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Third Generation CDMA Third Generation CDMA Technology EvolutionTechnology Evolution

Ken GeisheimerKen Geisheimer

CDMA Product ManagementCDMA Product Management

May 16, 2000May 16, 20002

Overview

• IS-95A/J-STD-008 cdmaOne

• IS-95B Enhancements

• cdma2000 1xRTT Overview

• What Lies Beyond 1xRTT?— 3xRTT

— W-CDMA

— G3G

• High Speed Data

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IS-95A + TSB-74/J-STD-008 cdmaOne

• 1.25 MHz RF Channel Bandwidth

• Two Vocoders - Rate Set 1 & 2— 8 kbps IS-96A Vocoder at a rate of 9.6 kbps

— 13 kbps CDG Vocoder at a rate of 14.4 kbps

• 8 kbps Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) isCurrently Being Deployed (IS-127)— EVRC Improves Air Interface Capacity

— 20 -24 users/sector for EVRC vs. 13 - 17 users/sector for 13 kbps

• Circuit Switched Data— 9.6 & 14.4 kbps

• Short Message Service (SMS)— Up to 128 character ASCII text message via Paging Channel

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Current Network Architecture

• Vocoding (8K, EVRC, 13K)• Inter-System Soft Handoff (ISSHO)• Inter-BSC Soft Handoff (IBSHO)• BSC Interfaces:

—BTS—MSC—ISSHO/IBSHO

IS-95 BTSBSC

MSC

T1/E1

TDM VoiceCircuit Switched Data PSTN

BSC

ISSHO

IS-95 BTST1/E1

Packet DataNetwork

Packet DataFast Connect

HLR

MSC includes Inter-working Function (IWF)

T1

T1

A1/A2

A3/A7

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IS-95A Performance Issues

• IS-95A Standard has Performance Issues in the Field— Active set list is frozen and best pilot is selected once access begins

even though the RF environment is rapidly changing

— No handoffs until a traffic channel is obtained

— Results in Too Many Access Failures > 2%

• Inefficient Soft Handoff (SHO) Algorithm Adds Pilots(Sectors) Even when a Strong Signal is Present - TADD

• Pages may not be Received when a User Drives Acrossa F2/F1 Hard Handoff (HHO) Border in Idle Mode— Grey zone problem

— Handset is still monitoring F2 Paging Channel in F1 coverage area

— Pages are sent on F1 Paging Channel

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IS-95B Enhancements

• IS-95B Provides the Following Enhancements— Access improvements: begin handoff during access state

– Access Entry Handoff– Access Probe Handoff– Access Handoff– Channel Assignment into Soft Handoff

— Soft handoff algorithm: new SHO algorithm in handset orinfrastructure will reduce base station channel element usage

— System Reselection: solution to border cell paging issue

• Most Service Providers are Deploying 1xRTT HSPDInstead of IS-95B HSPD

• New IS-95B Handsets are Required— Only subscribers with new handsets will see improvements

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cdma2000 Phase 1 = 1xRTT = 3G1X

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cdma2000 1xRTT Overview

• RF Capacity Gains will Significantly Lower Voice andData Capital Cost per Minute of Use

• High Speed Packet Data (HSPD) Capabilities for allMobility Environments— Wireless internet

— High speed file download

— Corporate intranet access

— Video conferencing, etc…

• Smooth Migration Path from IS-95A/B cdmaOne

• Smooth Evolution Path to IMT-2000: 3xRTT

• Phase 1 of CDMA IMT-2000: Flexible, Low-Risk, LeveragecdmaOne Network Investment

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Features of the cdma2000 1xRTT Standard

• 2X Voice Capacity (Erlangs) Compared to cdmaOne— 35 Users per sector or 24.6 Erlangs per sector at 1% GOS

• 144 kbps High Speed Packet Data Capability— 153.6 kbps raw data rate

• Increased Coverage & Capacity Compared to cdmaOne— Fast Forward Link Power Control

— QPSK vs. BPSK modulation

— Turbo codes and Viterbi codes

— Coherent detection added to the reverse link - Lower Eb/No

• 128 vs. 64 Walsh Codes for Fixed Wireless Access

• Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD) on Forward Link

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cdma2000 Air-InterfaceEnhancements

•Fast power control•Transmit diversity•Auxiliary pilot

•Turbo code•Fundamental &Supplemental channels•MAC

•Coherent reverse link•Dedicated control channel(multiplexed onto the trafficchannel)

Target: 2x+ IS-95 CapacityTarget: 2x+ IS-95 Capacity

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Features of the cdma2000 1xRTT Standard

• Quick Paging Channel— Extends handset battery life

• Data Burst Negotiation— Fundamental Channel data rate is 9.6 kbps

— Bandwidth on demand using Supplemental Channel

— 9.6 - 153.6 kbps Supplemental Channel data rate

• Short Data Bursts— Short Data Bursts delivered on the Paging/Access channels

— Does not use traffic channel resources

• MAC Layer Modes for Resource Management— Active, Control Hold, Suspend, and Dormant modes

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1xRTT Network Solution

BSC

MSC

OtherVendorBSC

IVSHOA3/A7

HLR

PDSNInternet

IP

Managed IPNetwork IP

Open AA1/A2

EndOffice

IS-95, 1xRTTBTS

T1/OpticalBackhaul V5.2

TDM VoiceCircuit Switched Data

PSTN

TDM Voice

IPV5.2 Circuit Switched Data

New PDSN

PDSN - Packet Data Service Node1x CEM - 1x Channel Element Module

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PDSN (Packet Data Service Node)

• Routes IP Packets To/From External Packet DataNetwork and the Internet

• RP Interface between BSC and PDSN

• Connectivity to Routed IP networks to ProvideAccess to Commercial, Off-the-Shelf Functions— AAA Server

— Fire Walls

— Off-board billing processor

• Supports Simple IP & Mobile IP Access Methods

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Efficiency of 1xRTT Packet Data

Active Mode:Traffic, PC, &Control ChannelsAssigned

Control Hold Mode:PC & Control ChannelsAssignedVery Fast TrafficChannel Reassignment

Suspended Mode:No Dedicated ChannelsService ConfigurationMaintainedRLP & PPP StateMaintained

Dormant Mode:No Dedicated ChannelsNo BS, MSC ResourcesPPP State MaintainedShort Data Bursts

1xRTT Packet Data MAC Layer Operational Modes

Re-Enforcement of Efficient RF Capacity Usage

• Secure sufficient resources for voice calls• Provide optimum level of packet data services

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1xRTT HSPD vs. IS-95B HSPD

• 144 kbps vs. 64 kbps User Data Rates— 153.6 kbps vs. 76.8 kbps Raw Data Rates

• IS-95B Provides No Coverage Improvements over IS-95A

• 1xRTT has More Walsh Codes to Support FWA

• 1XRTT Provides Better Framing with Less Overhead

• Better Coding & Interleaving for Large Blocks of Data

• Data Burst Negotiation

• Short Data Bursts

• More MAC Layer States for Future Applications

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What Lies Beyond 1xRTT?

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•• cdma2000cdma2000IS-95 evolution, developed by TR45.5IS-95 evolution, developed by TR45.5

•• UWC-136UWC-136TDMA 136 evolution using GSM EDGE, developed by UWCC and TR45.3TDMA 136 evolution using GSM EDGE, developed by UWCC and TR45.3

•• W-CDMA/NA and WIMS (Wireless Multimedia and Messaging Services)W-CDMA/NA and WIMS (Wireless Multimedia and Messaging Services)W-CDMA/NA Aligned with UMTS W-CDMA proposal (T1P1/TR46)W-CDMA/NA Aligned with UMTS W-CDMA proposal (T1P1/TR46)Being converged into one standard WP-CDMA (wide-band packet CDMA)Being converged into one standard WP-CDMA (wide-band packet CDMA)

•• Chinese TD-SCDMA (Time-Division Synchronous) ProposalChinese TD-SCDMA (Time-Division Synchronous) ProposalFor TDD operations onlyFor TDD operations only

•• Korean TTA1 and TTA2 ProposalsKorean TTA1 and TTA2 ProposalsTTA1 aligns with cdma2000TTA1 aligns with cdma2000TTA2 aligns with W-CDMATTA2 aligns with W-CDMA

•• Japan ARIB ProposalJapan ARIB ProposalAligns with W-CDMA and has been working on convergence with cdma20000Aligns with W-CDMA and has been working on convergence with cdma20000

•• DECT ProposalDECT Proposal Extension of the DECT standardExtension of the DECT standard

•• UMTS W-CDMA ProposalUMTS W-CDMA ProposalETSI/GSM proposal for FDD operationsETSI/GSM proposal for FDD operations

Major 3G RTT Submissions (Air Interfaces)

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cdma2000 3xRTT Key Features

• Three 1.25 MHz Channels in a 5 MHz Bandwidth toSupport High Speed Data (HSPD) Services

• High Speed Packet Data Rates from 384 kbps with FullMobility to 2 Mbps for Stationary User

• Simultaneous Voice and High Speed Packet Data

• 3G CDMA 2000 Signaling Structure

• Full RTT MAC Layer Support

• Advanced Multi-Media Quality-of-Service (QoS)

• Enhanced 3G Privacy, Authentication, and Encryption

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The Multi-Carrier and DirectSpreading Modes

• Both approacheshave similarbandwidth

• Performance is thesame

• Multi-carrier canbe overlayed on topof IS-95 andtherefore is moreflexible

Multi-Carrier Forward LinkMulti-Carrier Forward Link

Direct Spread Forward LinkDirect Spread Forward Link

00 3 MHz3 MHz 5 MHz5 MHz4 MHz4 MHz2 MHz MHz1 MHz1 MHz

00 3 MHz3 MHz 5 MHz5 MHz4 MHz4 MHz2 MHz MHz1 MHz1 MHz

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Global 3G (G3G) Harmonization

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Why G3G Harmonization

• Global Economy of Scale

• Possibilities of International Roaming Between allRegions including the US and North American

• Possibilities of Global Seamless Service

• Competitions for Services not Standards - EndUser will Benefit

• Harmonization Helps by Reducing the Number ofProducts Needed for Different Markets, thusReducing R&D Costs

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Harmonization Requirements

• The Radio Access Network shall support ANSI 41 andGSM MAP based services in all 3G CDMA modes

• Support functionality based on synchronous operation

• Support seamless handoff between the harmonized DSand MC modes

• Minimize the complexity of dual-mode and multi-bandterminals and equipment

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Physical Layer

• G3G MC Mode physical layer is the same as thatof cdma2000

• G3G DS Mode physical layer is “harmonized”from 4.096 Mcps to 3.84 Mcps

Direct Spread Multi-Carrier

Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps 3.6864 Mcps

Pilot StructureCommon pilot - CDMDedicated pilot - CDM orTDM

Common pilot - CDMDedicated pilot - CDM

BTS Sync Method W-CDMA AsyncW-CDMA Sync

cdma2000 Sync

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The OHG Agreement

L3 RRC (WCDMA)

L2 (WCDMA)

L1 (WCDMA)

EXTENSIONHOOKS

EXTENSIONHOOKS

EXTENSIONHOOKS

L3, MM, CC(WCDMA)

GSM MAP

L3, MM, CC(cdma2000)

ANSI 41

L1 (cdma2000)EXTENSION

L2 (cdma2000)

L3 (cdma2000)

EXTENSION

EXTENSION HOOKS

HOOKS

HOOKS

L3, MM, CC(WCDMA)

L3, MM, CC(cdma2000)

GSM MAP ANSI 41

3.84 DIRECT SPREAD 3.68 MULTI - CARRIER

Flexible Connectivity

FDD- 3.84 DS FDD- 3.68 MC TDD- 3.84

ANSI-41 GSM MAP

NNI (Network-to-Network I/f)

• 8 CDMA RTTsharmonized to 3modes

• Support from 35operators & 13vendors…& more

• Minimize impacts toL1 & L3- MM, CC

Inter-Core-Network Roaming

Family of G3G Core Networks

Radio Access Modes Supported by theG3G Core Network Family

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High Speed Data (HSD)

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High Speed Data (HSD)

• Competing Technologies with Data Rates that Exceedthat of 3xRTT or W-CDMA in a 1.25 MHz Bandwidth

• Probably will Supercede 3xRTT in US Markets

• Qualcomm and Lucent Support High Data Rate (HDR)

• Motorola and Nokia Support 1XTREME

• Nortel Does Not Support Either Proposal Due toTechnical Deficiencies and Proposes Changes to Both inOrder to Create a Single Open HSD Standard

• Disagreement within the Industry!

• Service Providers Want One Open Standard

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Network Evolution: IP Network

Core Network (IP)

e-mobilitytm

Unified Mobility Manager

IP

OtherVendorBSC

IP basedIVSHO

ATM/IP

IS-95, 1XRTT 3XRTT BTS BSC

Wireless CallServer

WirelessAccess Gateway

Wireless PSTNGateway

LocalMobilityServer

Network Vision• All IP Network including VoIP• Wireline-Wireless and Voice-Data convergence• Air interface technology independence: UMTS/1X/3X/GSM

• Separation of services and routing

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Summary & Conclusions

• 1xRTT is the Best Evolution Story in the Industry— Voice capacity gains

— High Speed Packet Data

— Graceful migration– Leverage cdmaOne S/W and H/W investment– Leverage cdmaOne optimization & operations

experience

— Wireless data with efficient traffic management

— Evolution to G3G or HSD

• Still Much to be Done with HSD— Industry moving in the right direction

— Nortel Networks is providing leadership in standards efforts