Organizational DesignOrganizational Design

Chapter 6

Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor

Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior

(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Organizing

Identify jobs to be

done

Determine how to group jobs

Forming grades of authority

Equalize responsibilit

yand

authority

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Division of labor

• Produces different groups of functional responsibilities

Specialization

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Requirement that each lower level of organization be supervised by a higher level

• Rank v. Title

Principle of Hierarchy

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• The number of personnel a supervisor can personally manage effectively

• Numerous factors impact the span of management

Span of Management

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Focuses on two spatial levels of differentiation– Vertical Differentiation v. Horizontal Differentiation

Organizational Structure and Design

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Clientele

• Style of service

• Geography

• Time

• Process

Grouping of Personnel

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Geographical Grouping of Personnel

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Approaches

Top-Down Bottom-Upvs.

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Flat Organizational Structure

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Types of Organizational Design

MatrixMatrixFunctionalFunctionalLine and Staff

Line and Staff

Line Structure

Line Structure

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Line Structure

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Line and Staff Structure

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Functional Structure

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Matrix Structure

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Decentralization vs. Centralization

Decentralization Centralizationvs.

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Services decentralized and community-based

• Less specialized

• Less bureaucratic

• Empowers individual officers

• Participatory atmosphere

• Open/Sensitive to community

Community Policing:Organizational Design

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Proactive

• Prevention-based

• Focus on integrating intelligence throughout the department

• Analysts communicate to decision-makers

• Decision-makers communicate downward

• Relies on good communication to have planned responses– Rather than haphazard reactions

Intelligence-Led Policing:Organizational Design

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Unique Features of Sheriff’s Departments

• Most sheriff’s departments have a chief deputy/ undersheriff– Typically assumes complete operational control over

the entire organization– Sheriff has political responsibilities outside of the

agency

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Line and Staff Relationships

Linepoint of

view

Linepoint of

view

Staffpoint of

view

Staffpoint of

viewStaff takes credit for successful operations

Staff points the finger for failed operations

Commanders do not know how to utilize staff

Commanders are short-sighted and resist new ideas

Staff fail to see the “big picture”

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Informal Organization

Naturalness

EmpathyInteractions

Leadership

Cohesiveness and unity

Democratic Orientation

Social Distance

Group Pressures