Origins of Judaism
Basic Beliefs, Observances and Symbols
Basic Beliefs
Monotheism• Most basic belief
– Mono = one– Theism = belief in God
• Midrash (Jewish legend)– Abraham smashed all father’s
idols and blamed the idols– Father responded, “They are
just wood and stone”– “If you really believe that
idols are only stone and wood why do you worship them?”
Chosen People• Believe God chose
Jewish people for a special responsibility– Torah and mitzvot– Passing special
messages to the rest of the world
• Does not mean Jews believe they are better than other people
Torah• Originally written in Hebrew
– Written/read from right to left• Part of the Tanakh (Jewish Bible)
– Torah• First 5 books of Christian Bible – Genesis,
Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy– Nevee’eem
• Books of prophets like Joshua, Samuel, Isaiah– Ketuvim
• Writings like Proverbs, Psalms, Ester. etc
Messiah• Hebrew word = anointed
– Christ = messiah (Greek)• Human being who will bring the
world to a time of complete peace in which every person will recognize and worship one God
• Messiah will gather all Jews to Israel, Temple rebuilt, resurrection of the dead
ObservancesPrayers• Obligated to pray 3
times a days – morning, afternoon and evening
• Shema– Important statement of
Jewish belief• Amidah
– Silent prayer to ask God for certain things
• Specialty prayers when praying with a minyan
Tzedakah (charity)• Asked to give
certain percentage to charity– Usually 10-15% of
income
Kashrut (dietary laws)• Kosher – proper to eat
• Only split-hooved animals that chew cud
• Certain types of fowl• Fish with fins and scales
• Forbidden to mix dairy and meat in same meal
• Animals killed in specific way
Shabbat (the Sabbath)• Sundown on Friday til
dark on Saturday– Shabbat meal with challah
(braided egg bread)• Time set aside to rest
– Symbolic of God’s 7th day of rest
• Refrain from creative acts which change the state of the world
Bar/Bat Mitvah• Boy = 13 years plus
one day• Girl = 12 years plus
one
• Become responsible for observing all of mitzvot of Judaism
• Literally means ‘son (or daughter) of the commandments
B’nai Mitzvah• The first picture is my sister,
Brittany, and I holding a Siddur, our prayer book. The vast majority of the service is done using this book.
• Behind us is the Ark, which is open and you can see parts of four different Torahs inside it • I am wearing a Tallit, which
is received by men during the Bar Mitzvah - in order to read from the Torah, men must wear a Tallit, and since we are allowed to read from it for the first time during our Bar Mitzvah, we receive the Tallit then too
• The next photo is me reading my portion again - note that I am using a pointer (I'm sure it has a formal name), this is because even with the privilege of reading from the Torah, we still aren't supposed to touch the text/paper
Marriage• Kiddushin = sanctification• Public ceremony to commit
themselves to each other– Ketubah = Jewish marriage
contract signed by 2 witnesses– Agree to cherish, honour and
maintain each other
• Bride wears veil –symbolic of Rebekah and traditions of modesty
Marriage
• Takes place under a chapah = wedding canopy– Represents home that bride and groom will
create together• 7 special blessings• Break the glass recalling destruction of
Temple
Torah teaches that human beings were created when God took a clod of earth, formed it into a human figure and breathed life into it
• Shiva = seven– First seven days following the funeral– Mourners prohibited from excessive grooming– Customary to cover the mirrors in the home– Allows mourners to focus on their grief
• Recite the mourners Kiddish (prayer)– Reaffirms one’s belief in God even after tragedy
Death• Tradition teaches that
body should be returned to earth as quickly and naturally as possible– Do no permit cremation or
embalming– Use coffins made entirely
of wood– Most funerals take place
within a day or two– Body dressed in plain linen
garments by Havra Kadisha = ‘the holy society’
SymbolsSynagogue• Jewish house of
worship• Also serves as
community and education center
• Main services on Friday night and Saturday morning
• Rabbi is religious leader and speaks weekly Torah
• Bimah (raised platform) at front of the sanctuary
• Aron Kodesh (holy ark) which holds the Torah scrolls
• Ner Tamid (eternal light) above the Aron representing constant presence of God
Symbols
Kippah• Sometimes called a
Yarmelka or skullcap• Signifies that human
beings are beneath, or dependent, on God
Tallit• 4-cornered garment
worn during morning prayers– Tzitzit (fringes) tied to
the corners– To remind Jews of the
commandments of the Lord
• Tallit Katan (small Tallit)– Small undershirt worn
all day
SymbolsMezuzah• Attached to right side of
doorpost as you enter a room
• Has first 2 paragraphs of the Shema on it– Prayer for peace in the
home
Star of David• 6-pointed star only
popular in last 200 years• Named for King David,
who has shield with star on it
• Magen David (shield of David) appears on flag of the state of Israel
• Tradition – lego version
Holidays and CelebrationsJewish Calendar• Lunar calendar
– Every month begins with appearance of new moon
– Month is 29-30 days long– 12 month lunar year is
shorter than solar year– Every 2-3 years, Jewish
calendar adds a ‘leap month’ to adjust calendar
Tishri(sept-oct)
Heshvan(oct-nov)
Kislev(nov-dec)
Tevet(dec-jan)
Shebat(jan-feb)
Adar(feb-mar)
Nisan(mar-apr)
Iyar(apr-may)
Sivan(may-june)
Tammuz(june-july)
Ab(july-aug)
Elul(aug-sept)
• Based on number of years since creation
• Each day begins at sundown
Holidays and CelebrationsRosh Hashanah• One of two High Holy Days• Jewish New Year
– Usually in Sept or Oct• Ram’s horn blown to
symbolically ‘wake up’ people to lead better lives
• Eat apples and honey as a wish for a sweet new year • Beginning of the 10 Days
of Repentance– End on Yom Kippur
• Reflect on actions during the past year, seek forgiveness and make a plan to improve
Holidays and Celebrations Yom Kippur
• One of two High Holy Days• Day of Atonement
– Marks end of 10 Days of Repentance
• Devoted to fasting and prayer– Fast which lasts from sundown
to nightfall the following day• Ram’s horn blown to mark
end of fast
Pesach (Passover)the Passover
• Israelites smeared lamb’s blood on doorpost
• To avoid 10th plague God sent to Pharaoh– Death of all first-born
Egyptian children• Angel of death literally
‘passed over’ their homes
the Exodus• No time for the bread they
were preparing to rise• Took ‘unleavened’ bread
during their escape• Jews today eat ‘matzah’
during Passover week– Unleavened cracker-like bread– Represents bread of poverty
Pesach (Passover)Seder• A pilgrimage festival during
Nisan in late March or April• Gather to share special
meal– Special foods to remind them
about hardship of slavery and miracle of the Exodus
– Seder plate containing 5 (or 6) items of food
• Tell story of Passover from special book called a Haggadah
• Maror– Bitter herb – bitterness of slavery
• Charoset– Mixture of apples, walnuts, cinnamon
and wine – mortar use to build Egyptian cities
• Z’roah– Roasted bone – Passover offering
• Beitzah– Roasted egg – new life in springtime
• Karpas– Green vegetable, dipped in salt water
– tears of slavery• Hazeret
– Bitter vegetable – bitterness of slavery
Hanukkah• King Antiochus, Syrian King, forbade Jews to keep Shabbat or keep traditions– Tried to force Jews to
worship Greek Gods– Destroyed the Temple– Inspectors destroyed Torah
scrolls and killed those who disobeyed
• Mattityahu (Mattathias) and 4 sons refused to obey King’s orders– Fled to hills and fought against
Syrians– Led by Judah, called Maccabee
• Hebrew for ‘hammer’, because of his strength
– Poorly equipped and outnumbered but they WON• Defeated Syrians and
recaptured Jerusalem
HanukkahFestival of Lights• Occurs in December
– Giving gifts is common• Temple cleansed of idols
and rededicated• Small container of lamp
oil found, enough for 1 day– Burned for 8 days! Symbols• Menorah
– 8-branched candle holder– candle lit each night
• Shamash– Nineth candle used to light other
candles• Driedel
– Top used in spinning game
Judaism Today
Western Wall• Only part remaining of 2nd
Temple• Became holiest of Jewish
places• People write notes and leave
them in cracks of the wall
Jerusalem• King David
– Made Jerusalem the Capitol in 996 BCE
– Brought Tabernacle and Ark of the Covenant
• Solomon– Built Temple on Mount Zion to replace
mobile Tabernacle– Destroyed in 586 BCE by King
Nebuchadnezzer• Exiled Jewish popluation
• Temple rebuilt (516) and destroyed again (446)
Judaism Today
Jewish Population• Today there are over
18 million followers of Judaism scattered throughout the world
• A large number of those people live in the Jewish nation of Israel– Over six million live in
the United States
Driedel GameA driedel is a four-sided top. Each side has a Hebrew letter on it: nun, gimmel, hay and shin. These four letters stand for the Hebrew words that mean “a great miracle happened there “.
• Nun:– Do nothing
• Gimmel:– Take the center pile
• Hay:– Take half the center pile
• Shin:– Give half of your pile to the
center pile
Players that lose all their tokens are out. The last player with tokens is the winner.
• The players sit in a circle. Each player receives an number of tokens (candy, nuts, coins) and puts 5 tokens from his/her pile into the center. Everyone takes turns spinning the dreidel. The letter on top when the dreidel stops spinning tells what to do.
The End