Opportunity of Co-benefits of Climate Change Mitigation Actions
from Waste: Experience of Waste Concern in Bangladesh
Iftekhar Enayetullah Co-founder & Director
WASTE CONCERN
Session 2:Opportunities for Linking the SWM Sector with
International Climate Financing
CONSULTATION WORKSHOP ON NAMA FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN SRI LANKA FOR SWM SECTOR
WITH INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE FINANCING
web: www.wasteconcern.org
Presentation Outline
I. Current Practice of SWM in Asia and the Pacific Region
II. Problems From Present Practice
III. What is Waste to Resource Approach?
IV. How Waste to Resource Approach Reduces Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions?
V. What is Co-benefit?
VI. Examples of Potential Co-benefits of Waste to Resource Approach: Waste Concern’s Approach in Bangladesh.
VII. Way Forward for Climate Financing using NAMA
Waste Generation Worldwide and in Developing Countries
It is estimated that 5.2 million tons of solid waste are generated daily worldwide,of which 3.8 million tons are from developing countries.
5.2 million tons/ day Worldwide
3.8 million tons/ day Developing countries.
Waste Generation
60-70% organic
Source: World Bank 2013, What a Waste
Global Perspective: Solid Waste Management Costs Versus Income
LOW INCOME COUNTRY
MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY
HIGH INCOME COUNTRY
Average WASTE GENERATION 0.2 t/capita/y 0.3 t/capita/y 0.6 t/capita/y
Average INCOME FROM GNP 370 $/capita/y 2,400 $/ capita/y 22,000 $/ capita/y
Collection Cost 10-30 $/t. 30-70 $/m. 70-120 $/t.
Transfer Cost 3-8 $/t. 5-15 $/t. 15-20 $/t.
Sanitary Landfill Cost 3-10 $/t. 8-15 $/t. 15-50 $/t.
TOTAL COST WITHOUT TRANSFER 13-40 $/m.t. 38-85 $/t. 90-170 $/t.
TOTAL COST WITH TRANSFER 16-48 $/t. 43-100 $/t. 105-190 $/t.
Total Cost per Capita 3-10 $/capita/y 12-30 $/capita/y 60-114 $/capita/y
COST AS % OF INCOME 0.7-2.6% 0.5-1.3% 0.2-0.5%
www.wasteconcern.org
Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”
Waste Bins Demountable Containers
Mixed Waste
Transfer Stations
Present Situation in Developing Countries
Source of Waste
Landfill
LEACHATEPolluting Ground& Surface Water
VERMINSSpreading more than
40 Diseases
METHANE GASBad Odor &Green Housegas
Current approach: waste management not resource recovery…
PROBLEMS FROM PRESENT PRACTICE
80% Compost
6-10% Recyclables
10-14% Non-compostable
GHG Reduced
Agriculture
CER
Local market
Landfilled
IRRC
100% Collected with user fee
House-to-house waste collection method 86% RECYCLED
Waste
EnergyRefuse Derived Fuel
What is Waste to Resource Approach?
Since 2007, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), inpartnership with Waste Concern, has been promoting decentralized and Integrated ResourceRecovery Centers (IRRCs) in secondary cities and small towns in Asia-Pacific with the objective torecover value from waste and provide livelihood opportunities to the urban poor.
IRRC is a facility where significant portion (80-90%) of waste can be composted/recycled andprocessed in a cost effective way near the source of generation in a decentralized manner. IRRC isbased on 3 R Principle.
Organic Waste Landfill Methane (CH4) Emission
Baseline situation (organic waste dumped in landfill sites becomes anaerobic and generates methane)
Organic Waste
Organic Waste
Used Cooking Oil
Organic Waste (non-
compostables)
Composting (Aerobic Process)
Biogas Plant(Anaerobic Digestion)
Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)
Organic Waste
Co-composting(Aerobic Process)
Bio diesel Plant
Human Excreta
Compost (Diverted organic waste from landfill and replacing use of
chemical fertilizer )
Biogas to Electricity(replacing fossil fuel based
electricity)
Fuel in Pellet form(replacing diesel or coal used
in boilers or brick kilns)
Compost (Diverted organic waste
from landfill and replacing
use of chemical fertilizer)
Bio diesel (replacing diesel as
fossil fuel)
IRRC model converts waste into resource and reducing green house gas methane (CH4)
Input Technology Produce No Methane Emission
Generates Carbon Credits by avoiding methane from
Landfill and reduce CO2 to produce chemical fertilizer
Avoids methane from landfill and reduces
CO2 emission by replacing grid power
Replace use of fossil fuel
Climate Change Benefits
Avoids methane from landfill and reduces
CO2 emission by replacing grid power
Generates Carbon Credits by avoiding methane from
Landfill and reduce CO2 to produce chemical fertilizer
Baseline Situation vs. IRRC model
Waste
Baseline Situation
Existing Practice: land filling of waste
Methane Emission (Green House Gas) No Methane Emission
CDM project
Composting Plant
City Authorities Collecting transport
CDM Project in Waste Sector Through Composting
At present only 50-70% of the generated solid waste in the urban areas is collected by the municipalities and disposed in crude dumping manner in low-lying areas without any cover and gas collection system.
The globally first CDM composting project is already operational in Bangladesh since 2008 and CERs has been issued for this project.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
January 10.37775 11.65613 11.29042 4.4433 0.420182 0.456273 0.03
February 8.9878 11.54475 11.7965 5.02381 0.3665 0.4692 0.38
March 10.68018 11.5338 12.96922 4.689364 0.3598 0.361048 0.39
April 11.1527 12.589 13.54568 4.320526 0.327524 0.3163 0.50
May 12.3952 12.90513 13.22667 3.927913 0.417826 0.247818
June 11.743 12.85943 12.16909 3.965143 0.5054 0.224762
July 12.41739 12.02466 10.48981 3.620364 0.582609 0.306
August 12.93619 12.52295 9.174609 3.202957 0.334545 0.31
September 12.56833 13.34953 8.805909 2.3412 0.671905 0.289455
October 12.79182 12.95286 7.757619 1.682783 0.56687 0.266435
November 12.43595 11.85545 6.779273 1.055909 0.45181 0.3511
December 12.2381 11.42254 5.2501 0.591158 0.4343 0.443111
Yearly Avg. 11.72703 12.26802 10.27124 3.238702 0.453272 0.336792 0.31
Source: https://www.theice.com/marketdata/reports/icefutureseurope/ECXCERIndex.shtml
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION PROJECTS
Waste Sector
GHG EMISSION REDUCTION
YES YES
CO-BENEFITS
Low price of Carbon Public/Private Benefit
ECONOMIC OPPORTURNITIES FROM CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION PROJECTS
The term co-benefits is defined as all the potential developmental benefits of climate change mitigation actions in areas other than GHG mitigation.
What is Co-benefit
Globally First CDM Based Composting Project Located at Bulta, Greater Dhaka initiated by Waste Concern
Waste related projects that reduce GHG emission can have economic, social,environmental, and health benefits apart from climate change benefits. In thispresentation, an attempt has been made to quantify and monetize the co-benefits(apart from GHG emission reduction) associated with a waste sector compostingproject described in the following section. Projects that reduce GHG emission canhave economic, social, environmental, and health benefits apart from climatechange benefits ( emission reduction benefits).
SL Problem Co-benefits Co-BenefitIndicators
Type of Benefit
Baseline Data Condition After Implementation of the Project
Net Co-benefit
1 Lack of job opportunities for poor prevailing in the towns and cities.
Can create safe job opportunity for waste pickers engaged in recycling of mixed waste without any protection.
Number of safe jobs created for low income people and waste pickers.Increase in income of workers by having safe jobs.
Both public and private
Average income of waste picker in is Taka 2600 per month out of which 15% are medical expenses per month. Average disposable income is Taka 2210 per month.
2 jobs per ton.Average income of waste pickers working in the plant is Taka 7000 per month.
2 jobs per ton.Average increase inincome of wastepickers by working inthe compost plant isTaka 4400 permonth.
Creation of New Jobs= 2 nos.
Create 2 new jobs for the urban poor,
including waste pickers
Co-benefits of recycling 1 (one) ton of organic waste
SL Problem Co-benefits Co-BenefitIndicators
Type of Benefit
Baseline Data Condition After Implementation of the Project
Net Co-benefit
2 Unmanaged organic waste full of nutrients are remaining unutilized and creating pollution.
If waste is segregated properly and appropriate technology is used, compost can be produced and used in the agriculture.
Amount of compost produced.
Both public and private
No compost plant was operational in city using the market waste.
200-250 kg per ton of organic waste treated.
200-250 kg per tonof organic wastetreated.
Produce 0.20-0.25 tons
of good quality compost
Co-benefits of recycling 1 (one) ton of organic waste
SL Problem Co-benefits Co-BenefitIndicators
Type of Benefit
Baseline Data Condition After Implementation of the Project
Net Co-benefit
3. Unmanaged organic waste generates methane if kept anaerobic.
Aerobic composting technique can produce good quality compost and at same time avoid GHG emissions.
Amount of GHG reduced.
Public 0. 0.5 tons per ton of organic waste composted
0.5 tons per ton of organic waste composted.
Reduce 0.5 tons of
CO2eq GHG emissions by recycling 1 (one) ton of organic waste
GHG Mitigation through Composting of Organic
Co-benefits of recycling 1 (one) ton of organic waste
SL Problem Co-benefits Co-BenefitIndicators
Type of Benefit
Baseline Data Condition After Implementation of the Project
Net Co-benefit
4. Land for landfill sites are becoming scarce in most of the developing countries due to increase in land price and environmental regulations.
Composting can save landfill areas as well as land filling cost for the local governments.
Amount of waste diverted.Cost saved for the municipality from disposal of waste.
Public In the baselinescenario, nowaste is divertedtowardscomposting.city spends Taka600/ton fortransportation ofwaste and Taka300/ton forlandfilling ofwaste.
1.1 cubic meter of landfill area per ton of organic waste composted.USD 11.68/ton (transportation and landfilling cost)
1.1 cubic meter of landfill area per ton of organic waste composted.USD 11.68/ton (transportation and landfilling cost).
Save 1.1 cubic meter of landfill area
Co-benefits of recycling 1 (one) ton of organic waste
SL Problem Co-benefits Co-BenefitIndicators
Type of Benefit
Baseline Data Condition After Implementation of the Project
Net Co-benefit
5. Due to heavy use of chemical fertilizer, lack of crop rotation, high cropping intensity, drought, and other reasons, the soil is losing its fertility thus causing threat to food security.
Use of compost can lower the use of chemical fertilizer at the same increase crop yield due to improved
Increase in crop yield per hectare.Amount of chemical fertilizer avoided by use of compost.
Public and Private
Yield: 4.16 tons/ha
(BIRRI Rice 46)NPKS @80-35-40-10 kg/ha) + no compost Taka 19,676 /ha (excluding fertilizer application and labor cost)
Yield: 4.58 tons/ha
(BIRRI Rice 46)75% NPKS @80-35-40-10 kg/ha) + 1 ton/ha compostTaka 18,161/ha (excluding fertilizer application and labor cost)
0.42 tons/ha (BIRRI Rice 46) which has a value of Taka 7560.25% savings in use of chemical fertilizer resulting in savings of Taka 1515/ha.
The use of compost can increase crop production between 25-30% and reduce use of chemical
fertilizer by 35-40%.
Co-benefits of recycling 1 (one) ton of organic waste
Type of Benefit
Sector of Benefit
Co-Benefits/ GHG emission reduction Value of Co-benefits/ GHG emission reduction
Public andPrivate
Social Sub sector: Employment generation
Creation of additional income for four waste pickers by working in the compost planConsideration: 4 jobs created to process 2 tons of organic waste to reduce 1 ton CO2eq
US $ 7.53
Public Economic Sub-sector: urban/municipal
Cost saved for the municipality from disposal of wasteConsideration:1.1 cubic meter of landfill area per ton of organic waste composted. US$ 23.36 saved by avoiding 2 tons of organic waste to be land filled. Presently USD 11.68/ton spent for (transportation and land filling cost)
US $ 23.36
Private EconomicSub sector: agriculture
25% saving in chemical fertilizer usage by use of compostConsideration: 25% savings in use of chemical fertilizer resulting in savings of Taka 1515/ha.
US $ 9.71
Public Economic Sub-sector: Agriculture
25% less subsidy on chemical fertilizer Consideration: At present Government of Bangladesh (GOB) is giving BDT 7793.17/Ton on chemical fertilizer.
US $ 4.13
Private andPublic
Environmental and Economical
Increase in crop yield of 0.21 ton per of rice per half ha Consideration: from 2 tons of waste 0.5 ton of compost can be produced
US $ 49.09
Total value of co-benefits per ton of GHG emission reduction through composting US $ 93.82
Potential Co-benefits by Reducing 1 (One) Ton of CO2e
2 Tons Organic Waste
if Processed into Compost
1 ton CO2eq
Reduced
100 Tons/day Capacity Composting Project (with 10 (ten) Years Life)
Income from Carbon Finance
CERs
INCOME: US$ 9125/ year50 tons*365 day*US$ 0.5
Price of 1 (ton) CO2e Reduction: Euro 0.3 / US$ 0.5
Income from Climate Finance
CO-BENEFITS
INCOME: US$ 1.71 million/ year50 tons*365 day*US$ 93.8
Co-benefit from 1 (ton) CO2e Reduction: US$ 93.5
BENEFIT OF A 100 TONS/DAY CAPACITY COMPOST PLANT
WHAT IS CLIMATE FINANCE?
Climate Finance is used to describe Financial Flows for Climate Change Mitigation/Adaptation Project
National
CLIMATE FINANCE
Transnational International
Financing Institutions/Agencies/ Development
Banks etc.
WHAT IS CLIMATE FINANCE?
Measuring, Reporting & Verifying (MRV)
Mitigation
Mitigation-Adaptation Loop
Co-benefits
Way Forward
Clear cut policy to create conducive environment for investment.
Inter-ministerial co-ordination essential for easy implementation of projects with priority basis.
Incentives Required: tipping fees/ free delivery of waste to recycling facility, feed-in tariff, low interest rate/ soft loan, tax holiday, land etc.
Capacity building training programs: for monitoring of the projects especially MRVs
Standardization of technology is important by the Govt
THANK YOU