Optical Fibre CommunicationOptical Fibre Communication• Lecture delivered by Christie Alwis• 2009 faculty of Applied Science for computer science , and physics special

students.• University of Sabaragamuwa , Belihuloya.• For more details on this lecture, please visit

www.christiealwis.com

Revolutions

How it's going to be affected to the human being?

1. Agricultural Revolution

2. Industrial Revolution

3. Communication Revolution

a.) can talk with the use of latest Technology @ any where in the world, @ low cost.

b.) can be accepted knowledge @ anywhere in the world. (e- Assessment)

EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF INTERNET

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION NETWORK

Undersea Optical Fiber Networks

Country A

Country B

Domestic Transport Network (OF,

International Transport Network

IG

IG

Local Area Node

Both Domestic and International Transport will be on Optical Fibers. And Switching Nodes will be on NGN.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

• Following 8 major components can be identified– Geographical Location & Terminal – Access Networks– Local Exchange– Domestic Transport Network– International Exchange– International Transport Network– Other Country International Exchange– Other Country Domestic Network (With the similar components

as above)

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCESS NETWORK

• Access Network is developed to accommodate integrated services such as Internet, IPTV, Data with Voice

• Radio Options: 3G, EvDO, WiMAX• xDSL, PON, and PLC

Power

TV

Telephone ?

FTTH, PON(PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK)

Theoretical capacities of other Medias

• Cu=Short distance could for a 8Mbps

Similarly :• Microwave radio=STM 16 =More than

2.5Gbps• Satellite=STM 1= 155.52 Mbps• Coaxial cable=Approximately 1.5 Gbps

Basic Principles

Principle of step & graded index fibers

Attenuations in fibre

Basic principle of dispersion• Dispersion is a little complex than attenuation • Dispersion is a process whereby optical pulses are widened as they travel along an

optical fibre. It is caused by the different wavelength components of a light signal of finite spectral width traveling down the fiber at different velocities.The effect is a pulse at the terminating end of a fibre that is a wider than the original pulse that was transmitted.If the amount if widening is excessive, the individual pulses will not be distinguishable by the receiver.

INOUT

Chromatic Dispersion

Variation of refractive index with wavelength of lightThe two main underlying mechanisms, material dispersion and

waveguide dispersion, naturally cancel one another, giving a zero dispersion point 0

Control of the refractive index profile can place 0 anywhere in the 1300/1550nm wavelength range

The fibre characteristics are controlled by careful design of the chemical composition (doping) of the glass used

Dispersion is quoted in terms of the dispersion parameter ‘D’ with units ps/(nm.km)

An indication of the pulse broadening is given by: (D * (spectral width of the optical source) *(link distance))

Slide 15

Optical transmission system concepts

The basic components– A serial bit stream in electrical form is presented to a modulator, which encodes the data appropriately for fibre transmission

Basic Concept of LED• Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip

of semiconducting material impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers—electrons and holes—flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon.

Contd….• The wavelength of the light emitted, and

therefore its color, depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.

Power ratio (Decibel;dB)

• The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity) relative to a specified or implied reference level. Since it expresses a ratio of two quantities with the same unit, it is a dimensionless unit.

Examples • To calculate the ratio of 1 kW (one kilowatt, or 1000 watts) to 1 W in

decibels, use the formula

• Similarly for amplitude ,current or voltage, (power is proportional to the square of the above 3 quantities. )

Example 1

Answer (Example 1)

• Connector loss= 8*1dB= 8dB• Cable loss= (4*100)/1000=0.4dB• System margin = 5dB• Sensitivity= -30 dB • Transmitter Power = connector loss+cable

loss+system margin+sensitivity • = 8+0.4+5-30= -16.6dB

Transmitter Receiver8 Connectors

Example 2

Answer (Example 2)

• Connector loss= 2*1.5dB = 3 dB• Cable loss= 0.4dB * 50 = 20 dB• System margin = 8 dB• Sensitivity= -34 dB • Transmitter Power = connector loss+cable

loss+system margin+sensitivity • = 3+20+8-34= -3 dB• No: of splices= 3/ 0.15 = 20 splices

Transmitter Receiver2 Connectors

Example 3 (a)

Example 3 (b)

Example 3 (c)

Example 3 (d)

Example 3 (e)

Example 3 (f)

Example 3 (g)

Example 3 (h)

Optical fibre

C=fλ

C= 3* 108 m/s

Future of optical fibre

The following 2 major factors plays a vital role in designing the maximum capacity of an optical fibre

• How far the digital multiplexing can be achieved•As at present , 488ns micro information of a bit pertaining to 2Mbps pcm stream will be shrinked to 25ps when it goes through stm 64 (10Gbps).If the technology improves to shrink less than 25ps , then the no of bits in the higher order pcm will be more than 10Gbps.•To transmit 10Gbps , the bandwidth required in the optical fibre is around 0.078ns = 78ps ( for 1 wavelength)•If the available bandwidth in the optical fibre is 200ns , the no; of wavelengths that can be produced is around 2400 , which will result in producing a total of 24Tbps.•Hence both time division multiplexing and dense wave division multiplexing can further improve the traffic carrying capacity of an optical fibre up to a total of 24Tbps.

46

Overview of WDMDigital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Single Pair of Fibers

Single Pair of Fibers

Single Pair of Fibers

Single Pair of Fibers

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver

WDM MUX WDM MUX

Single Pair of Fibers

Traditional Digital Fiber Optic Transport

Digital Fiber Optic Transport using WDM

2 Mbps

488 ns

TDM

25 ps

10Gbps

1

2

2399

2400

Transponders

Optical Fibre

No of wavelengths = ( 24 * 103 Gb ) / 10 Gb = 2400 wavelengths

Future scenariosTheoretical Maximum of an optical fibre cable

λ1

λ2

λ2399

λ2400

Only 1 core is needed

Further study of optical fibre network

Optical signal to noise ratio

ASE=Amplified spontaneous emission

Optical tools for maintanance

• OTDR• Splicing machine

(OTDR)

Fusion splicing • It is the process of fusing or welding two fibers together usually by an

electric arc. Fusion splicing is the most widely used method of splicing as it provides for the lowest loss and least reflectance, as well as providing the strongest and most reliable joint between two fibers.

• Virtually all singlemode splices are fusion.• Fusion splicing may be done one fiber at a time or a complete fiber ribbon

from ribbon cable at one time. First we'll look at single fiber splicing and then ribbon splicing.

•

SEA-ME-WE 4 Cable System Configuration Diagram

Happy Memories• Thank You!, Special thanks to Dr. Udawatte.• Wish you an enjoyable stay in your university• Situated in a lovely environment• Christie Alwis• B.Sc (Eng) Hons, MIET (Lond), C.Eng Lond,

FIESL (SL)• Former chief network officer in SLT • Visit www.christiealwis.com under

sabaragamuwa optical fibre 2009