Principles of Teaching

Makes use of a classroom organization where students work in groups or teams to help each other learn

Round Robin◦ Student in teams take turn talking

Think-Write-Round Robin: Students think, then write before the Round Robin.

Corners◦ Students pick a corner, write its number,

go there, interact with others with same corner choice in a Rally Robin or Timed Pair Share.

Match Mine◦ Receivers arrange objects to match those

of Senders whose objects are hidden by a barrier. Draw-What-I-Say: Receiver draws what

sender describes. Build-What-I-Write: Receiver constructs

what Sender has described in writing.

Numbered Heads Together◦ The teacher ask a question, Students

consults to make sure all can respond, then one student is called to answer .

Color –coded /Co-op Cards students memorize facts using flash cards. The game is structured so that there is maximum probability of success at each step, moving from short to long term memory. Scoring is based on improvement.

Pairs Check / Praise Check◦ Students work first in pairs each doing a

problem and receiving coaching and praise from their partner; then pairs check and celebrate after every two problems.

Three-Step Interview◦ Students share with a partner, the

partner shares with them, and then they Round Robin share their partner’s response with the other teammates.

Think-Pair-Share◦ Students think to themselves on a topic

provided by the teacher, they pair up w/another student to discuss it, then they share their thoughts w/ the class

Team Word-Web◦ Students write the topic in the center, Round Table

core concepts, then free-for-all supporting elements, and bridges. Students each use a different color pen or marker for individual accountability and to ensure equal participation. Team Mind Map: Students draw and label the central

image, brainstorm, draw, and label main ideas radiating out of the central image, and finally add details using colors, images, branches and key words.

Inside/Outside Circle◦ Students in concentric circles rotate

to face a partner to answer the teacher’s questions or those of the partner.

Jigsaw Problem Solving◦ Each teammate has part of the answer or

a clue card; teammates must put their info together to solve the team problem.

Partners◦ Pairs work to prepare a presentation, then

present to the other pair in their team.

Round Table◦ Students in teams take turns writing,

drawing, pasting. (1 paper, 1 pencil per team) Rotating Recorder: Students take turns

recording team responses. Simultaneous Round Table: Round Table with

more than one recording sheet passed at once. (4 papers, 4 pencils per team)

Co-Op Co-Op◦ Students form groups based on a

commonality.

1. Interdependent relationship is strengthened & reinforced when group cooperation is rewarded.2. Group work develops friendliness, willingness to

assist & the more worthwhilevalue of caring & sharing.

3. Cooperation in groups promotes maximum generation & exchange of ideas, tolerance & respects for other people’s point of view.

4. Cooperative learning groups exhibit less competitive behavior compared to whole

class teaching classrooms.5. The group members gain skills of

cooperation & collaboration through experience.

Peer tutoring / Peer Teaching

A. Instructional TutoringB. Same Age TutoringC. Monitorial TutoringD. Structural TutoringE. Semi Structured Tutoring

1. The tutees receive individualized instruction.2. The tutees receive more instruction.3. Rapport between tutor & tutee may be

established.4. The teacher is free at the same time to do

other classroom chores while the members are handled by tutors.

5. This kind of arrangement reduce large class into smaller working groups.6. Discipline problems are lessened because there

are more assistants looking after small groups.7. The spirit of cooperation, camaraderie &

reciprocity are highlighted.8. The tutors stand to gain more since teaching is

an excellent learning situation.9. The tutors can likewise improve their own self

concept.

1. Care in selecting tutors to assist the rest must be strictly exercised.

2. The teachers must go around & observe how the members of the groups are interacting w/ one another.

3. Tap students who possess leadership qualities.4. Explain well the benefits of this form of

arrangement to avoid resentment since both tutor & tutees are classmates.

5. the tutor must confer w/ teacher regarding the nature & extent of assistance they are expected to provide.

6. Prepare both tutor & tutees regarding the role each will play in teaching-learning situation to avoid confusion.

7. Make sure the tutor exhibits teaching competence as to the depth & breadth of the subject.

8. the tutors must employ a variety of

techniques in reaching the tutees since they are more alike in tastes, skills & habits.

9. Instant evaluation by way of performance & oral responses serves as feedback that can indicate progress in tutorial situation.

Learning with partner. A student chooses partner from his/her classmates. “Study buddy” students became responsible for each others learning, each student is accountable for his/her own learning.

1. To prevent your students from socializing about unrelated topics , give them time & specific prompt for discussion.

2. Give students less time than you think they actually need.

Deductive- The direct method & the demonstration method of instruction.

Inductive- The inquiry method, problem solving method, and the project method.

1. Cove inning of the lesson. We do not need to worry on what questions to ask to lead the learners to generalization or conclusion.

Disadvantages of the Deductive Method

1. It is not supportive of the principle that learning is an active process.

2. Lesson appears uninteresting at first. We begin our lesson at abstract w/ what learners do not know so the outset of the lesson will look irrelevant & uninteresting.

The opposite of direct method & deductive method is the inductive method. This is also called indirect instruction.

Advantages of the Inductive Method1.The learners are more engaged in

teaching-learning process.2.Learning becomes more interesting at the

outset because we begin with the experience of the students.

3. It helps the development of our learners’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS)

Disadvantages of the Inductive Method

1. It requires more time & so less subject matter will be covered.

2. It demands expert facilitating skills on the part of the teacher.

1. Blended Learning- is learning that is facilitated by the effective combination of different modes of delivery, models of teaching & styles of learning, and is based on transparent communication amongst all parties involved with a course.

2. Reflective TeachingStudents/ Teachers learn through an analysis & evaluation of past experiences.

Guidelines for the Effective Use of Reflective Teaching/Learning

1. Allocate sufficient time for reflection. Time must be considered in planning the learning activity.

2. Schedule a short briefing activity so as to recapture the experience & think about it.

3. The teacher serves as the facilitator & guide in developing the skill in analyzing a past learning experience.

4. Encourage the students to recount the experience to others, thereby strengthening the insights gained.

5. Attend to feelings esp. the positive & pleasant ones.

6. Evaluate the experience in the light of the learners intent.

1. Self Analysis2. Writing Journals3. Keeping a portfolio

3. Meta cognitive Approachthe prefix meta means beyond. An approach that goes beyond cognition. It is an approach that makes our students think.

4. Constructivist Approach

4. Constructivist Approachviews learning as an active process that

results from self-constructed meanings.

Instructional Characteristics1. Teaching is not considered as merely

transmitting knowledge & information such as facts,concepts,principles but providing students with relevant experiences from w/c they can construct their own meaning.

2. constructivism is anchored on the assumption that the absorption or assimilation of knowledge is somewhat personal

3. The teachers role is to facilitate learning.4. The instructional materials include learning

activities & events rather than fixed documents.5. Lessons are activity centered inorder to

experience personal knowledge through active involvement.

1. Encourage students to take their own initiative in undertaking a learning activity.

2. Respect & accept the student’s own ideas.

3. Ask the students to recall past experiences, analyze & see a connection with the new learning event.

5. Integrated Approach -is intradisciplinary, interdisciplinary &

transdisciplinary. In an integrated approach, there are no walls that clearly separate one subject from the rest.

This is a concrete example of transdisciplinary teaching. It is the learning that results from the process of working toward the understanding of the resolution of a problem.

1. Teachers & students select a topic of study based on student interest, curriculum standards, and local resources.

2. The teacher finds out what the students already know & help them generate questions to explore.

3. Students share their work with others in a culminating activity. Students display the results of their exploration & review & evaluate the project.

Introductory/ opening / initiatory activitiesBelow are some effective opening activities: KWL (know, Want to know, Learned) Video clip from a news story that relates to

content. Editorial from a current newspaper related to a

lesson. Posing a scientific problem & require students to

formulate a hypothesis or predict whats going to happen next

Cartoon or comic strip related to the topic Game Simulation Puzzle, brain teaser Mysterious scenario, Song followed by its analysis Picture without a caption Quotable quote Anecdote Compelling stories from history, literature related to

course content.

Current events to introduce curricular topics Diagnostic Test Skit, role playing Voting Rank ordering Values continuum Devil’s advocate Conflict Story Brainstorming Buzz session Interactive computer games Question & answer

For Data gathering Interview Library research Internet research Reading Lecture –But don’t abuse it! Inviting new resource speaker Field trip experiment

Panel discussion Hands on learning Case study

For organizing & summarizing using graphic organizers Jingles, rap, song Verses Acrostic Power point presentation

Solving real world problems Performances & demonstrations of skill mastery Authentic projects Portfolios of students Letters to the editor Power point presentation Brochures Writing & performing a song, rap or musical

News report for a local news program Television talk show Mock debates & mock trials Mock job interviews Personal narratives Cartoon, comic strips Organizing a symposium

Finish & review the KWL chart (L means I learned, make the students complete: I learned _______

Passport to leave Journal writing at the end of the picture Preview coming attractions 3/2/1 countdown Using analogies Complete unfinished sentence Synthesize or summarize the lesson

1. Interactive2. Innovative3. Integrative4. Inquiry based5. Collaborative6. Constructivist7. Varied8. Experiential9. Metacognitive10. reflective