OVERVIEW BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INDONESIA

T.Basuki, L.B.S. Kardono & M. HanafiResearch Center for Chemistry

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Biotechnology, in wider sense, in Indonesia can be said having meaning both of old biotechnology (such as tempe-fermented soybean, tape-fermented cassava/glutinous rice) and new biotechnology (such as protein structure, third generation biotechnology)

1. Biotechnology consists of Traditional and Modern Biotech: Medical, Agro, Environmental, Chemical, and Food Biotechnology

2. Third Generation Biotech= Functional Genomics and Proteomics

3. Targeted Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Stem cells, should be the Focus for Asia

4. BINASIA should become the Information Hub for Biotech Asia

5. Governments must stimulate Innovation in R&D through various Incentives

The Central Dogma

of Molecular Biology

The Scientific Development of Biotechnology and Its Industrial Applications

Targeted medicine, Tissue engineering and Stem cells

Because people have a different genetic make up, the effect of drugs will also differ. This new branch of medicine is now called pharmacogenetics, which study the effect of drugs on genetically different populations. It is now known that treatment of hypertension, cancers, and other diseases will result in a negative response in certain groups of patients, resulting in waste of money as well as exposing unnecessary adverse reactions to patients.

TARGETED THERAPY

Targeted therapy addresses the needs of specific patient populations. Patients want to know whether they are likely to benefit from a drug, while minimizing their risk of negative side effects.

Targeted medicine may improve drug efficacy by better understanding the genetic associations to disease.

Identifying patients most likely respond to a specific drug will improve patient compliance with a therapy. This is especially true in patients with oncology therapy, where the side effect are severe. Herceptin, a drug for breast cancer patients is the prototype drug.

TISSUE ENGINEERING

Tissue engineering, is also a new field and hold many promises and potentials for future therapy.

From the internet, the topic of “tissue engineering” generates a response of 593,000 hits. So, enough literature to search and read.

STEM CELLS

Stem cell or Regenerative Medicine is very much related with tissue engineering. It is basically a new science which is developed from embryology and cloning research.

When an oocyte is fertilized by sperm to become a zygote, at the blastocyst stage, an inner mass is formed, which is pluripotent, meaning that these cells can differentiate into all 210 tissue in the body.

Presently, much research is done to direct the development of these embryonic stem cells, to cardiomyocytes, dopaminergic nerve cells, beta-cells of Langerhans, and neurons.

In mice, good results have been achieved to replace infarcted tissue by new cardiomyocytes, pancreatic cells, neurons and other tissues.

The Future of Regenerative Medicine/Stem Cells

Nucleus of patient transferred to enucleated human oocyte.Inner cell mass from blastocyst cultured and stimulated to form specific cell types required for THERAPY----Diabetes, Parkinson, Cancer, Stroke etc,

The Chemo-attractive homing hypothesis of circulating STEM CELLS, attracted to injury, in the infarcted area

Biotechnology: Present and Future

Development of Biotechnologyin Indonesia is started in the mid 1980’s

Under the coordination of

• Ministry of Education• Ministry of Research and Technology• Ministry of Agriculture• Ministry of Health

INDONESIA BIOTECHNOLOGY CONSORTIUM (Konsorsium Bioteknologi Indonesia)

Established on October 14, 1994 34 Institutions: 11 (RC); 10 (University), 3

(BPPT), 5 Industries, 2 Hospitals Founding members: 3 IUC Biotechnology

(ITB, IPB, UGM)

Members :RC from Universities (Public and Private)RC from Department and non-DepartmentInstitutions from private sectors/industries

MEMBERS OF KBI (1)RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERS

Universities (Public - Private)

Universitas Diponegoro Universitas Indonesia Universitas Soedirman Universitas Brawijaya Universitas Udayana

Inst Teknologi Indonesia Univ Muhamadiyah

Malang Universitas Lampung Universitas Surabaya Universitas Negeri

Malang

MEMBERS OF KBI (2)RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER ON BIOTECHNOLOGY

Mininistry of Research and Technology Center for the assessment biotech (BPPT) Center for the assessment and application bioindustry

technology (BPPT) Starch Technology Center (BPPT)

LIPI Research Center for Biotechnology Research Center for Chemistry

Department of Agriculture Research Center of Agriculture & Genetics Resources Research Center for Horticuluture Biotech Research Unit for Crops Estate

MEMBERS OF KBI (3)INSTITUTIONS FROM PRIVATE SECTORS/INDUSTRIES

PT. ESA MEDIKA MANDIRI PT SENTRA BIOSAINS DINAMIKA PT MONAGRO KIMIA PT FAJAR MAS MURNI PT EAST WEST SEED INDONESIA HOSPITALS :

Rajawali Hospital Tegalrejo Hospital

ROLE OF INDONESIA BIOTECHNOLOGY CONSORTIUM

GOVERNMENT: POLICY IN BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR

MEMBERS: SHARING INFORMATION AND RESOURCES

JOINT ACTIVITIES INDONESIA BIOTECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE

KBI involves in preparing a concept of Strategic Plan of the Development of Biotechnology in Indonesia (“SPDBI”), from 2002-2004.

This effort was under the coordination of the Ministry of Research and Technology

Strategic Plan ofthe Development of Biotechnology in Indonesia

Medicine and human health; Agriculture, food production, and fisheries; Industries, environment protection and

remediation

Biotechnology applications in three main fields have been elaborated in “SPDBI”:

Genetics disorders, Infectious diseases, Degenerative and malignancy diseases

Biotechnology Research Priorities in the field Medicine and human health

Isolation and identification of abiotic stress resistance gene(s) markers

Field tests for efficacy and food safety, Development of diagnostic kit for

marine pollutant and pathogens

Biotechnology Research Priorities in the field Agriculture, and marine

Development of recombinant vaccine production

Development of novel antibiotics from local microbes

Environment protection and bioremediation

Biotechnology Research Priorities in the field of industries, environments protection and remediation

Infrastructure development, Regulatory/cultural environment, Policy development, Human resource development, Finance and resource mobilization

The critical success factors for the development of biotechnology:

Socio-cultural and

esthetical

Religious and ethical norm

MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGYIN INDONESIA

Biotechnology application in food production in IndonesiaTissue culture

Marker aided selection

Transgenesis

Genomics – ‘functional genomics’ –

Tissue culture Plant tissue culture and micropropagation techniques

are well established in several laboratories Commercial production : banana, oil palm, orchid,

teak and fast growing trees

Transgenic Indonesian aromatic rice resistant to yellow

stem borer insect – approved for limited field trial – LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Sciences)

λHindIII

cry1Ab

cry1Ab

transgenic Non transgenic

Other transgenic plants develop in Indonesia i.e.:

ApplicationsApplications

Functional genomicsFunctional genomics

proteomicsproteomics

ProteomeProteome•Protein level•Protein interactions•Structure/function

DNA MicroarrayDNA Microarray

transcriptomicstranscriptomics

TranscriptomeTranscriptome•Global gene regulation•Differential gene expression

Data miningData mining

Functional analysis of unknown ORFsFunctional analysis of unknown ORFs

MetabolomeMetabolome•Kinetic parameter•Modeling metabolic pw

MetabolomeMetabolome

Functional GenomicsFunctional GenomicsFunctional GenomicsFunctional Genomics

Genome sequenceGenome sequence

sequencesequence

Bioinformatics•Statistics•Linking database•Pattern recognition•Whole cell simulations

The Real Value of NetworksThe Real Value of Networks

Recommendations1. Considering the limited financial and human resources

Indonesia, therefore, focus of the focus of all Biotechnology field must be taken

2. The Government must STIMULATE INNOVATION by giving TAX INCENTIVES to industries doing R&D

3. Efforts must be made to Facilitate Government-University-Industry cooperation

4. Applied Research in Universities and Government institutions should be done in close cooperation with industries

5. BINASIA should become the communication hub for International Cooperation and Technology Transfer

Recommendations (cont. ……………..)

6. In order to understand better on BINASIA, IBC –particularly IBC member’s institutions- are encouraged to open the website http://www.binasia.net/home.asp and to fill their specific activities accordingly.

7. IBC periodical meeting should cover report on the progress of IBC member institutions to engage with the respective institution(s) from other BINASIA member countries.