Intermodale Energetico
Bio/alimentare Industriale
OrigineOrigineInquinanti/EffluentiInquinanti/Effluenti
,Elettrico
Domestico
Trasporti
Industriale
Energetico
Elettrico/info
Chimico (organico/inorganico)
Metallurgico
Manifatturiero (Meccanico/Tessile)
Industriale
Domestico/Liquami
Sanitario/Ambiantale
Agricolo/Allevament0
Alimentare
Bio/Alimentare
Servizi
/Rifiuti
Infrastrutture
Trasporti/
Intermodale
Origine Effluenti
Gassosi
Comparti Energetici
Industriale Elettrico
Trasporti Domestico
N.B. Industriale, Domestico, Trasporti sono al netto dell’Elettricità
Industriale
Elettronico/Info Chimico Metallurgico Manifatturiero
•Organico•Inorganico
•Meccanico•Tessile/Abbigliamento
N.B. Senza settori energetico, alimentare
Integrated Pollution andControl (IPPC)
Draft Reference Document on Best AvailableTecniques for Large Combustion Plants
JRC=Joint Research Center(Seville)
Draft March 2003
Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.es
Others 5%
Coal 30%
Fuel Oil 15%
Natural Gas 15%
Hydro-Electric power 23%
Nuclear Power 12%
Figure 1.1: Worldwide energy sources in the power generating sector(1995)
(32, Rentz,1999)
Type of power plant GW % of total
Fossil fuel-fired power plants Steam 249.679 44.96
Gas turbines 25.310 4.56
Combined cycles 25.776 4.64
Intemal combustion 5.873 1.06
Nuclear power lants 124.151 22.35
Hydro power plants Total installed capacity 116.189 20.92
Pumped storage 29.686 5.35
Geothermal 0.539 0.1
Wind 3.024 0.54
Other
Total capacity of all installed plants 555.366
Table 1.1: Installed electrical capacity in EU-15 Member State (58, EURELECTRIC/VGB,2001)
Type of fuel
Total gross electric
power generation
GWh
% of total
Hard coal 471797 19.5
Lignite and peat 183140 7.6
Biomass 27283 1.1
Fossil fuel-fired power plants Petroleum products 185755 7.7
Natural gas 332331 13.7
Derived gases 27793 1.1
Other fuels 7707 0.3
Nuclear 859894 35.5
Hydro 316116 13.0
Geothermal 3957 0.2
Wind 6909 0.3
Total gross generation 2422682
Table 1.2: Electric power gross generation in EU Member States in 1997 (58, EUROELECTRIC/VGB,2001)
1990 1997 2000 2010 2020 2030
Po ulation millon 365.3 374.1 375.7 376.3 371.6 362.4
GDP SD95 x 109 a 6806.1 7529.4 8163.8 10032.5 12157.1 13996.1
Per ca ital GDP
(USD95 x 103/cap) 18.6 20.1 21.7 26.7 32.7 38.6
Gross Inland Consum/GDP
(t/(USD95 x
103
Gross Inland Consum/Ca ita t/ca 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.6
Electr. Gener./Ca ita kWh/ca 5.9 6.4 6.4 7.1 8.4 9.9
C02 Emissions
million tonnes of C 869.4 858.5 903.0 927.4 1010.0 1057.4
C02
Emissions/Ca ita tonnes of C/ca 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9
EUROPEAN UNION: Ener Balance Sum mar
194.0 187.8 178.4 152.0 133.5 120.1
Table 1.3: European Energy Balance summary from 1990 to 2030 (prospective(estimated) energy outlook) (77, IEPE/IPTS,2000)
EUROPEAN UNION: Energy Balance Summary1990 1997 2000 2010 2020 2030
Electrici
Generation in
TWh 2164.9 2444.0 2463.9 2732.1 3193.9 3646.9
Thermal 1153.6 1218.4 1275.3 1479.2 1890.1 2258.3
of which:
Clean Coal n.a. n.a. 0.0 166.7 457.2 801.7
Gas Turbines 46.2 149.0 263.6 444.2 544.8 642.1
Biomass 14.8 24.2 27.3 31.9 35.6 38.3
Nuclear 720.2 859.9 803.9 823.8 816.5 855.9
H dro +
Geothermal 279.3 319.5 321.4 337.4 351.6 361.0
Solar 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.2 7.4 11.9
Wind 0.2 7.5 15.2 35.7 72.4 103.8
Small H dro 11.6 38.7 48.0 53.7 55.9 56.0
CHIP 56.6 226.0 177.5 236.8 247.8 230.7
Generation Ca aci
in GWe392.3 546.5 593.9 743.0 840.4 946.4
Thermal 192.0 300.8 338.9 471.6 541.9 621.9
Nuclear 92.4 124.0 124.0 120.0 118.4 123.7
H dro +
Geothermal 105.5 110.6 112.3 118.9 124.0 127.5
Solar + Wind +
Small H dro 2.4 11.2 18.7 32.5 56.1 73.2
Avera e Load
Factor in % 62.7 50.2 46.4 41.1 42.5 43.2
Table 1.4: European Energy Balance summary from 1990 to 2030 ( prospective( estimated) energy outlook)
(77, IEPE7IPTS,2000)
Dry wash Wet ash Sludge Sludge Sludge Gypsum Fly Ash For off- for off-site
For site use disposal Off-site Use-disposal
Figure 1.3: Generalized flow diagram of a combustion plant associated operation (5, HMIP,1995)
SOURCE RELEASE Substances
Air Water Land
Particu
lar matter
Oxid
es of
sulp
hur
Oxid
es of
nitro
gen
Oxid
es of
carbon
Org
anic
com
pounds
Acid
s/Alk
alis/Sa
lts etc.
Hydro
gen
C
hlo
ride/flu
oride
Volatile o
rgan
ic co
mpounds
Metals an
d th
eir salts
Chlo
rine (as
Hypoch
lorite)
Mercu
ry an
d/o
r cad
miu
m
PA
Hs
Dio
xin
s
(A) (W) (L)
Fuel stora e and handling A W A
Water treatment W W W
Exhaust gas A A A A A A A A A A A
Exhaust gas treatment W W WL W
Site drainage including W W
rainwater
Waste water treatment W W W
Cooling water blowdown W W W W W
Cooling tower exhaust A
Table 1.5: Potential emission pathways BVy source type and substance (5, HMIP,1995)
Sox Nox NMVOC CH4 CO CO2 N2O
Combustion plants over 300 MW, including:
• Public power piants
• District heating piants
• Industrial combustion plants
Combustion plants from 50 - 300 MW,
including:
• Public power piants
• District heating piants
• Commerciai and institutional boilers
• Industrial combustion plants
Combustion plants below 50 MW, including:
• Public power piants
• District heating piants
• Commerciai and institutional boilers
• Industrial combustion plants
Gas turbines used in:
• Public power piants
• District heating piants
• Commerciai and institutional installations
• Industrial combustion plants
Stationary engines used in:
• Public power piants
• District heating piants
• Commerciai and institutional installations
• Industrial combustion plants
0.1 0.2
n.a.
0.2 0.3 0.1 0.05 0*
0.05 0.35
2.4
1.9
0.1
35.7
0.26.5
Source categoryContribution to total emissions
6.4 5.4 1.1 0.6 3.1
85.6 81.4
n.a. Data not available* Emissions are reported, but the precise number is under the rounding limitNotes:
n.a.0.04 0.10 0.04 0* 0.01 0*
5.5 16.8 79.010.2
0.02
0.02
0 0.39 0.07 0.06
Table 1.6: Contributions of the emission from combustion plants as point of sorces to the Total point sorce emission in the CORINAIR 90 inventoryData taken from the UNECE7EMEP Atmospheric emission inventory Guidebook(1,CORINAIR,1996)
Fuel Fuel bound nitrogen (weight %,dry,ash-free basis)
Coal 0.5-2
Biomass (wood) <0.5
Peat 1.5-2.5
Fuel Oil <1.0
Natural Gas <O. i
Figure 1.7: Fuel bound nitrogen
Table 1.8: Annual emission of heavy metals from combustion installations in EU-15 in 1990 (TONNES)Data taken from the European Emission Inventory of Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants for1990(10,Berdowski J.J.M.)
Source Fuel As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn
Total 575 203 1170 3040 245 4860 1930 11100Stationary combustion (all 3
followin sectors
Combustion in energy All fuels (Total) 276 19.4 196 107 44.4 1760 206 421production (including public Lignite 20.2 3.42 19.3 40.5 8.69 24 26.6 85
power plants, cogeneration Coal 130 4.42 40 42.1 21.2 94.4 105 219plants, district heating plants) Fuel oils 117 10.2 132 19.9 1.39 1560 30.3 32.5
Other fuels 9.73 1.06 1.36 1.72 12.2 3.05 28.6 58.9Combustion in commerciai, All fuels (Total) 37.8 10.1 24.2 28.6 13.4 130 116 174institutional and residential Lignite 2.02 0.483 0.89 0.325 4.2 15.5 21.5 0.284sectors (including boilers, gas Coal 23.4 1.39 10.9 16.3 3.3 38.4 43 33.9turbines and stationary engines) Fuel oils 9.46 2.35 9 3.14 0.253 73 7.88 6.19
other fuels 2.82 5.91 3.42 8.53 5.61 1.94 43.5 134
Combustion in industry All fuels (Total) 177 28.7 181 258 32.9 970 579 1030(including boilers, gas turbines Lignite 65.6 8.95 62.8 140 13.7 80.7 81.4 219
and stationary engines) Coal 52.3 1.58 35.7 27.2 8.66 69.7 148 328
Fuel oils 50.6 12 69.5 43.5 1.53 805 199 148
Other fuels 8.72 6.07 12.7 46.9 8.94 14.8 151 333
492 58.3 401 1620393 90.5 2860 901
ConcentrationContribution to
Main anthropogenic source [12, LEA
increase since globalGreenhouse Gas R & D Programme, ]
about1750 warmingFossil fuel combustion - (includes energy
generation and transport)
Deforestation and land use
Cement production
Fossil fuel combustion
Biomass bumin
Rice cultivation
CH4 145% 20% Animale
Sewa e
Or anic waste in landfills
Use of fertilisers
Land clearing
Adi ic and nitric acid roduction
N20 15% 6% Biomass bumin
Fossil fuel combustion
Greenhouse Gas R & D Programme, ]. Examples of GWP values over a 100 year period are 21 for CH 4 , 310 for
N20 and several thousands for a number of halogenated compounds. The emissions taking into accountGWP
values are called CO2 e uivalents.
Notes:
1 To compare the impact of different gases, the global warming potential (GWP) relative to CO 2 is oftenused,
with CO2 having the value of 1. GWP is a concept that takes into account the energy absorptioncapacity of the
gas and its lifetime in the atmosphere. GWP should always be quoted for a specific time period [12, IEA
Gas
C02 30% 64%
Table 1.9: Greenhouse gases: concentration changes, contribution to global warming and mainsources
Specific C02 emission factor
g/kWh relative to natural gas as 100
Natural gas 224 (100)
Light fuel oil (LFO) 310 (134)
Hard coal 381 (170)
Lignite 448 (200)
Wood 21(9)
Fuel
Table 1.10: Specific CO2 emission factors for the main fuels burned inlarge Combustion plants (132, LfU,2001)
Figure 1.7: CO2 releases (calculated as kg CO2/MWhelectricity produced) for different types of combustionplants (133, Stromberg L.,2001)
Acid Manufacturing process Air pollutant emission Control methods in use
Hydrochloric By product of organic chlorination, salt proces,and syntetic HCI
HCI Absorption
Hydrofluoric Fluorspar-sulfuric acid SiF4, HF Scrubber (some with caustic)
Nitric Pressure process and direct strong acid
NO, NO2, N2O4Catalytic reduction, adsorption, absorption
Phosphoric Elemental phosphorus Particulate matter, fluorides
Baghouse
Thermal process H3PO4, H2S Mist eliminators, alkaline scrubbers
Wet process SiF4, HF Scrubber
Superphosphoric Fluorides Scrubber
Sulfuric Contact SO2, acid mist Scrubbers with mist eliminators, ESPs
Table 30.2: Air pollution Emission and Controls: Inorganic Acid Manufacture
( 1994, R.Boudel,D.Fox, D.B.Turner, A.C.Sterne, "Foundamental of Air Pollution", ThirdEdition)
Table 30-3
Air pollution Emissions and Controls: Inorganic Base Manufacturing
Base Manufacturing process Air pollutant emissions Control methods in use
Calcium oxide Rotary kilns, vertical and shaft kilns,fluidized bed furnaces
Particulate matter Cyclones plus secondary collectors (baghouse,ESP, wet scrubbers, granular bed filters, wet cyclones)
Sodium carbonate (soda ash)
Solvay (ammonia-soda) Particulate matter Wet scrubbers
Sodium Hydroxide, caustic soda
Electrolytic Chlorine, Mercury Chemical scrubbing and absorbers
( 1994, R.Boudel,D.Fox, D.B.Turner, A.C.Sterne, "Foundamental of Air Pollution", Third Edition)
Table 30-4
Air Pollution Emissions and Control: Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
Process Air pollutant emissions Control methods in use
Normal superphosphate SiF4,HF Venturi or cyclonic scrubber
Particulate matter Wet scrubber of baghouse
Diammonium phosphate Gaseous F, NH4Venturi or cyclonic scrubber with 30% phosphoric acid
Particulate matter Cyclone followed by scrubber
Triple superphosphate, run of pile SiF4,HF Venturi or cyclonic scrubber
Triple superphosphate, granular SiF4,HF particulate matter Venturi or packed scrubber
( 1994, R.Boudel,D.Fox, D.B.Turner, A.C.Sterne, "Foundamental of Air Pollution", ThirdEdition)