Organic and Biochemical Compounds

• Organic compound – a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides

• Organic compounds contain Carbon and almost always Hydrogen

• Other atoms such as Oxygen, Nitrogen Sulfur, and Phosphorus are also found in some organic compounds

• Ex:- aspirin- organic compound acetylsalicylic acid, C9H8O4

- sugarless chewing gum has organic compounds, sweeteners : sorbitol C6H14O6 and aspartame C14H18N2O5.

• When a compound is made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is called Hydrocarbon

• Ex: methane, carbon have 4 valence electrons, each of these electrons forms a different C-H single bond

• Carbon atoms can never form more than a total of four covalent bonds in organic compounds

• Alkenes- are hydrocarbons that have only single covalent bonds

• Methane- CH4 has only C-H bonds

• Ethane- C2H6 has a C-C bond in addition to six C-H bonds

• Propane-C3H8 has 3 bonded carbon atoms, each carbon forms three bonds with three hydrogen atoms

• Arrangements of carbon in alkenes: carbon atoms in any alkane with more than 3 carbon atoms can have more than one possible arrangement

• Except for cyclic alkenes like cyclohexane, the chemical formula for alkene : CnH2n+2

Alkenes have double C=C bonds

• Alkenes are also carbohydrates

• They are called like alkanes but with the –ane ending replaced by –ene, they are different because they have at least one double covalent bond: C=C

• Ex: - ethene (or ethylene) C2H4 is formed when fruit ripens

-propene (or propylene) C3H6 is used to make rubbing alcohol and some plastics

• Alcohol have -OH groups (or hydroxyl)

• Methanol CH3OH is added to ethanol CH3CH2OH, to make denatured alcohol

• Isopropanol which is found in rubbing alcohol : C3H8O or (CH3)2CHOH

• DNA inside the cells of your body, rubber, wood , and plastic milk jugs they all are made of large molecules called polymers

• Polymer – a large moleule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units

• Many polymers have repeating subunits• Poly means “many”• Polyethene = “many ethenes”, in this

case C2H4 is called monomer• Some polymers are natural (wood, DNA,

protein) others are man-made (plastic or fibers)

• The elasticity of a polymer is determined by its structue (ex: if you crush a milk jug, it does not return to its original shape-is not elastic)

Biochemical Compounds

• Carbohydrate- any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things

• Protein-an organic compound that is made of oneor more chains of amino cids and that is a principal component of all cell

• Amino acid any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that to form proteins

• Ex: insulin• Many proteins are

made of thousands of bonded amino acid molecules

• DNA- is a polymer with a complex structure

• Your DNA- determines your entire genetic makeup

• DNA- is it made of organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

• DNA’s structure resembles a twisted ladder

• Attached to each sugar molecule is one of four possible DNA monomers: adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine

• Most ccells have a copy of your genetic material in the form of chromosomes made of DNA