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Topic: Order Scandentia

Presenting to: Sir Zaheer AhmedPresenting by: Tabassum Malik

Sanam Taj Asmat

Order Scandentia

Scientific classificationKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaInfraclass: EutheriaSuperorder: EuarchontogliresOrder: Scandentia

Families:Ptilocercidae (pen-tailed treeshrews)Tupaiidae (treeshrews)

General Characters

• The treeshrews are small mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. • There are 20 species in 5 genera. • They have higher brain to body mass ratio than

any other mammals. • They are not true shrews • They were previously classified in the Insectivora• Not all species are arboreal. • Among other things, they eat Rafflesia fruit.• Treeshrews are closely related to primates, and

have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of stress and hepatitis.

General Characteristics

•Treeshrews are slender animals.•Have long tails and soft, greyish to reddish-brown fur. •The terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms •Have larger claws, which they use for digging up insect prey. •They are omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds. •They have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars.•Have good vision•Most are diurnal•The Pen-tailed Treeshrew is nocturnal.

Territory• These animals live in small family groups, which defend

their territory from predators. • They mark their territories using various scent

glands, or urine, depending on the

particular species.

Common treeshrew

Scientific classification

• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata• Class: Mammalia• Order: Scandentia• Family: Tupaiidae• Genus: Tupaia• Species: T. glis• Binomial name: Tupaia glis

Habitat

The common treeshrew (Tupaia glis) is native to – Thailand, – Malaysia and adjacent coastal islands to

Singapore. – Indonesia. (islands of Batu, Sumatra, Java etc)– They have also been recorded from secondary

forest, plantations, fruit orchards, and trees near housing areas.

Description• The common treeshrew is one of the largest among treeshrews. • Average body length is between 16 and 21 cm (6.3 and 8.3 in) • Average weight is around 190 g.• Its colours is reddish-brown, greyish or black upper parts and

whitish belly. • Its long, bushy tail is dark greyish-brown and almost reaches the

length of the body. • The paws are bare with sharp nails, and with a naked patch of

skin above its long nose. • Both sexes are similar. • The measurements of the T. glis according to 21

specimens are head-to-body length: 170 to 235 mm, • tail length: 170 to 242 mm • hind foot: 45 to 56 mm. • The common treeshrew usually has a pale stripe

on each shoulder.

Ecology and behavior

• Common treeshrews are active during the day, and forage for food alone or in pairs, mainly on the ground, among shrubs and tree holes.

• They feed on fruits, seeds, leaves, and insects, especially ants and spiders.

• They are also reported to catch lizards.• They climb both large vertical tree

trunks and bushes, and occasionally jump from stems of a young tree to that of another as much as 60 cm (24 in) away.

Threats

• Common treeshrews are threatened due to deforestation and ensuing human activities in agriculture, plantations, and commercial logging.

• Moreover, other pressures, such as hunting for food and sport, can create pressure to the species.

In science• Tupaia glis is being used by researchers as animal

models for human diseases because of their close relationship to primates, and their well-developed senses of vision and hearing.

• Research studies have included hepatitis. • Another instance has been documented where an

individual of Tupaia glis developed breast cancer.

Pen-tailed treeshrew

Scientific classification • Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata• Class: Mammalia• Order: Scandentia• Family: Ptilocercidae• Genus: Ptilocercus• Species: P. lowii• Binomial name: Ptilocercus lowii

Habitat

• The pen-tailed treeshrew (Ptilocercus lowii) is a treeshrew species of the Ptilocercidae family, and is the only species in the genus Ptilocercus.

• It is native to – southern Thailand– Malay Peninsular– Borneo – some Indonesian islands.

Mindanao treeshrew

Scientific classification• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata• Class: Mammalia• Order: Scandentia• Family: Tupaiidae• Genus: Urogale• Species: U. everetti• Binomial name:

Urogale everetti

Range and habitat

• It is found, as its name suggests, • in Mindanao, in the Philippines.

• It lives in rain forests and montane forests

Description

• It is the heaviest treeshrew, weighing about 355 g• It is terrestrial.• The body is 17-20 cm, and the tail is 11-17 cm. • It has a particularly elongated snout and a rounded,

even-haired tail. • The fur is brownish, but with orange or yellow

underparts.• It is diurnal in its habits, and it climbs well and runs

fast on the ground.

Diet

• Its diet is varied. • It includes – insects – Lizards– Young birds– Bird's eggs– Fruit

Reproduction

• It is thought that in the wild, it nests on the ground, or on cliffs.

• Their breeding habits have been observed in captivity, where:

• They have gestation period of 54-56 days.• Females have produced 1 or 2 young

Large treeshrew

Scientific classification

• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata• Class: Mammalia• Order: Scandentia• Family: Tupaiidae• Genus: Tupaia• Species: T. tana• Binomial name: Tupaia tana

Habitat

• Large treeshrews are the most predominantly terrestrial of all treeshrew species

• They are usually on the forest floor, the primary location for their foraging, although they spend part of their time in trees.

• It is found in– Sumatra and adjacent small islands– In the lowlands and hills of Borneo– Large treeshrew are most abundant in

primary tropical rainforest, but are also found in swamp forest and secondary growth forest.

Morphology

• T. tana is slightly larger than the common treeshrew • The dorsal fur is reddish brown, shading to nearly black

at the rear. • There is a black stripe running from the neck half to two

thirds of the way down the back• The body size measurements of this species are:– head and body, 165–321 mm – tail, 130–220 mm – hind foot, 43–57 mm.

• The weight is 154-305 g.• T. tana has sensitive hearing and large eyes that give it

acute night visionbut poor daylight vision.

Diet

• Their diet consists of earthworms and arthropods such as – centipedes – millipedes – beetle larvae– some fruit. – Less favored arthropods include

• ants, • beetles, • spiders, • cockroaches • crickets.

Reproduction

• The average age of reproductive maturity for both males and females is around one year of age.

• The female almost always gives birth to two altricial young.

• The fecundity of females is reduced in poor quality territories or during periods of resource scarcity.