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Louis-Benoit Desroches(ldesroches@lbl.gov)

Energy Efficiency Standards Group

Energy Analysis Department, LBNL

Appliance Standardsand

Advanced Technologies

APS Physics of Sustainable Energy IIMarch 6, 2011

http://ees.ead.lbl.gov/http://eetd.lbl.gov/r-ea.html

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Energy Demand in the U.S.Energy Demand in the U.S.

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Annual U.S. Primary Energy ConsumptionAnnual U.S. Primary Energy Consumption

Residential End Uses (22.2 quads/year total source energy)

Space Cooling, 2.414

Water Heating, 2.937Misc Loads, 2.687

Lighting, 2.298

Refrigeration, 1.454

TVs and Set Tops, 1.249

Clothes Washing and Drying, 1.035

PCs and related, 0.556

Wood, 0.468

Cooking, 0.603

Dishwashers, 0.3

Other, 0.275

Space Heating, 5.885

Commercial End Uses (18.95 quads/year total source energy)

Ventilation, 1.635

Space Cooling, 1.597

Misc Loads (Elec), 4.256

Lighting, 3.348

Refrigeration, 1.277

Misc Loads (Gas), 1.014

Water Heating, 0.797

PCs and related, 0.810

Office Equipment, 0.773

Cooking, 0.268

Other, 0.473

Space Heating, 2.516

Standards affect products using >80% of residential

and >60% of commercial buildings’ primary energy

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Residential Electric SavingsResidential Electric Savings

APS (2008). Energy Future: Think Efficiency

http://www.aps.org/energyefficiencyreport/report/aps-energyreport.pdf

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U.S. Standards ProgramU.S. Standards Program

• Establish Standards—New standards for a product are intended to achieve the

maximum efficiency that is technologically feasibleand economically justified, and to have significant energy savings.

—The Secretary of Energyweighs the benefits and burdens of standards in selecting the level of stringency.

• Open Process involving Stakeholders—The process of developing standards is intended to be

open, involving stakeholders as active participants and fostering consensus.

—Analysis includes engineering, LCC, NIA, MIA, utility impacts, environmental assessments, and RIA

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/

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Impacts Vary Depending upon Equipment Impacts Vary Depending upon Equipment Price, Energy Prices, and Usage BehaviorPrice, Energy Prices, and Usage Behavior

Example: Clothes washer standard reduces energy 22% in year 2004

• 90% of households have net savings; 10% have net costs

• Mean impact = $103 savings (6%)— Range of impacts is from $808

savings to $126 cost per household

— Average baseline LCC = $1633

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U.S. Appliance Standards Are Based on U.S. Appliance Standards Are Based on Engineering-Economic AnalysisEngineering-Economic Analysis

Statistical-EUTop-runner-Japan

DOE-US

300 600 900 liters

Targets can go beyond current models

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Six Final Rules in 2009

14 Products with standards prescribed by EISA 2007

Ranges and Ovens General Service Fluorescent Lamps

(GSFL) and Infrared (IRL) Lamps Commercial Package Boilers and Very

Large Commercial Package Air-conditioners & Heat Pumps

Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines Commercial Clothes Washers

Five Final Rules in 2010

Water Heaters (Residential)(COMPLETED) Direct Heating Equipment (COMPLETED) Pool Heaters (COMPLETED) Small Electric Motors (COMPLETED) Refrigerators (pending)

Ten Final Rules in 2011

Microwave Ovens Residential Furnaces Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Clothes Dryers (Residential) Room Air Conditioners Central Air Conditioners and Heat

Pumps (Residential) Battery Chargers External Power Supplies (Class A) ER, BR, and Small Diameter

Incandescent Reflector Lamps Residential Clothes Washers

Ongoing Rules Furnace Fans DistributionTransformers MH Lamp Fixtures HID Lamps Residential Dishwashers and more…..

Rulemaking ActivitiesRulemaking Activities

2.81 quads

$2.0B (@ 7%)

164 MMT CO2

2.20 quads

$5.3B (@ 7%)

112 MMT CO2

Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It?National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (2001)

• Primary Energy Savings = 9% of 2025 residential energy use

• Carbon Reductionsin 2025= 132 million metric tons CO2/year

Additional $48 billion in savings from energy efficiency standards for 9 residential products

NAS estimate of economic benefits of Energy Efficiency R&D assigns $30 billion in savings (including $23 billion to LBNL technologies)

DOE spent $7.3 billion on EE R&D, 1978-2000 cumulative

DOE spent ~$0.3 billion on energy efficiency standards, 1979-2010 cumulative

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Impacts from Existing StandardsImpacts from Existing Standards

Neubauer et al. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ASAP-7/ACEEE-A091

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Impacts from Upcoming StandardsImpacts from Upcoming Standards

Neubauer et al. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ASAP-7/ACEEE-A091

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Impacts from Existing and New StdsImpacts from Existing and New Stds

Neubauer et al. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ASAP-7/ACEEE-A091

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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

Ind

ex (

1972

=10

0)U.S. Average Energy Use per New Appliance

Index relative to 1972 = 100

Effective Dates of National Standards

Effective Dates of State Standards=

=

Gas Furnace-25%

Central air conditioner– 50%

Refrigerator-70%

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Refrigerators in the U.S.Refrigerators in the U.S.

Source: David Goldstein

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Appliance Price HistoriesAppliance Price Histories

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Some examples of advanced technologies……

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RefrigeratorsRefrigerators

Source: Sun Frost

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Air ConditioningAir Conditioning

Source: Coolerado

Source: Daikin AC

Source: ECO-MAX

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Integrated SystemsIntegrated Systems

Baxter et al. (2008), Development of a Small Integrated Heat Pump for Net-Zero Energy Homes, 9th International IEA Heat Pump Conference .

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LightingLighting

Source: QD Vision

Source: Ceravision

Source: Philips

But don’t forget fluorescent lighting….

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Televisions and DisplaysTelevisions and Displays

Source: QD Vision

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TransformersTransformers

Sources: Warner Power, Hexaformer

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Clothes DryersClothes Dryers

Nipkow& Bush (2009), Promotion of Energy-Efficient Heat Pump Dryers, EEDAL ‘09.

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Clothes WashersClothes Washers

Source: Xeros Ltd.

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Network(ed) EquipmentNetwork(ed) Equipment

Source: IEEE P802.3az

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Conclusions• Energy efficiency has proven itself

— 30-year track record, technologically feasible, economically justified

— Standards and labels produced significant energy savings

— Economic benefits vastly exceed programmatic costs

• Affordable energy efficiency is a renewable resource— Additional potential has been identified

— Will replace each generation of appliances, equipment, lighting

— Many interesting advanced technologies on the horizon, which can deliver significant savings

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/

http://ees.ead.lbl.gov/

ldesroches@lbl.gov