Further information on page 7 Briefing Statistical Spotlight - November 2014 EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Eulalia Claros Members’ Research Service PE 538.967 A snapshot of industry in Europe 1. Employment in industry, agriculture and services - 2013 In 2013 more than 50 million persons across the EU worked in the industrial sector, which in 2011 generated 19% of the Union’s Gross Value Added. They represented 22.4% of the labour force, against 5% employed in agriculture and 72.5% in the services sector. In 2008 the corresponding number was almost 57 million or 25% of total employment, with 5.4% working in agriculture and 69.8% in services. The Czech Republic was the Member State with the highest share (36.2% in 2013, 38% in 2008), and Greece the lowest at 14.7%, although in 2008 the Greek fig- ure was 19.9% and the Netherlands was at that time the Member State with the lowest share of industrial employment, at 16.8%. ES PT FR BE UK IE SE FI LV DE PL CZ AT IT HU SK RO BG GR NL SI LU HR industry agriculture services This document draws on the recently published study How can European Industry contribute to Growth and Foster European Competitiveness?, aiming to complement it by present - ing an overview of specific indicators that further illustrate the current situ- ation of Europe’s industry. Beginning with a snapshot of the distribution of employment by sec- tor and the contribution of indus- try to the gross value added in the EU’s regions, it then goes on to chart medium-term developments in la- bour productivity and in industrial output across Member States. It looks at how manufacturing sectors with different technology levels have been affected during the crisis years. An analysis of the major manufacturing sectors follows, comparing perfor - mance in terms of turnover, employ- ment and investment. It concludes with a picture of the exports of manu- factured goods from Member States, both within the EU and with the rest of the world.
Transcript
Further information on page 7
BriefingStatistical Spotlight - November 2014
EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Eulalia Claros Members’ Research Service PE 538.967
A snapshot of industry in Europe
1. Employment in industry, agriculture and services - 2013
In 2013 more than 50 million persons across the EU worked in the industrial sector, which in 2011 generated 19% of the Union’s Gross Value Added. They represented 22.4% of the labour force, against 5% employed in agriculture and
72.5% in the services sector.
In 2008 the corresponding number was almost 57 million or 25% of total employment, with 5.4% working in agriculture and 69.8% in services. The Czech Republic was the Member State with the highest share (36.2% in 2013, 38% in 2008), and Greece the lowest at 14.7%, although in 2008 the Greek fig-ure was 19.9% and the Netherlands was at that time the Member State with the lowest share of industrial employment,
at 16.8%.
ESPT
FR
BE
UK
IE
SE
FI
LV
DE PL
CZ
AT
IT
HU
SK
RO
BG
GR
NL
SI
LU
0% to 30%
From 30% to 60%
From 60% to 80%
From 80% to 100%
Over 100%
HR
industry agriculture services
This document draws on the recently published study How can European Industry contribute to Growth and Foster European Competitiveness?, aiming to complement it by present-ing an overview of specific indicators that further illustrate the current situ-ation of Europe’s industry. Beginning with a snapshot of the distribution of employment by sec-tor and the contribution of indus-try to the gross value added in the EU’s regions, it then goes on to chart medium-term developments in la-bour productivity and in industrial output across Member States. It looks at how manufacturing sectors with different technology levels have been affected during the crisis years. An analysis of the major manufacturing sectors follows, comparing perfor-mance in terms of turnover, employ-ment and investment. It concludes with a picture of the exports of manu-factured goods from Member States, both within the EU and with the rest of the world.
More than 15% and less than 20%More than 20% and less than 25%More than 25% and less than 30%More than 30%
2. Share of gross value added (GVA) generated by industry - 2011
In the regions of Groningen and Dytiki Makedonia, GVA generated by industry was more than 50%. It was less than 5% in In-ner London, Ionia Nisia, and in Ceuta
and Melilla.
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Change in output in EU manufacturing by technology level
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Low
Medium-low
Medium-high
High
2013201120092007200520032001
4. Change in manufacturing output in the past decade
Whilst in Greece, Spain, Cyprus or Croatia, the reduc-tion in industrial output lasted well beyond the reces-sion years – depicted in orange with darker tones in-dicating more negative figures – in most countries, the recovery – coloured in blue – was short lived. Only a few Member States escaped the double dip that has characterised the sluggish recovery of European indus-
try after the financial crisis.
Latvia
Sweden
Croa�a
Change in manufacturing output 2001 2013
United Kingdom
Finland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Romania
Portugal
Poland
Austria
Netherlands
Malta
Hungary Luxembourg
Lithuania
Cyprus
Italy
France Spain Greece Ireland Estonia
Denmark Czech Republic
European Union Belgium
Bulgaria
Germany
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35. Employment and turnover of main manufacturing sectors - 2012Turnover by manufacturing sector (% of manufacturing turnover)
Wood & furniture
Paper & prin�ng
Food, beverages & tobacco
Refinery, chemicals & pharmaceu�cals
Metals & machinery
Motor vehicles & transport equip.
Computer, electronics & electrical equip.
Rubber, plas�cs, other manufactures
Tex�les, clothing & leather
EU28
BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE GR ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT
NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
27
17
30
19
13 26
22 33
13
12
36
18
11
34
13
13
22
19
14 23
17
19
26
27
10
29
19
10 12
24
20
13
25
22
11
34
13
13
24
38
18
22
25 23
23
13
26
16
14
31
18
9
11
35
13 18
12
25
26
16
23
16
22
19
10
9
31
10
32
13
10
34
14
35
13
10
11
27
14
Employment by manufacturing sector (% of employment in manufacturing)
9
19
EU28
BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE GR ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT
NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UKEU28
BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE GR ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT
NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
EU28
BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE GR ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT
NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
20
24
16
41
16
20 29
20
6
25
23
14
29
24
14
21
27
18 18
17
22
26
11
41
23
18
42
20
23
24 21
19
20
9
33
20
14
31
15 8
25
47
23
23
24 10
20
12
5
2
2
20
19
18 4
2
4 18
21
37 16
33
12 21
21
19
20
19
18
18
22
17
14
14
29
14
31
21
4
26
24
29
11
17 17
20
20
Employment by sector (% of all employment) Turnover by sector (% of all turnover)
The metals and machinery industries appear as the main sector of employment in 17 Member States, providing jobs to more than one fifth of the total labour force. It also generates 24% of all turnover from manufacturing in the EU, although the refinery, chemicals and pharmaceutical industries are the
main source of manufacturing turnover in eight Member States, and account for more than 35% in four Member States.
Main sector Second most important sector Third most important sector
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Between 6% and 12%
Wood & furniture
Between 12% and 20%Between 20% and 30%Between 30% and 45%
Food & beverages
Paper & prin�ng Refinery, chemicals & pharma Metals & machinery Motor vehicles Manufacturing sector with highest investment rate
6. Investment in manufacturing - 2011
Between 6% and 12%
Wood & furniture
Between 12% and 20%Between 20% and 30%Between 30% and 45%
Food & beverages
Paper & prin�ng Refinery, chemicals & pharma Metals & machinery Motor vehicles
Between 6% and 12%
Wood & furniture
Between 12% and 20%Between 20% and 30%Between 30% and 45%
Food & beverages
Paper & prin�ng Refinery, chemicals & pharma Metals & machinery Motor vehicles Manufacturing investment rate
In 2011, average EU investment in manufacturing, as a ratio of investment on value added at factor cost, was 18.1 (the average does not include Malta, for which no figures are available). The motor industries was the manufacturing sector with the highest investment rate in Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Hungary, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. Metals and machinery ranked first in
Latvia, Croatia, France, Greece and Ireland.
Overall, investment rates in manufacturing were highest in Romania and Latvia, with rates of 43 and 32 respectively, and lowest in Ireland and the
United Kingdom (6 and 10).
If measured by person employed, the ratio was lowest in Bulgaria and Croatia and highest in Belgium and Ireland.
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8. Exports by product category - 2013Employment in manufacturing and exports by product category 2013
Food, drinks, tobaccoRaw materialsMinerals and fuels
Chemicals
Other manufactures
Machinery & transport equipment
Food, drinks, tobaccoRaw materialsMinerals and fuelsChemicalsOther manufacturesMachinery & transport equipment
7. Exports of consumer goods Exports to other Member States as proportion of total exports (June 2014)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
FI CY LT SE UK IT FR IE SI LV DK HR MT DE ES AT GR BE PT BG HU NL PL EE CZ RO SK LU
% of total exports
% of total exports100
75
50
25
0
CY MT LUEELV HRFI BGSILT GR RO SK PT HU CZSE ATDKIE PLESUK BE NLFRIT DE
Intra EU export value indexExtra EU export value index
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
Change in value of exports - 2010 to June 2014 (2010=100)
90
95
100
105
110
115
120FI CY LT SE UK IT FR IE SI LV DK HR MT DE ES AT GR BE PT BG HU NL PL EE CZ RO SK LU
Manufactured goods exported both to other Member States and out-side the EU, during the month of June 2014, amounted to a total of
more than €82.5 billion. Taken together, exports of machinery, chemicals and other manu-factured goods represent more than 75% of the value generated by Member States’ exports both within the EU and to the rest of the
world.
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Further information
Labour productivity per hour worked is one indicator of the EU economy’s competitiveness. Among the factors contributing to labour productivity growth are: technological innovation, improvements in workers’ skills and the organisation of work. If GDP grows and the number of hours worked remains stable, the indicator will also rise, indicating the annual increase in output produced by one hour of work. The indicator is constructed primar-ily for spatial comparisons and less for comparisons over time. No data are available for Croatia, nor for 2013 in Luxembourg and Malta.
Data source: Eurostat
Total employment here corresponds to the annual average using the domes-tic concept defined in the Economic System of Accounts. Distribution of em-ployment by activity branch is not available for Croatia.
Data source: Eurostat
2. Share of Gross Value Added generated by industry - 2011
1. Employment in industry, agriculture and services - 2013
5. Employment and turnover by main manufacturing sector - 2012
3. Labour productivity index
Employment and turnover figures are collected by Eurostat as part of their data collection on Structural Business Statistics, to answer questions like how much wealth is created by an economic activity or how it participates in the economy’s growth. The share of employment is measured as the propor-tion of all employment represented by those persons working for a specific production sector. Turnover is defined as the amounts invoiced, correspond-ing to market sales of goods, including all duties and taxes invoiced to the customer with the exception of VAT, and including all other charges such as transport and packaging. Data availability is restricted for confidentiality rea-sons in Malta and Luxembourg, as well as in some specific sectors like tobac-co, refinery and pharmaceutical products in Belgium, Bulgaria, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Major manufacturing sectors used here correspond to ad hoc groupings of the two-digit positions of section C in the classification of economic activities NACE Rev.2. Around 53% of all employees in the EU work either for the Food, Drinks and Tobacco industries (17%), for the Metals and Machinery sector (27%) or in Wood and Furniture manufactures (9%). Industries within the Metals and Machinery group provide jobs to 36% of the total workforce in Denmark,
Volume of industrial production is one of the indices in the list of Principal European Economic Indicators, which measures changes in the volume of industrial output. Details of the methodology used for its calculation can be found on Eurostat’s site. The percentage change in the volume index of production in manufacturing is compared to the same period in the previous year. (Data is adjusted by working days.) For the EU-28, the change in volume of manufactured pro-duction is also presented, grouped by level of technological sophistication, with the four groups defined on the basis of the R&D expenditures in rela-tion to value added. Exemples of the manufactured goods included in each group can be found on Eurostat’s site.
Data source: Eurostat
Gross value added (GVA) measures the value of goods produced by Industry , not including construction. Here it is presented as the share of total GVA generated by the regional economies, presented at NUTS level 2. The defini-tion of industry used in this map is aligned with the one used in the study How can European Industry contribute to Growth and Foster European Com-petitiveness?, and in addition to manufacturing it includes a broader set of activities, such as mining and quarrying, provision of water and energy and waste management and remediation (sectors B, C, D, E of the nomenclature of economic activities NACE Rev.2).
Statistical information is compiled by Eurostat on the basis of Customs (extra-EU) and Intrastat declarations. Data are aggregated according to the Stand-ard International Trade Classification.Exports of machinery and other transport equipment accounted for 40% of all exports outside the EU. This was the most important export commodity for tha majority of Member States, with the exception of Belgium and Ire-land, where Chemicals and related products accounted for respectively 29% and 58% of exports to the rest of the world, Greece where 40% of exports consisted of mineral fuels, and Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania and Lux-embourg where most exports were classified as other manufactured goods.
Data source: Eurostat
Trade value of consumer (manufactured) goods by Broad Economic Activities are recorded for the calendar month of dispatch. Further details are avail-able on the Statistics on the trading of goods - user guide. The second graph shows the change in exports from 2010 to June 2014 based on 2010 index of unit values.
Data source: Eurostat
8. Exports by product category - 2013
NotesCountry codes: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Bulgaria (BG), Croatia (HR), Cyprus (CY), Czech Republic (CZ), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Finland (FI), France (FR), Germany (DE), Greece (GR), Hungary (HU), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), Latvia (LV), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Malta (MT), Netherlands (NL), Po-land (PL), Portugal (PT), Romania (RO), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), United Kingdom (UK), European Union (EU28).
Extraction date: data extracted in September 2014 .
35% in Sweden and Austria, 34% in Finland, Germany and Italy, 33% and 32% in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and to 31% in the Netherlands and in Slovenia. Textile and clothing, including leather manufactures, employ 26% of the working force in Portugal, Bulgaria and Romania, but do not count among the three main sources of turnover, while the food industries are the main sector of employment in Cyprus, Croatia and Greece where they con-tribute with respectively 47%, 33% and 23% to the turnover from manufac-turing. One fifth of the turnover from European manufactures comes from the Refinery, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals industries, which contribute to more than 35% of the manufacturing-generated turnover in Greece, Ire-land and the Netherlands, whilst the wood and furniture industries are the main source of turnover in Latvia (24%), where it is also the most important sector of employment (25%), and in Estonia where it provides 22% of the manufacturing jobs.
Data source: Eurostat6. Investment in manufacturing - 2011
Investment rate from the Structural Business Statistics Survey data. The in-vestment rate comes from the Structural Business Statistics Survey data. It is the ratio of gross investment in tangible goods to value added at factor cost. Investment here is defined as investment during the reference period in all tangible goods, and excludes investment in intangible and financial assets. Value added at factor cost is the income from operating activities after ad-justing for operating subsidies and indirect taxes.
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