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Al-Ain University of Science and Technology

College of Pharmacy

Orientation to Pharmacy

Lecture Notes By Dr. Khairi M. Salem 2nd semester 2012-2013

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COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course covers orientation to pharmacy, history of pharmacy, pharmacy profession on local and world-wide, career opportunities for pharmacists, education in pharmacy, college curriculum, with special emphasis on the differences between patient-oriented, and drug oriented education, local and international organizations, information resources in pharmacy, drug literature .It offers an introduction to various drug delivery systems concerning their definition, route of administration, advantages, disadvantages of

and an overview on the prescription.

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. Orient students to pharmacy as a future career, using examples for comparing the advantages of pharmacy as a profession as compared with other professionals and the essential characters of the different opportunities for pharmacist.

2. Overview the history and development of pharmacy from medicinal herbs to biotechnology using presentations, projects, researches and appropriate illustrations Be familiar with old civilizations in pharmacy with an overview on contemporary pharmacy especially the leadership of USA in clinical pharmacy.

3. Gain the knowledge to illustrate the progress in pharmacy education and its implication on pharmacy profession with special emphasis on patient-oriented to pharmacy education using sources on the internet.

4. Interpret, classify and evaluate different pharmaceutical dosage forms with special emphasis on simple drug delivery systems as solutions, syrups, pastilles, pastes and ointments using models of the products and internal inserts.

5. Use available documentations and references to understand the pharmacy ethics and to enumerate the local and international pharmaceutical organizations with a summary of their roles

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COURSE OUTCOMES

1. Discuss the present situation and future of pharmacy as a career.

2. Compare between the different career opportunities for a pharmacist concerning activities, advantages and disadvantages.

3. Evaluate the role of Islam. Ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese and Babelions, Greek and Romans on pharmacy profession development.

4. Compare drug-oriented with patient-oriented pharmacy education..

5. Enumerate the routes of administration of most important medications.

6. Discuss the types, advantages and disadvantages of different dosage forms

7. Define patient compliance with the prescribed medication

8. Discuss the importance of ethics in pharmacy practice

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LEARNING AND INFORMATION RESOURCES

1. Textbook Title:Pharmacy : An Introduction to the Profession Author: Michael Posey

ISBN: 9781582121277Edition: 2nd  Publisher: American Pharmacists Association Year Published: 2009

2. Shargel L. et al (2005). Comprehensive pharmacy Review. Lippincott Williams Philadelphia. USA

B. References:1. Lieberman A. et al (2004). Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms.

Marcel Decker. U.S.A. Ansel ,An Introduction to pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 4th Ed. Lea and Febiger Philadelphia. USA

C. Internet ReferencesStudents are encouraged to visit web sites as a means of learning

more about the profession:www.moh.gov.ae/en/ (Ministry of Health-UAE)www.haad.ae/haad/ (Health Authorities Abu Dhabi)www.pharmacist.com (American Pharmacists Association) www.ashp.org (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists) www.aacp.org (American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy) www.amcp.org (Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy) www.ascp.com (American Society of Consultant Pharmacists) www.ncpanet.org (National Community Pharmacists Association) www.npha.net (National Pharmaceutical Association) www.talkaboutrx.org (National Council on Patient Information

and Education)www.nacds.org (National Association of Chain Drug Stores) www.phrma.org (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of

America)www.nabp.net (National Association of Boards of Pharmacy) www.fda.gov (Food and Drug Administration) www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu (OSU’s College of Pharmacy)

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Course TitleCourse TitleOrientation to PharmacyOrientation to Pharmacy

Course CodeCourse Code PHRM 131PHRM 131

Course typeCourse typeCompulsoryCompulsory

Course TimeCourse TimeLecture : 10-11 SunLecture : 10-11 Sun

Lab.1. MALE: 11-13 SunLab.1. MALE: 11-13 Sun..

Lab.51. FEMALE: 8.0-10 WedLab.51. FEMALE: 8.0-10 Wed..

..

InstructorInstructor Dr. Khairi M. SalemDr. Khairi M. Salem

Phone ExtenPhone Exten..

MobileMobile301301

44924164492416

Introduction to pharmacy profession(Chapters 1,2and 3)

Textbook. Pharmacy : An Introduction to the Profession

Chapters 1• Definition of relevant pharmacy terms• The future of Pharmacy as medical professionOutcomes:

By the end of this chapter the student will be able to:1. Demonstrate the different terms related to the

profession

2. Discuss the present situation and future of pharmacy as

a career

Definition of relevant pharmacy terms• Pharmacy is the is a health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences

and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of drugs and pharmaceuticals The word derives from the Greek word: (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine • The scope of pharmacy practice includes more

traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to Health Care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information.

• Pharmacist, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes

Medication Therapy management:• For centauries, the pharmacists have been paid

when they provide medicinal agent to patient• When the responsibilities of medicine and

pharmacy were separated, the pharmacist concentrated on the art of preparing their medicines prescribed by the physicians( a few centuries ago)

• The new automated and advanced pharmaceutical industries Limited the pharmacist to practice the profession in this field

( 19th -20th century) … start of MTM (2003)Health Care: • Effect of aging and the pharmacist role• Pharmacist and drug preparations

Chapter 2

Development of Pharmacy in History as Healing profession

Outcomes:Illustrate the history of pharmacy from its origins in

ancient times through the middle of twentieth century 1. Pharmacy differentiates during the Middle ages: The separation between pharmacy and medicine in Islamic land.The first pharmacy shop: in eight century in BagdadGerman Frederick II issued an act in1240 that separates the pharmacy

profession

2. The European Renaissance : Emerging the association of pharmacists

3. Pharmacy in USA: in the old days and in nineteenth century

1820. USA Pharmacopeia , 1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy, new York college of pharmacy 1829.

4. Twentieth century pharmacy: improvement of pharmaceutical industry

Thinking of other practices of pharmacy as patient oriented practices April 11, 202311

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History of Pharmacy 11. Ancient Egyptian Period:. Ancient Egyptian Period: The ancient Egyptians 3000 B.C . Were expert in using drugs for

disease curing. Son was a priest doctor and pharmacist, who prescribe and prepare

medicines. The ancient Egyptians used to prepare their medicines and drugs

either from biological sources either from animal origin or plant origin.

2. The Mesopotamian Formula:2. The Mesopotamian Formula: The Babylonian medicine was known through interpretation of a

written table known as (Laws of Hamorabi in 772 B.C . The formula contain 250 materials of plant and 180 of animal source

which usually mixed with honey or water before administration.:

3. 3. Old Indian MedicineOld Indian Medicine : : The aim of the old Indian drugs is to prolong the human life, in 2000 The aim of the old Indian drugs is to prolong the human life, in 2000

B.C .B.C . The drugs obtained from plant materials by pure religious person.The drugs obtained from plant materials by pure religious person. The fresh plants were considered to be more effective, after its The fresh plants were considered to be more effective, after its

collection from fertile soil washed with pure water and exposed to collection from fertile soil washed with pure water and exposed to sunsun

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4. 4. Old Chinless Medicines:Old Chinless Medicines: Famous in the acupuncture and the Chinese herbal medicine before 1000

B.C. The Chinese thought that for every disease, there must be a drug curing

it, and the drug is only provided by nature. Many drugs of plant and animal origin were used and prepared in form

of suppositories and ointments or as dry powders

5. The Greek and Romans:5. The Greek and Romans: Well Known Hippocrates (466 B.C) was familiar with numerous drugs

and wrote Corpus Hippocraticum . Alexander the great helped to increase the number of the drugs used at

that time. Dioscorides was first to describe the drugs and his work “ Greek Herbal

of Dioscorides” included about 5000 medical plats + animal and mineral Dioscorides” included about 5000 medical plats + animal and mineral drugsdrugs.

6. 6. Islamic contributionIslamic contribution : : The Islamic civilization added many scientific terms as “Kemia” alcohol .The Islamic civilization added many scientific terms as “Kemia” alcohol . Famous Islamic scientist as Famous Islamic scientist as Abu al Hassan Ibn-Sina (980-1037 A.DAbu al Hassan Ibn-Sina (980-1037 A.D). ).

His Book (canon of Medicine) was known as the best written medical His Book (canon of Medicine) was known as the best written medical test.test.

Ibn Al- Bitar born in Spain in 1197 A.D, he was the best pharmacognosit Ibn Al- Bitar born in Spain in 1197 A.D, he was the best pharmacognosit from fertile soil washed with pure water and exposed to sun, his book “ from fertile soil washed with pure water and exposed to sun, his book “ Jame–ul- muffradatJame–ul- muffradat” contains description of 2000 drugs.” contains description of 2000 drugs.

Dawood El- AntakiDawood El- Antaki and his book “ and his book “ Tazkert Uli Ai- AlbabTazkert Uli Ai- Albab”” Al- Buiruni Al- Buiruni and his bookand his book “ pharmacy and medical material” “ pharmacy and medical material”

Chapter 3Pharmaceutical Care and Medication Therapy

ManagementOutcomes:Discuss the pharmacy profession and the new application

of Pharmaceutical care and medication therapy Management

1. Pharmacy (occupation vs profession): 2. Pharmaceutical Care as reprofessionlization : Drug information,

Decentralized drug distribution, pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics

3. The Millis report: Pharmacists for future(1975 AACP)

Development of clinical pharmacy, NAPLEX exam, enhancing the clinical studies in the pharmacy colleges, board of pharmaceutical specialties within APHA

4. Pharm.D program.1989 accreditation by ACPE, 2000 eliminating B.Sc. in pharmacy replaced by

Pharm.D

5. Pharmaceutical care in community pharmaciesTill 1990 Pharm. care provided in hospital only, in 2003 US congress approved

the MTM for high- risk people elderly and disabled people April 11, 202314

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Pharmacy: A branch of Science, technology and art dealing with the following aspects:

1. The Discovery of New MedicamentsA. Natural SourceB. Animal SourceC. Microbial FermentationD. Mineral and trace elementsE. Chemical synthesis or semi synthesis 2. Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms3. Quality control of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms4. Distribution of the formulated Dosage Forms5. Dispensing of drugs 6. Marketing and promotion

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The Pharmacist and the Pharmacy Careers

• Pharmacist must conceive knowleges that improve health services, through the Pharmaceutical Care (PC) which is a necessary element for the Total Health Care (THC)

• Physicians carry out Medical Care (MC)• Pharmacist carry out Pharmaceutical Care

(PC)• Pharmaceutical Care (PC) : “Can be defined

as Responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life “

• Medicaments: Agent used in the prevention, control and treatment of a disease (PCT)

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Pharmacist: A highly qualified person whose profession is pharmacy

(practicing Pharmacy ) and may be : 1. Community Pharmacist2. Hospital Pharmacist3. Clinical Pharmacist4. Manufacturing Pharmacist5. Quality control Pharmacist6. Research & Development Pharmacist7. Governmental Pharmacist8. Marketing Pharmacist9. Academic Pharmacist

Pharmacist Careers :

Community Pharmacist:Dispensing of Prescriptions ( To Give Drugs According to Prescription ).The Role Of Community Pharmacist include:1. Review prescriptions for the following reasons:

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A. Possible Unaccepted indicationsB. Possible dug – drug interactions ( Tetracycline with Calcium)C. Possible dug – food interactions ( Tetracycline with Meat)D. Possible dug – smoking interactions E. Possible contraindications ( Voltaren with Peptic Ulcer)F. Possible tetratogenic drugs (Danger for fetes) Amino

glycosidesG. Possible danger for babes during breast feeding ( Hormones

in oral contraceptive) H. Possibility of dose errors ( high or Low dose)2. Suggest Alternatives on scientific backgrounda. Standard Product is the most effective product as Lanoxin for

digoxin, Augmentin for Amox-clav , etcb. If the standard product is not available, the pharmacist must

select an alternative which must be bioequivalentBioequivalent = dosage forms that give similar concentration in

blood to the standard product

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3. Improve adherence or compliance :The proper use of medications according to the regulations given by the

prescribed ( non- adherence = 22 – 88%) Examples as:• Changing the dose by increase or decrease• Change frequency ( every 6 Hours to every 8 hours)• Earlier stop of drugs (use antibiotic for 1-3 days instead of 5-7 days)4. Purchasing drug Product: ( Effectiveness, Price, needs of patients.

5. Proper storage of drugs ( sera, vaccines and suppositories)6. Preparation of certain formula( exp. Na bicarbonate - Glycerol )Advantages: Fresh, decrease Load on manufactures and Utilize pharmacist knowledge

7. Patient Consultant for: A. Selection over the counter (OTC) as anti-acids and anti-cough drugs for diarrhea,

constipation … etc B. Adherence : ensure the using of drug in proper way by the Patient C. Patient educationD. Good storage conditionE. Refill ( repeat the prescription for diabetes, hypertension etc…)

8. Pharmaceutical careA. Preventive TherapyB. Non-Pharmacological Therapy

9. Patient Monitoring10. Arrangement of drug Product According to:a. Manufacturing companyb. Pharmacological groupsc. Alphabetical11. Computerization

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Hospital Pharmacist (HP):This is the pharmacist working in hospital, including army, police ,

company … etc, Hp activities include the following :A. Administration as chief pharmacistB. Dispensing pharmacistC. Unite Dose preparationD. Purchasing & Storage of DrugsE. Pharmaceutical Care activitiesF. Manufacturing of certain Pharmaceutical ProductG. Included in pharmacy and therapeutic committee.Unit Dose System: The dispensing of each dose (doses) in a special box

for in-patient ( Patient well receive at proper time a box containing one tablet , one capsule … etc)

Pharmaceutical Care : new concept in pharmacist activity which means the participation of the pharmacist in clinical activity by direct or indirect way.

Drug information center: a unit containing all facilities (software, CD, a unit containing all facilities (software, CD, internet to answer any questions about drugs as drug-drug internet to answer any questions about drugs as drug-drug interactions, side effects, contraindications…etcinteractions, side effects, contraindications…etc

Patient Education: to give patient full idea about disease, importance of to give patient full idea about disease, importance of medication and proper use & storage of drugmedication and proper use & storage of drug

Patient monitoring :For insuring adequate response & avoid adverse For insuring adequate response & avoid adverse reactionsreactions

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Industrial Pharmacist :This is the pharmacist working in pharmaceutical industry, whose

activities include the following:1. Storage of raw material s and finished products2. Production of pharmaceutical dosage forms3. Quality control of pharmaceutical dosage forms4. Research and development of pharmaceutical dosage forms5. Quality assurance6. Synthesis of raw material7. Extraction of natural source ( plant, animal)8. Biotechnology and genetic engineering industry9. Manufacturing and quality control of cosmetics

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Marketing and Promotion of drug products :In Arab world, Pharmacist is involved in this activity Bylaw, it is not

allowed for any one except the pharmacist to work in promotion in UAE, Oman and Saudi Arabia, The promotion activity include:

1) Regular visits to Physician and pharmacist to give presentation on the advantage s of a product

2) Marketing studies 3) Design of promotional aids4) Participation in conferences

Governmental ActivitiesAs pharmacist in Pharmacy departments in Ministry of Health or

general authority for health services which has the following responsibilities:

1. Registration of new drug product and re- Registration of present drug product

2. Licensure to new graduate pharmacist & to non-national pharmacist

3. Licensure to pharmacies & pharmaceutical companies4. Establish and minter the Drug policies

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Other activities:1.1. As researcher in research centers I.e. Sheik Zayed center As researcher in research centers I.e. Sheik Zayed center

for medical herbs.for medical herbs.2.2. UniversitiesUniversities3.3. Medical Laboratories ( Biochemical and Microbiological)Medical Laboratories ( Biochemical and Microbiological)4.4. Medicinal HerbsMedicinal Herbs5.5. Cosmetic industryCosmetic industry6.6. Distribution of drug products to pharmacyDistribution of drug products to pharmacy.

Pharmacist and Public Health:Prevention of Disease1. Factors like : smoking , improper diet, less exercise, smoking , improper diet, less exercise,

alcohol, obesityalcohol, obesity2.2. Infectious disease like AIDSInfectious disease like AIDS3.3. Vaccines and seraVaccines and sera4.4. Nosocomial infectionsNosocomial infections

Chapter 4

Communication skills in Pharmacy PracticeOutcomes:Understand the techniques used to build the

relationships and improve health care.

1. Developing the relationship:

2. Listening and effective response: Give complete attention listen , empathic response , trust

3. Supportive communication: Adherence

4. Patient counseling:5. Interacting with physicians6. Word choice and nonverbal cues

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Chapter 5,Chapter 5,

Ethics in PharmacyEthics in PharmacyA group of behavior or characterbehavior or character supposed to ensure the

compliance with society principles, which cover Decision making , Competence and caring, Heath professional

relationship, Moral rights, Legal rights and Patient rights

Code of Ethics: Code of Ethics: a set of standards , rules , guidelines and values that govern the profession of pharmacy..

• A pharmacist respect the covenantal relationship between the A pharmacist respect the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist.patient and pharmacist.

• A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in caring A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in caring and confidential.and confidential.

• A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient.patient.

• A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.relationships.

• A pharmacist maintains professional competence.A pharmacist maintains professional competence.• A pharmacist serves individual community and social needsA pharmacist serves individual community and social needs• A pharmacist seeks justice in distribution of health recourses. A pharmacist seeks justice in distribution of health recourses.

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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms :Def.: These are product contain one or more active ingredient

(drug). And also called Drug delivery system. These dosage forms contains one drug (s) formulated with

certain inactive additives (excipients) .Types of Dosage Forms:Types of Dosage Forms:1. According to physical state: A.A. Solid Solid asas Granules , Capsules and TabletsGranules , Capsules and Tablets

B.B. LiquidsLiquids as as Solutions, Syrup, lotions, dropsSolutions, Syrup, lotions, drops

C.C. GasGas: : AerosolsAerosols2. According to the route of administration: A.A. OralOral: oral powder, tablet, capsules, Syrups and oral drops: oral powder, tablet, capsules, Syrups and oral drops

B.B. Topical:Topical: Ointment, creams, lotionsOintment, creams, lotions

C.C. RectalRectal : Enemas, Suppositories : Enemas, Suppositories

D.D. Parenteral: Parenteral: Intravenous (I.V), Intramuscular (I.M), Intravenous (I.V), Intramuscular (I.M), E.E. Interaperitoneal (IP) and Subcutaneous (S.C)Interaperitoneal (IP) and Subcutaneous (S.C)

F.F. Ophthalmic preparationsOphthalmic preparations: Drops, Ointments and Creams, : Drops, Ointments and Creams,

G.G. NasalNasal : drops : drops

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Why drug delivery System :1.1. To control the DosingTo control the Dosing

A.A. Unit Dose Product : Tablet, Capsule, Suppositories and ampoulesUnit Dose Product : Tablet, Capsule, Suppositories and ampoules

B.B. Multiple dose product: syrup Multiple dose product: syrup

C.C. Unit dose product control dosing much butterUnit dose product control dosing much butter

2. To modify the dissolution in GIT2. To modify the dissolution in GIT

3. To modify taste and order of drugs3. To modify taste and order of drugs

4. To improve stability of unstable drugs4. To improve stability of unstable drugs

The requirements drug delivery System:

The Why drug delivery System must be:The Why drug delivery System must be:

1.1. Convenient for patient: easily swallowed, no bitter taste, Convenient for patient: easily swallowed, no bitter taste, good odor, not irritant to stomach good odor, not irritant to stomach

2.2. It must be stable: light, humidity and temperatureIt must be stable: light, humidity and temperature

3.3. It must be therapeutically effectiveIt must be therapeutically effective

4.4. It could be identifiedIt could be identified

5.5. It must afford several doses, economic and elegant package It must afford several doses, economic and elegant package

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Assessment of the quality of the product1.1. Stability of the product: SolidStability of the product: Solid< < semisolid semisolid <<liquidsliquids2.2. Dissolution and Absorption: I.V. Solutions Dissolution and Absorption: I.V. Solutions <<oral liquids oral liquids

<<suspension suspension <<capsules capsules << tablets tablets..3.3. Manufacturing: Tablet Manufacturing: Tablet << Parenteral Parenteral4.4. Ease of use: Tablet Ease of use: Tablet << Parenteral Parenteral5.5. Proper dosing : Tablet Proper dosing : Tablet << syrup syrup6.6. Homogeneity: Liquid Dosage Forms Homogeneity: Liquid Dosage Forms << Tablet. Tablet.

Liquid Dosage Forms:Liquid Dosage Forms:Formulation:Formulation: important role of industrial pharmacist, which carried important role of industrial pharmacist, which carried

out in R&D , it means the selection of the additives used to out in R&D , it means the selection of the additives used to change the active ingredient to the required dosage form.change the active ingredient to the required dosage form.

1.1. For liquid dosage form there is a need for a solvent to dissolve For liquid dosage form there is a need for a solvent to dissolve or suspend the active ingredient.or suspend the active ingredient.

2.2. A flavoring agent is used to A flavoring agent is used to cover unpleasant odorcover unpleasant odor3.3. A sweating agent is used to A sweating agent is used to cover unpleasant tastecover unpleasant taste4.4. A coloring agent is used to give attractive colorA coloring agent is used to give attractive color5.5. A preservative to avoid microbial growth,A preservative to avoid microbial growth,6.6. A stabilizer to ensure and enhance stabilityA stabilizer to ensure and enhance stability

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Advantages:Advantages:

1.1. Homogenous in content i.e.Homogenous in content i.e. no different in dosing.no different in dosing.

2.2. Easy for administration i.e. for children and in sore throat Easy for administration i.e. for children and in sore throat

3.3. No need for disintegration as tablet or dissolution as No need for disintegration as tablet or dissolution as tablet and capsuletablet and capsule

4.4. Less irritant for stomach.Less irritant for stomach.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

1.1. Taste and odor problem.Taste and odor problem.

2.2. Less stable. Needs preservative to avoid microbial Less stable. Needs preservative to avoid microbial growth.growth.

3.3. Less stable due to the water presence, needs antioxidant Less stable due to the water presence, needs antioxidant and colored container to avoid direct effect of sunlight.and colored container to avoid direct effect of sunlight.

4.4. Heavy bottles difficult to carry and storage.Heavy bottles difficult to carry and storage.

5.5. Parenteral or eye drops require sterility Parenteral or eye drops require sterility

6.6. Improper dosing , since they are multi dose formImproper dosing , since they are multi dose form

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Solvents:Solvents:

WaterWater

Advantages:Advantages:

1.1. Cheep. Cheep.

2.2. Wide rang of solubilityWide rang of solubility

3.3. Inert: no chemical or pharmacological actionInert: no chemical or pharmacological action

4.4. Colorless, odorless, tasteless and neutralColorless, odorless, tasteless and neutral

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

1.1. A medium for degradation process. A medium for degradation process.

2.2. Dissolve sugars and proteins ( cause bacterial growth & Dissolve sugars and proteins ( cause bacterial growth & fermentation)fermentation)

3.3. May contain minerals or bacteriaMay contain minerals or bacteria

Types of water: Types of water: 1. Tap water:1. Tap water:

A.A. It contain minerals and microbesIt contain minerals and microbes

B.B. Boiled then cold water may show microbial growthBoiled then cold water may show microbial growth

C.C. Not permitted to use in Liquid dosage formsNot permitted to use in Liquid dosage forms

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2. Purified Water:2. Purified Water:

A.A. Water free from total solids Water free from total solids >>10 ppm10 ppm

B.B. Prepared by distillation or ion exchange resinsPrepared by distillation or ion exchange resinsC.C. Ion Exchange Resins are used to remove minerals dissolved in water.Ion Exchange Resins are used to remove minerals dissolved in water.

Steps involved in water purification using IER:Steps involved in water purification using IER:

1. Cation Exchange Resins (AH1. Cation Exchange Resins (AH++) remove cations ( Na+, K) remove cations ( Na+, K++, Ca, Ca++++, , MgMg++++, Fe, Fe++++ ..etc ..etc

AHAH++ + Na + Na++ Cl Cl- - AA Na+ + HClNa+ + HCl

2. Anion Exchange Resins (BOH2. Anion Exchange Resins (BOH--)remove anions (as Cl)remove anions (as Cl--, SO, SO44 and and NONO33))

BOHBOH-- + H + H++ Cl Cl- - B Cl B Cl- - + H + H22OO

3. Loaded anions (B Cl3. Loaded anions (B Cl--)are recharged by alkaline)are recharged by alkaline

B ClB Cl-- + Na + Na++ OH OH- - B OH B OH + NaCl + NaCl

4. Resins are washed by water to remove NaCl4. Resins are washed by water to remove NaCl

5. Resins are disinfected by formalin from time to time.5. Resins are disinfected by formalin from time to time.

6. Not used for sterile products.6. Not used for sterile products.

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3. Water for injection:3. Water for injection:A.A. Free from Bacteria.Free from Bacteria.B.B. Free from PyrogenFree from PyrogenC.C. Free from minerals, total solids Free from minerals, total solids >>10 ppm10 ppm..D.D. Used for sterile productsUsed for sterile productsE.E. Sterile water may be found up into 1 liter container.Sterile water may be found up into 1 liter container.4. Bacteriostatic Water for injection:4. Bacteriostatic Water for injection:A.A. All the property listed under water for injection.All the property listed under water for injection.B.B. Contains a bacteriostatic agent at specific concentration. Contains a bacteriostatic agent at specific concentration. C.C. Used for vials or multiple dose productsUsed for vials or multiple dose products..D.D. Volumes must not exceed 30 ml.Volumes must not exceed 30 ml.Ethyl Alcohol:Ethyl Alcohol:A.A. Free from Bacteria.Free from Bacteria.B.B. Free from PyrogenFree from PyrogenC.C. Free from minerals, total solids Free from minerals, total solids >>10 ppm10 ppm..D.D. Used for sterile productsUsed for sterile productsEthyl Alcohol; Advantages :Ethyl Alcohol; Advantages :1.1. More specific for dissolving certain materials ( not dissolve sugars, gums More specific for dissolving certain materials ( not dissolve sugars, gums

and proteins.and proteins.2.2. Kills MicrobesKills Microbes3.3. Used to extract Alkaloids and glycosidesUsed to extract Alkaloids and glycosidesDisadvantages: Disadvantages: Volatile, Affects CNS, Liver, GIT etc ( the solvent not Volatile, Affects CNS, Liver, GIT etc ( the solvent not

accepted by Islam efforts should be carried out to replaced )accepted by Islam efforts should be carried out to replaced )

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Glycerol; Advantages :Glycerol; Advantages :

1.1. Not volatile.Not volatile.

2.2. Not toxic1Not toxic1

Disadvantages: Disadvantages:

1.1. HygroscopicHygroscopic

2.2. Dissolve gums, albumins and tanninsDissolve gums, albumins and tannins

Co-Solvency:Co-Solvency:

1.1. Means the use of 2 solvents to enhance the solubility of certain Means the use of 2 solvents to enhance the solubility of certain reagent.reagent.

2.2. Examples as : Water/ Glycerol and Ethanol / WaterExamples as : Water/ Glycerol and Ethanol / Water

Hydrotrophy: Hydrotrophy: The use of certain solutes ( sodium benzoate or sodium The use of certain solutes ( sodium benzoate or sodium salicylate to dissolve other material as cholesterol.salicylate to dissolve other material as cholesterol.

Soulbilization:Soulbilization:

1.1. Vitamin D is insoluble in water, used as aqueous drops for children.Vitamin D is insoluble in water, used as aqueous drops for children.

2.2. It is required in the form of aqueous drops of childrenIt is required in the form of aqueous drops of children

3.3. To enhance its solubility Soulbilization is required.To enhance its solubility Soulbilization is required.

4.4. This involve the using of surfactant SLS, polysorbate 80 to solubilize This involve the using of surfactant SLS, polysorbate 80 to solubilize the the

5.5. A specific concentration is used.A specific concentration is used.

6.6. Improve both stability and stability and bioavailability of drugs.Improve both stability and stability and bioavailability of drugs.

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Flavoring Agents:Flavoring Agents:

1.1. Overcome the problems of the drug taste..Overcome the problems of the drug taste..

2.2. Bitter taste as drotaverine HCl (antitussive) is covered by CocoaBitter taste as drotaverine HCl (antitussive) is covered by Cocoa

3.3. Acid taste is covered by citrus, cinnamonAcid taste is covered by citrus, cinnamon

4.4. Flavors are either soluble or insoluble in waterFlavors are either soluble or insoluble in water

5.5. Some flavors are used to Some flavors are used to expel gasesexpel gases in flatulence or in flatulence or improve digestionsimprove digestions

Avoid the Avoid the crystals building in kidney crystals building in kidney and asand as mild antibacterial agents mild antibacterial agents

Sweeting Agents:Sweeting Agents:

1.1. Sucrose:Sucrose:

a.a. Favor the growth of microbes at low concentration.Favor the growth of microbes at low concentration.

b.b. Sucrose is soluble in water 2:1Sucrose is soluble in water 2:1

c.c. The concentration of its solution in water is 66%The concentration of its solution in water is 66%

d.d. At 66% it prevent s the growth of micro-organismsAt 66% it prevent s the growth of micro-organisms

e.e. Contraindicated in diabetes and obesityContraindicated in diabetes and obesity

2.2. Saccharin:Saccharin:

a.a. It is synthetic , 500 sweeter than sucrose, used for diabetes, not It is synthetic , 500 sweeter than sucrose, used for diabetes, not carcinogenic in proper dosecarcinogenic in proper dose

3. 3. AspartameAspartame

a.a. It is 120-280 sweeter than sucrose.It is 120-280 sweeter than sucrose.

b.b. Consists of two amino acid molecules.Consists of two amino acid molecules.

c.c. It decomposes in presence of water ( provided in tablet ( solid form)It decomposes in presence of water ( provided in tablet ( solid form)

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Coloring Agents: Coloring Agents: To select a coloring agentTo select a coloring agent::1.1. Only use colors approved by FDAOnly use colors approved by FDA2.2. Colors are used for psychological factors as Colors are used for psychological factors as

antidepressants, confidence as syrup or for identification antidepressants, confidence as syrup or for identification as tablets and capsule as tablets and capsule

3.3. Natural colors (caramel) are better than synthetic ones Natural colors (caramel) are better than synthetic ones (tartrazines). Tartrazines is not used due to allergy(tartrazines). Tartrazines is not used due to allergy

4.4. Insure stability of the colorInsure stability of the color Preservative:Preservative:Agents used to prevent the growth of microbes found in or Agents used to prevent the growth of microbes found in or

added to the container during the use of medicine.added to the container during the use of medicine.The preservative should have the following requirements:The preservative should have the following requirements:• Safe, Soluble and StableSafe, Soluble and Stable• Compatible with all ingredients.Compatible with all ingredients.• Don’t interact with container or coverDon’t interact with container or coverExamples of PreservativesExamples of Preservatives::• Benzoic Acid 0.1-0.2% , Benzoic Acid 0.1-0.2% , • Sodium benzoate 0.1-0.2% ,Sodium benzoate 0.1-0.2% ,• Methyl Paraben & Propyl Paraben 0.1-0.2% Methyl Paraben & Propyl Paraben 0.1-0.2% • Phenyl mercuric nitrate 0.002-0.01%Phenyl mercuric nitrate 0.002-0.01%

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Stabilizers: Stabilizers: Agents used to enhance stabilityAgents used to enhance stability::1.1. Degradation occurs due to:Degradation occurs due to:a.a. Oxidation( in presence of water, O2 or Air)Oxidation( in presence of water, O2 or Air)b.b. Hydrolysis ( in presence of water at specific pH)Hydrolysis ( in presence of water at specific pH)2. Factors favoring degradation (light (sun), Heat (hot weather) 2. Factors favoring degradation (light (sun), Heat (hot weather)

catalyst) catalyst) 3. Factors used to control Hydrolysis:3. Factors used to control Hydrolysis:a.a. Use of dry powder followed by reconstitution just before use.Use of dry powder followed by reconstitution just before use.b.b. Use solvents such as glycerin and propylene glycol.Use solvents such as glycerin and propylene glycol.c.c. Formulate at pH at which least degradation takes place.Formulate at pH at which least degradation takes place.d.d. Store at low temp. not more than 25 Store at low temp. not more than 25 ooC .C .

4. Factors used to control Oxidation:4. Factors used to control Oxidation:a.a. Use dry powderUse dry powderb.b. Avoid direct exposure to Air.Avoid direct exposure to Air.c.c. Use antioxidant and chelating agentUse antioxidant and chelating agentd.d. Adjust pH.Adjust pH.e.e. Protect from light (amber glass)Protect from light (amber glass)Aromatic Water:Aromatic Water:1.1. A saturated aqueous solution of volatile oil as peppermint or A saturated aqueous solution of volatile oil as peppermint or

volatile substance as menthol.volatile substance as menthol.2.2. Preparation:Preparation:

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2. 2. PreparationPreparation::a.a. Distillation: Plant source (flowers) is mixed with water followed by steam Distillation: Plant source (flowers) is mixed with water followed by steam

distillation.distillation.b.b. Solution: agitation of volatile substance with water for ½ Hr. followed by Solution: agitation of volatile substance with water for ½ Hr. followed by

filtration.filtration.c.c. Dispersing agent: As solution, but in presence for a dispersing agent (talc) Dispersing agent: As solution, but in presence for a dispersing agent (talc)

to decrease mixing time.to decrease mixing time.d.d. Solublization: To use solubilizing agent for quick and complete dissolution.Solublization: To use solubilizing agent for quick and complete dissolution.e.e. Dilution: to mix concentrated water or spirit with water.Dilution: to mix concentrated water or spirit with water.3. Examples are : rose water, caraway water and cinnamon water3. Examples are : rose water, caraway water and cinnamon water4. Used as flavoring agent, addition of a salt as NaCl or KCl may lead to salting 4. Used as flavoring agent, addition of a salt as NaCl or KCl may lead to salting

out, i.e. separation of volatile oil.out, i.e. separation of volatile oil. Solution: Solution: May be internal as syrups , drops and suspensions or external as May be internal as syrups , drops and suspensions or external as

lotionslotions Spirits: Spirits: Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances that Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances that

contain 50-90 % alcohol. By using high % of alcohol-insoluble material in contain 50-90 % alcohol. By using high % of alcohol-insoluble material in solution. solution.

Tincture: Tincture: Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solution of vegetable substances that Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solution of vegetable substances that contain around 20% alcohol.contain around 20% alcohol.

Syrups: oral liquid dosage form contain sugar as Sweeting agents.Syrups: oral liquid dosage form contain sugar as Sweeting agents.Formulation:Formulation:a.a. Drug or drugs.Drug or drugs.b.b. Solvent (water).Solvent (water).c.c. Preservative: To prevent growth of microbes and as antioxidantPreservative: To prevent growth of microbes and as antioxidantd.d. Flavoring agent ; to cover unsuitable taste as: peppermint, banana, lemon Flavoring agent ; to cover unsuitable taste as: peppermint, banana, lemon

…etc…etce.e. Sweeting agent to improve the taste of solution as sugar, saccharin.Sweeting agent to improve the taste of solution as sugar, saccharin.

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f. Coloring agent: of volatile substance with water for ½ Hr. followed by filtration.f. Coloring agent: of volatile substance with water for ½ Hr. followed by filtration.

g. Sesiqutering agent: as ethylene diamine tetra a acetic acid (EDTA)g. Sesiqutering agent: as ethylene diamine tetra a acetic acid (EDTA)

h. Solubilizing agent: as surfactants used to solubilize drugs. .h. Solubilizing agent: as surfactants used to solubilize drugs. .

Suspension: Suspension: LDF consist of finely divided drug (s), which are insoluble in solvent LDF consist of finely divided drug (s), which are insoluble in solvent (water)(water)

Advantages:Advantages: To cover the bitter taste and avoid degradationTo cover the bitter taste and avoid degradation Sustaining the release of active ingredientsSustaining the release of active ingredients Improving the stability of the formulationImproving the stability of the formulation

Precautions:Precautions: Patient must shake the bottle before usePatient must shake the bottle before use Parenteral suspension are not allowed to be injected I.V (avoiding Parenteral suspension are not allowed to be injected I.V (avoiding

Thrombophlebitis = Thrombophlebitis = inflammation of a vein)Topical suspension are called Lotions e.g. Calamine lotionsFormulation: The suspension should contain a suspending agent (hydrocolloids) which has

the following properties : Help the suspension of the particles, to avoid quick precipitation Increase water viscosity Support growth of microorganism

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Cont.. Suspending agent (hydrocolloids) properties : Mostly anionic except methyl cellulose which is neutral The anionic suspending agent are incompatible with cationic

drugs and agent. Support growth of microorganism Examples as: Acacia 35% dispersed in water, Tragacanth 6%,

methyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Clays : other example of suspending agent which, • Form gel like structureForm gel like structure• Anionic in natureAnionic in nature• Examples as: bentonite and veegum which are silicates that are Examples as: bentonite and veegum which are silicates that are

anionic in aqueous dispersion. anionic in aqueous dispersion. Emulsion: Emulsion: LDF consist of two phase system in which one LDF consist of two phase system in which one

phase is oil (internal) is dispersed in a second phase phase is oil (internal) is dispersed in a second phase (external phase) as water using emulsifying agent as gum (external phase) as water using emulsifying agent as gum or acacia called W/O or O/W emulsionsor acacia called W/O or O/W emulsions

Purpose of emulsion:Purpose of emulsion: Increase drug solubilityIncrease drug solubility Increase drug stabilityIncrease drug stability Prolonged drug action ; increase bioavailability as with I.M Prolonged drug action ; increase bioavailability as with I.M

injectioninjection Improve the taste.Improve the taste. Improve appearances for topical preparations.Improve appearances for topical preparations.

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Emulsifying agent : Emulsifying agent : are used to lower the surface tension are used to lower the surface tension between oil and water, examples as;between oil and water, examples as;

Natural : acacia, gelatin and methyl cellulose .Natural : acacia, gelatin and methyl cellulose . Synthetic agents : anionic as soaps and cationic as Synthetic agents : anionic as soaps and cationic as

benzalkonium chloride or nonionic as polysorbate 80.benzalkonium chloride or nonionic as polysorbate 80. Oral Drops : These include: vitamin C, Vitamin D, Multivitamin,

cardiovascular and antihistaminic drops They must supply with droppers to calculate the dose.

Support growth of microorganism Similar to syrups in formulation and production. Accurate dose should be carefully measured. And the

container should be closed after measuring the dose.

Oral Mixture: Oral Mixture: LDF consist of combination of more than LDF consist of combination of more than one drug, dissolved in water or aromatic.one drug, dissolved in water or aromatic.

These oral solutions used for many medical purposes as: These oral solutions used for many medical purposes as: hypnotichypnotic

( phenobarbitone sodium), Decongestant (phenylephrine) and ( phenobarbitone sodium), Decongestant (phenylephrine) and antihistaminic as (chorpheiramine maleate)antihistaminic as (chorpheiramine maleate)

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External Solution:External Solution:Mouth washesMouth washes;; These are solutions used for cleaning and disinfecting of the mouth These are solutions used for cleaning and disinfecting of the mouth

and oral cavity.and oral cavity. Contain solvent as glycerin to dissolve active ingredients and prolog its Contain solvent as glycerin to dissolve active ingredients and prolog its

action in mouthaction in mouth Examples of disinfectant – detergent agents are hexitidine , cetyl Examples of disinfectant – detergent agents are hexitidine , cetyl

pyridium chloride etcpyridium chloride etc Flavor is a must for mal-odor of mouth or halitosis. Examples of flavor Flavor is a must for mal-odor of mouth or halitosis. Examples of flavor

are clove, menthol, thyme oil.are clove, menthol, thyme oil. Douches : Aqueous solutions directed into cavity or part of the body for cleanings

and antiseptic effects on eye, nose, pharynx, urethra or vagina . Powder or tablet douches are mixed with warm water before use.Gargles : Aqueous solution intended to come in contact with throat for the

longest time for antiseptic and cleaning actions. Povidine-iodine, potassium chlorate, and potassium permanganate are

used for treatment of bacterial phyaygities or tonalities Must mixed with warm water before use. Must not swallowed. Frequent use 4-6 times dailyNasal Drops: external aqueous solution applied inn the nasal cavity as

decongestant (phenylephrine) in common cold cases, stop hemorrhage ( Adrenaline)

Dropper is required for dosing

April 11, 202343

Solid Dosage Forms:Powders:Powders: Limited number of pharmaceutical powders e.g. talc or

other cosmetic powders, the particle size of the powder should be suitable for the intended use.

GranulesGranules : Effervescent granules contain drug (s) with sodium

bicarbonate, citric acid, tartaric acid and sugar. When granules are mixed with water CO2 is evolved and covers the bitter taste.

Capsules:Capsules: A solid dosage form which can be classified into: 1. Hard gelatin Capsule: in which a solid powder or granules

of drug are enclosed in a gelatin shell. Preparation of Hard gelatin Capsule:Preparation of Hard gelatin Capsule: Include Preparing the formulation , selecting the Include Preparing the formulation , selecting the

appropriate capsule, filling the capsule shells, and cleaning appropriate capsule, filling the capsule shells, and cleaning and polishing of the filled capsule.and polishing of the filled capsule.

Empty hard capsule shells are Empty hard capsule shells are made frommade from a mixture of a mixture of gelatin, colorants and opacifying agent as titanium dioxide.gelatin, colorants and opacifying agent as titanium dioxide.

Sizes of capsules are available in verity of sizes ranged Sizes of capsules are available in verity of sizes ranged from 000 to 5 (600 to 30 mg.).from 000 to 5 (600 to 30 mg.).

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2. Soft gelatin Capsule: (soft gels) in which semisolid or oily liquids are closed inside completely sealed gelatin shell.

Properties of CapsulesProperties of Capsules : elegant shape, easily swallowed, : elegant shape, easily swallowed, mask the bad taste and odor ensure stability and rapid mask the bad taste and odor ensure stability and rapid absorption.absorption.

Soft gels are more efficient in these characters.Soft gels are more efficient in these characters.

Pastilles:Pastilles: These are not swallowed but kept in mouth until dissolved These are not swallowed but kept in mouth until dissolved

slowly to produce their action in buccal cavity.slowly to produce their action in buccal cavity. Their taste and odour must be acceptable.Their taste and odour must be acceptable. They contain agents allowing for slow dissolution e.g. gelatin.They contain agents allowing for slow dissolution e.g. gelatin. They are used for antiseptic, aesthetic or anti-inflammatory They are used for antiseptic, aesthetic or anti-inflammatory

effects.effects.

Tablet: Tablet: very common and most popular dosage form examples are: very common and most popular dosage form examples are:

compressed, Multiple compressed, Repeat –action, compressed, Multiple compressed, Repeat –action, Delayed action or Sustained release, Flash, Coated, Delayed action or Sustained release, Flash, Coated, sublingual, buccal and Effervescent sublingual, buccal and Effervescent

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Advantages: Produced easily (Complete automation to produce millions

of tablets /day) Very stable( No water , coated) .Very stable( No water , coated) . Mask the unpleasant taste (film coated)Mask the unpleasant taste (film coated) Avoid irritant action in stomach (enteric coated tablet) Avoid irritant action in stomach (enteric coated tablet)

dissolve in duodenum not in stomach.dissolve in duodenum not in stomach. Control release (sustained release tablet)Control release (sustained release tablet) Unit Dosing and convenient for storage and transport.Unit Dosing and convenient for storage and transport. It has various shapes ( round, oval, caplet .. etc.)It has various shapes ( round, oval, caplet .. etc.)

Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Possible variability in dissolution.Possible variability in dissolution. Possible degradationPossible degradation

Characteristic of an ideal Tablet:Characteristic of an ideal Tablet: Free from defects and contain the labelled dose.Free from defects and contain the labelled dose. Stands mechanical stress during transport.Stands mechanical stress during transport. Stable and achieves the required absorption.Stable and achieves the required absorption.

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Formulation: Active ingredient (s) Diluents:Diluents: filling agent used to make the required size as filling agent used to make the required size as

lactose. lactose. Binder:Binder: used to promote granulations and compact of used to promote granulations and compact of

granules as CMC.granules as CMC. Distentegrant:Distentegrant: agent used to facilitate disintegration as agent used to facilitate disintegration as

starch.starch. Lubricant: reduce the tablet and the die of tablet machine as Lubricant: reduce the tablet and the die of tablet machine as

magnesium stearate. magnesium stearate. Glidant: Promote the flow of the granules.Glidant: Promote the flow of the granules. Other agents as coloring, flavoring, dissolution control Other agents as coloring, flavoring, dissolution control

coating agents.coating agents.Semi- Sold Dosage FormsSemi- Sold Dosage Forms: : 1. 1. Ointments:Ointments: Semisolid preparations intended for external Semisolid preparations intended for external

use, applied as: use, applied as: Emollient to render skin softEmollient to render skin soft Protection from sun, and chemicals.Protection from sun, and chemicals. Treatment of skin diseases.Treatment of skin diseases. Vehicle for medicationsVehicle for medications

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Formulation: Active ingredient (s) Ointment base as: Ointment base as: 1. Oleaginous base (anhydrous and insoluble in (anhydrous and insoluble in

water base). water base). 2. Absorption base (can absorb water) . (can absorb water) . 3. Emulsion base as w/o or o/w emulsions and as w/o or o/w emulsions and 4. water soluble base are anhydrous and are anhydrous and water soluble base. water soluble base.

Advantages: Direct targeting of medicationsDirect targeting of medications.. Ease of administration. Ease of administration. Various functions.Various functions.2. Suppositories: Solid or Semi- Sold Dosage Form intended to be inserted inSolid or Semi- Sold Dosage Form intended to be inserted in• RRectum, rectal Supp. A bullet like shape for adults 2g. For children ectum, rectal Supp. A bullet like shape for adults 2g. For children

smaller size.smaller size.• Vagina are oval shape weigh around 5 gm. andVagina are oval shape weigh around 5 gm. and• Urethra : Typically long , around 60 mm. Long and 4-5 mm in Urethra : Typically long , around 60 mm. Long and 4-5 mm in

diameter. diameter. Formulation: Active ingredient (s) + Suppository base as cocoa butter Active ingredient (s) + Suppository base as cocoa butter

(theobroma oil, M. range 33-35(theobroma oil, M. range 33-35oC) or other combinations of fat and C) or other combinations of fat and waxes bases. waxes bases.

Advantages: Needed for Quick evacuation of stool.Needed for Quick evacuation of stool. Direct targeting of drugs as in Haemorrhoids disease.Direct targeting of drugs as in Haemorrhoids disease. More suitable for children and used for patient cannot swallow.More suitable for children and used for patient cannot swallow. Various functions and have different shapes and sizes.Various functions and have different shapes and sizes.

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Pharmacy Education • Over the past four decades there has been a trend for pharmacy

practice to move away from its original focus on medicine supply towards a more inclusive focus on patient care.

• The role of the pharmacist has evolved from that of a compounded and supplier of pharmaceutical products towards that of a provider of services and information and ultimately that of a provider of patient care. Increasingly, the pharmacist’s task is to ensure that a patient’s

• drug therapy is appropriately indicated, the most effective available, the safest possible, and convenient for the patient. By taking direct responsibility for individual patient’s medicine-related needs, pharmacists can make a unique contribution to the outcome of drug therapy and to their patients’ quality of life. The new approach has been given the name

• pharmaceutical care. The most generally accepted definition of this new approach is:" Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life”.

• A growing number of pharmacy education programs prepare students for nationally certified pharmacy certificates. These health care certificates authorize pharmacists to directly oversee patients' drug therapy in place of or in addition to a primary care physician.

A change in pharmacy education and a new learning approach

• Pharmacists stand at the interface between research and development, manufacturer, prescriber, patient and the medicine itself. WHO has called for greater involvement of pharmacists in the general health care system and wider use of their broad academic background.

• In its statement of policy, FIP says that the changes in the pharmacist’s role must be reflected in the basic and continuing education of pharmacists,40 with a greater focus on student learning. The new paradigm for pharmacy requires that pharmacists are far more than experts in pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmaceutics. They have to understand and apply the principles behind all the activities necessary to manage drug therapy. In 1999, the European Association of Faculties of Pharmacy (EAFP) proposed a shift during the pharmacy study program from laboratory-based sciences to practice and clinical sciences

• The movement towards the patient care approach has occurred to varying degrees in some countries such as the UK and the USA. It encompasses care in its widest application, i.e., the opportunity for pharmacists to change and improve patient outcomes as integral, active members of the patient care team.

April 11, 2023

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Pharmacy education : College of PharmacyMission:• The College serves UAE and the region by preparing outstanding, highly highly

competent and motivated pharmacists to meet the health care needs of the competent and motivated pharmacists to meet the health care needs of the society, improve delivery of essential pharmacy servicessociety, improve delivery of essential pharmacy services, ensure human health through optimization of using effective, safe and economic drug therapy and enhance pharmaceutical industry, especially in areas of continued-education, services and researches. The college serves the students by offering an educational program based on best pharmacy practice, professional practice experience and educational environment aligned with Needs of the society.

 College Goals:• 1. Provide students a highly advanced educational program which offers

knowledge in pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical industry. • 2. Prepare pharmacists with pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical

industry skills that ensure competency and superiority. • 3. Prepare pharmacists with professional skills that optimize interaction

with health care providers, patients and society. • 4. Prepare pharmacists capable of understanding the most advanced

technologies.

Graduation RequirementsGraduation Requirements

General Education

Biomedical Sciences

Pharmaceutical Sciences

Clinical Sciences

Social, behavioral & ad

Professional Practice Experiences

TotalCr. Hours

 

33 204730 5 23 158

April 11, 202351

Thank YouThank You

Khairi M. Salem. B.Pharm. PhDKhairi M. Salem. B.Pharm. PhD

Associate Prof. in pharmaceutical analysisAssociate Prof. in pharmaceutical analysis