr. CROSS (Bristol) referred to thecase of a child fifteen months old in which the sym-ptoms appeared after a fall. No operation had been per.formed. Recent rapid increase in the symptoms made itdoubtful whether the case was not one of new growth.Mr. WHERRY (Cambridge) read a paper on Parageusia

with Ophthalmoplegia. A gentleman, aged forty-seven,who was first seen on Dec. 9th, 1890, had homonymousdiplopia, worse on looking to the right. The right eye waskept shut in walking to avoid dizziness and double images.No signs were present of tabes dorsalis or of optic neuritis.Both pupils were dilated, and did not act to light or inaccommodation. The vision was not affected in either eye.He could read J. 1 at 10 in., and write perfectly with botheyes, using his accustomed glasses. Three days beforethe attack began, when he was in his usual good health,he noticed at table that everything tasted bitter; he thoughtthat saliva collected a little more on the left side of hismouth; he had then occasional diplopia. On Dec. 16th therewas marked divergence and crossed diplopia, but each eyeseparately would move well to the canthi,with no weakness ofany single muscle ; convergence was impossible, and all nearwork was done with one eye, the left for choice. Somepatches of numbness were noticed on the outer side of theleft thigh and on the left little finger. Severe nocturnalpains in the head and scalp were relieved by hot compresses.The taste symptom had been a serious distress ; even waterwas too bitter to be touched. Hungry, and with a cleantongue, the patient was unable to dine. A glass ofchampagne was tried, but it was found impossible to drinkit. This parageusia lasted acutely during five days. Theexternal squint and dilatation of the pupils remaineduntil ten days later, when all pain disappeared. Thepupils were smaller, acted slightly to reflected light,and attempts at convergence could be seen. After anotherten days the pupil acted to light, and convergence andsingle vision were possible with effort. The symptoms finallypassed away about two months from the onset. There wasa history of syphilis twenty years before. The patientwas married, with three healthy children. In the treatment,iodide of potassium was pushed to 110 grains daily. Butcher’smeat and alcohol were avoided, and a midday sleep wasobtained. Mr. Wherry thought it probable that the ocularsymptoms were due to a syphilitic lesion affecting the nucleiof the third nerve about the aqueduct of Sylvius. Thepalsy of convergence and dilated pupils without affection ofaccommodation, pointed to a very minute lesion, and offeredinteresting clinical evidence of the existence of centre3which separated the various functions. In reference to thedistressing disturbance of taste, it might be found to bemore common in functional disorders, and cast a doubt onthe origin of the attack. The patient himself thought itdue to a cerebral hemorrhage during sexual excitement.Mr. TATHAM THOMPSON (Cardiff) read notes of a case of

Emphysema of the Conjunctiva occurring in a clergymanaged about thirty. After breakfast on the day he wasexamined, and whilst blowing his nose rather violently, he

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felt a sudden "shock," a eensation as of somethinggradually covering the right eye, and a peculiar "stiffened"teeling in it. He had no pain. On examination the righteye was found to be displaced downwards two-thirds of aninch, and forwards half an inch. Both lids tensely stretched,purplish colour, and with superficial veins engorged.Cornea clear, but surrounded and partly overhung by anenormous chemosis of the ocular conjunctiva, of a bluishcolour, and almost non-vascular. This 11 bullous" " con-junctiva protruded far between the lids. Crepitation wasreadily elicited on palpation. The conjunctiva was snippedin a radial manner, the air escaping with each snip, theremainder squeezed out, and the eye returned by steadypressure and massage. All uncomfortable symptoms atonce subsided, and vision rapidly returned. The eye was stillslightly misplaced downwards and forwards, and it was foundthat ten or eleven years before he had been operated on byMr. Edgar Brown for exostosis of the orbit, and there hadbeen slight permanent displacement since then. The eyewas kept lightly bandaged for twenty-four hours, and forty-Pight hours after all traces had disappeared. There hadbeen no recurrence.Mr. LAWFORD (for Mr. G. D. Johnston, of Vancouver)

read notes and showed a sketch of a man who had receiveda wound of the cornea from a piece of wire, which hadcarried five eyelashes into the anterior chamber. Thesewere subsequently removed by operation, with recovery ofa useful eye.Mr. ERNEST CLARKE reported a case of Eyelash in the

Anterior Chamber occurring in a boy aged thirteen underhis care, who had wounded his eye with a knife. An eyelashwas carried into the eyeball, the bulb of the cilium remainingin the corneal wound. It was extracted eight days afterthe accident.-The PRESIDENT alluded to the case of asailor who received a wound from a clasp-knife, by whichan eyelash was carried into the anterior chamber, where itremained for some months, giving rise only to slight irrita-tion.-Mr. CRITCHETT mentioned a somewhat similar case.Dr. MULES read a paper on the Formation and Pathology

of Pyramidal and Central Anterior Capsular Cataracts,limiting his observations to the class of cases where therewas no proof of previous corneal perforation. Fiom a caseof his own, where persistent bands of pupillary membraneremained attached bv their apices to a central cataract, andby their bases to the larger circle of the iris, he inferredthat the central spot was a patch of cretified pupillarymembrane, with or without a lymph cone, and he instancedMcKenzie’s observation of the ease with which many ofthese spots could be brushed off the capsule, leaving itintact, as confirmatory of his own view; he further pointedout the importance of this explanation in reference toother congenital lenticular opacities.-Mr. MARCUS GUNNsaid that he had suggested a nearly similar explana-tion for some cases of anterior capsular cataract ina paper he published in the Ophthalmic Review a

few years ago.-Mr. HARTRIDGE mentioned the case ofa bjy aged fourteen, in whom an extensive perfora-tion of the cornea occurred, and where the lens was forsome days in contact with the cornea; yet the resultingnebula was very insignificant. It was only in youngchildren that capsular cataract was believed to follow suchaccidents. He thought perforation of the cornea mightleave very little evidence besides damage to the lens. Thehypothesis put forward by Dr. Males would require the per-sistence of pupillary membrane in many more cases thanwere at present met with.-Mr. STEPHENSON said that hemet with remains of pupillary membrane very frequently.-Dr. MULES said, in reply, that it had been stated by Wellsthat perforating ulcer of the cornea in these cases need leaveno nebula. The author of the paper had never seen such acase. Those he mentioned showed no trace of a nebula an(gave no history of any inflammatory change. In three thcondition was unilateral.The following card specimens were shown :—

Mr. LAWFOPD: (1) Retinal Haemorrhage and Exudationwith Venous Thrombosis ; (2) Subconjunctival Ne,Growth (?) Gumma.Mr. R. WILLIAMS : Dermoid of Cornea and ConjunctiveMr. SPENCER WATSON : Dermoid of Cornea and Coi

junctiva.Mr. ERNEST CLARKE: Absence of Iris, with Opacity (

Lens, after Injury.Mr. LANG : New Growth, (?) Sarcoma, at Sclero-corne;

Junction.

ROYAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND.

A MEETING of the State Medicine Section was held onMay lst.On the Fifth Year of Medical Education.-Dr. FALKINER

read a paper on this subject. The author, referringto the resolutions of the Medical Council of 1889-90,pointed out that, in order to be qualified for holdinga Poor-law appointment, six, and not five, years ofstudy were required. In defence of the short period ofstudy at present in vogue, Dr. Falkiner referred to theabuse of hospital and other charities, and also the state ofdegradation that some of the English general practitionershave fallen into. He urged that the expense of medicaleducation was more than equivalent to the value receivedby the student, and objected to any increased outlay. Headvocated the method adopted by the Conjoint Board ofEngland, who in the minor subjects make the examination,and not the certificate of the teacher, the standard oftheir degrees, and finally spoke strongly of the pupil’s resi-dence in a general hospital with an out-patient departmentas the true foundation of the medical student’s training.-Dr. R. MONTGOMERY said, after over twenty-five years asan examiner in the Apothecaries’ Hall, he found that generalanswering had deteriorated. He thought that attendanceunder dispensary officers would be most advantageous.Pharmacy was the great deficiency. Few men now wereable to write prescriptions after the manner of Hudson andother learned Presidents. He thought the additional yearwas advantageous, as it would lessen the number of mengoing to the profession, and perhaps lessen the disgracefulpractice that was carried on in England of 6d. and Is.dispensaries.-Dr. J. W. MOORE noticed that Dr. Falkinerconsidered the fifth year proposed by the General MedicalCouncil to be in reality a sixth year, since a diplomain State Medicine, with a year’s curriculum, would infuture be required in addition to the proposed five years’curriculum. But, in his opinion, the suggested reform bythe General Medical Council would really reduce the curri.culum to three years, the first year of medical study beingpractically spent in non-medical schools and non-medicalcourses, while the proposed fifth year would be practicallyspent by the candidate as " an unqualified assistant," thatanomalous individual upon whom had descended theheaviest wrath of the General Medical Council in recentyears. The speaker was strongly in favour of a prolongedperiod of genuine medical study, such as existed in Swedenand Norway; but he considered that a fifth year should bespent either in the wards of a clinical hospital or in a first-rate continental school, such as that of Vienna, Berlin, orParis -Dr. K. K. JOHNSTON thought the want of knowledgein the diagnosis and treatment of simple ailments on thepart of senior students and junior practitioners arose throughthe students being anxious to see rare diseases, and thiswas due to the fact that the examiners expected them tohave an accurate theoretical knowledge of rare diseases.Hospital physicians seldom lectured on the so-called simpleailments. Who, as a student, had ever heard a clini-cal lecture on biliousness ?-Dr. Tobin, Dr. Doyle, Sur-geon-Major Macnamara, and Dr, Savage also spoke,-The CHAIRMAN remarked on the importance of the ques-tion which Dr. Falkiner had brought under the noticeof the Section, and the very interesting and varied opinions

. which had been elicited by the discussion. With respect tothe great pressure on the students’ time now complained of,,

- he stated he used to go to hospital at 8 o’clock, attend5medical and arts lectures all day, and often dissection in

the evening, and many of his fellow students did the same.t He was afraid students were not so industrious now as1 they were thirty years ago, or complaints would not&bgr; be so numerous. Dr. Falkiner advocated attendance at a

Poor-law dispensary as a suitable way of obtaining instructionin practical medicine and surgery, and pointed out how the

I, class of diseases treated at dispensaries could not be properlyvstudied in clinical hospitals. He (the Chairman) quite

agreed that such institutions would be useful and desirable,t. and were at present difficult to obtain ; but when it was re-i- membered that there were some three- fourths of the members

)f of the profession engaged in general practice, and that of

)f these a great number held public or quasi-public appoint-ments, and that many of them were quite unfit to act as

al teachers, he could not see that, under the present circum-stances, it was desirable to accept certificates of study fxocrn