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J.c
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THE BOOK or
ARDA YIRAX.THE PAHLAYI TEXTPREPARED BY
DESTUR HOSHANGJI JAMASPJI ASA,REVISED AND COLLATED WITH FURTHERMSS.,
WITH AN ENGLISH
TRANSLATION AND IJ^TRODUCTION, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS OF THE
GOSHT-I FRYAIS'O, AiST HADOKIIT-MSK
MARTIN HAUG, PH.ASSISTED BY
D.,
UOrE&SOK OF SANSCIUT AM) CuXPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AT THE UNIVEKSITV OF MUNICH,
E.
W.
WEST,
PIT. D.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY.
BOMBAY,GOVERNMENT CENTRA). BOOKDEPOT.
1872.
LONDON,MESSRS. TRUBNERCO,
AND
CO.
PATERNOSTER ROW.
0-
C^-./^^C.'-w-c--^-C..'Kt-*
A-A^^^^
TDE BOOK OF
ARDA
VIRAF.
liJHjJO^
a^uL^^C
crfU^i^
SuUs^
^^^^^^^yf
^
THE BOOK OF
ARDA YIRAFTHE PAHIAYI TEXTPREPARED BY
DESTUR IIOSIIANGJI JAMASPJI ASA,REVISED AI^D COLLATED WITH FURTHERMSS., WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND INTRODUCTION, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS OF THE
G08IIT-I
IRYANO, AiSD HADOKHT-NASKBY
MARTIN
IIAUG,
PIT.
D.,
PROFESSOR OF SANSCRIT AND COMPARATIVE I'lIlLOLOUY AT THE UXIVERSITV OF MU.MCII,
ASSISTED BY
E.
W.
WEST,
ril. D.
PDBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY.
-^jxa^ -
BOMBAY, GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BOOKDEPOT.
1872,
LONDON,MESSRS. TRUBNER60,
AND
CO,
PATERNOSTER EOW.
PRINTED AT THE
K.
HOFBUCHDRUCKEREl ZU GUTTENBERG
(CARL ORUNINGER)AT STUTTGART, WURTEMBERG.
Preface,The bookof Arda-Virafasit
is
one of the mostaccount
interesting-
works
of Pahlavi literature,
contains the}3riesl
of an
imaginaryhell,ils
journeyofleniiave
of a pious Parsi
Ihrouffh
heaven andSince
vvliich
reminds one of Dante's Divina Conimedia.
conlenis
been
iiitherlo
very imperfectly kno\\
n in
Europe
throug-h Pope's
Eng-Ilsh
translationI
which was based only on modern Persian and
Gujarati versions, fore
recommended
the
Governme,nt of Bombay, be-
my
departure from India, in the year 18G6, to intrust Destur
floshang^ji Jamaspji
Asa, among- other works, wilh the prepariilionorig-inal
of an
edition
of the
Pahlavi
text
of thisto,
work with
a
g-lossary.
My
request
was
readily accededto
and the MS. whichearly in 1870, by
the Destur h'^d prepared,
was forwarded
me
the Director of Public Instruction,
for revision
and publication.beforeit
As
it
will
probably
be
a
very
long-
timeI
anotheradvisable
edition ofto
the orig-inal text willedifioto
come out,
thought
make
this
princeps as correct asa
possible,
by
subjectingall
the Destur's
MS,
thorough revision, and making use ofavailable in
the
materials which
were
Europe,
but inaccessible to the
Destur,
He
had used live MSS., besides several Pazand versions, Pahlavi text,but none of them
in preparing- theold.
was
particularly
And
as the
two
oldest and most valuablethe
MSS.
of the Arda
Viraf namak are in Europe,versity Libraryal
one
being- deposited in the
Uni-
Copenhagen (Xo.
20),
the
other
being
in
my
IV
Preface.possession (He),carefully.,
ownthem
it
was incumbent on anaccomplish this
editorI
to
collatein
In order toin
task,
wentE,
the
autumn of 1871to
company with my
friend Dr.
W.
West,in
Copenhagen, wherecollection
we
found further useful materials
the
splendid
of
Zand and Pahlavi MSS. which hadat
been
made by E, Rask
during- his stay
Bombay.complicated
To
facilitate
the
reading
of
the
and
ambiguous
Pahlavi character, a complete transliteration of the whole text has
been added, which
we
have based on
a
kind of regular system, asintroductory Essays.hisIt
may be
learnt from the second
of the
is
true, Destur Iloshangji had sent, along withtransliteration
text,
a complete
which was of great usein
to
us;that
but as the text
we
prepared,as well as
differed
manyof
points
from
which he hadthat
sent,
our system
transliteration
from
which he had
followed,
weourtheI
thought
it
expedient,
for the sake of uniformity, to
adhere
to
own
system.lang-uag-eis
AsEurope,
Pahlaviit
but
very
little
understood
in
deemed
advisableIt
tois
add a complete
translation with
notes for the general reader.
as literal as possible, and sinceit,
great care has been bestowed on
it
may be
relied upon.
The Arda-Yiraf namak being,to
in the
two oldest MSS., joinedtale
the G6sht-i
Fryano,in
which interestingI
bas
been as
yet
wholly unknownit,
Europe,
resolved upon adding an edition ofin the
with a transliteration and translation,
form of an appendix.usual care.
This has been prepared by Dr.
West withthe
his
Since several longthe fate of the soultexts,
passages inarein
Book of Arda Viraf, onfromoriginal
after death,to
taken
Avesta
such as are
be
foundI
the fragmentsit
of
theto
HadCkhlin
Nask which arc
still
extant,
Ihouglit
expedient
add,
a
e f a c e.
secondof those
appendix,frag-menls
an edition of bolh(the latterbeing-
Ihe
Zand and Pahlavipublishedfor
textsfirst
here
the
time), with a transliteration of
the Pahlavi, an Eng-lish translation
of the Zand text, and notes.
For the introductory Essaysand remarksang-ji
T
made
largely use of the notesto
which had been forwardedbest thanks are due.
me by
Destur Hosh-
to
whom my
During- theassistance
preparation of this work, Dr. E.
1
have receiv:ed greatwhichits
from
W. West,
without
publication
wouldfor hisI
have been much delayed.most valuable services.
My
best thanks are due to him
have
also to
acknowledgeat
the great liberality
and friendliness
with which the librarians
the University Library at
Copenhagen
allowed us free accessduring our stayin
to
their valuable
Zand and Pahlavi MSS.
thattoall
city.
The Glossary
the
texts
contained
in
this
volume
will
be published separately, next year.
Munich,
8th
September 1872.
M.
Haug.
Introductory Essaysby
M.
Haug,and
Ph. D.
E.
W. West,
Ph. D.
I.
The MSS. used in preparing theof the versions of the
texts, "with
an account
Arda-Yiraf naniak.
The
text of the
Arda-Viraf namak, origmally prepared by Destur
Hoshangji from the Pahlavi MSS. B., X., P. and some Pazand MSS.hereinafter described, has been carefully collated with Dr. Hang's
MSS.
He, Hi
7,
Hi 8 and the Kopenhagen MSS. K20 and K26, and several
additions and corrections have been derived from these sources.
The
text
of the
tale
of G6sht-i
Fryano has been prepared from,
three of the
same MSS., He, K20 and K26
and collated with H? and
a copy of Li5.
While theIv2o;
text of the
Hadokht Nask has been taken
from He and
with, a
few various readings of the Zand versioninis
from P-
,
which are given by Westergaard
hisa
notes to
the Yasht
Fragments XXI. andall
XXH. The
following
detailed description of
the
MSS.is
used.
He
a very old and correct codex in Dr. Haug's collection, care-
fully written,
very legible, and
in
good preservation.
It
contains the
series of
Pahlavi works commonly knownin
to the desturs as the 'greater
Bundehesh',
two volumes, large octavo,or bundles,
comprising,
respectively,
17 and 13 clastak, jCizu,linesto
of eight folios each, of
written 17
the
page,
except the
last 5 folios
the
first
volume,
and
the last 32 of the second,
which are writtenfolios
closer.
The
first
volume has 13 extrato
of
equally old paper,
but
more carelessly written, prefixedthree
the 136
already mentioned;
and
more
of the extra fohos (Nos. 12, 13
and 16) are missing.
The
contents of these extra folios are: the
Khurshed Ny^yish and Khurshed
:
:
iv
Introductory Essays.
Yasht
in
Zand and Pahlavi,
the gifts and qualities of the thirty
Yazads
(imperfect), thetlie
Zand alphabet, and a fragmentI.
of the first chapter of
Arda-Yiraf namak,
138, which
is
designated Hea in the notes
to the text.
And,
the
contents of the 136 folios, properly belonging to
the
first
volume
are as follows,
1.
Visparad, Z.-Pahl.
with a colophon dated theto the 1^* of
29^i>
of the ninth
month A.Y. 766 (corresponding2./i/7(^,
October A. D. 1397).
Selections from the Gathas
(Cludak avistdk-i gdsdn-i afzumi-c.
Z.-Pahl., comprising28,1,
Yasna45,33,
46, 6,7,17. 48,3. 51,8-9. 52, 1-4,8, 10.
53,
1, 2, 8.
30,
1.
31,
G, 21.
u. 34,
and
59, 30, 31. either wholly,
or in part.3.
Three fargards of the Hadokht Nask, Z.-Pahl, as publishedp.
in
this
volume,4.
269300.v.
Auharmazd Yasht,,
31,
preceded by the sentence: ahc narshin
ashaono .... fravareta5.
mentionedI.;
Westergaard's note
;
Z.-Pahl.this is
Pahlavi Rivayat, partis
Destur Hoshangji states that
the
work which6. 7. 8. 9.
also called Shayist-la-shayist.in 1867.
Zand-Pahlavi Glossary, as publishedPahlavi Rivayat, partII.
Patit-i khiid, in Pahlavi.
The
duties of the seven
Ameshaspends,
in Pahlavi.
10.11.
Valuation of sins, in Pahlavi.Miscellaneous passages,;
in
Pahlavi,,
as to
when meat mustthereis
not be eaten
the three heinous sinners
for
whom
no resur-
rection; the respect due to a
man who knows
the scriptures by heart;isif
and the place where aon which he died,
man
will risefirst
from the dead, whichcorpse touched,
the spot
or the
spot his
he died
suspended in the
air.
The12.
contents of the 104 folios of the second volume, are as follows
The bookp. 3
of
Arda Yiraf,
in
Pahlavi,
as
published in this
volume,13.latest of
138.tale of Gosht-iis
The
Fryano, in Pahlavi, with colophons, the
which
dated the 19"' day of the eleventh month A. Y. 766
Introductory Essays.
v
(corresponding to thelished in this14.in
20^''
of
November A. D.
1397).
This tale
is
pub-
volume,
p.
207
24G.auzdtrmd gah;
The
lengths of shadows at noon, and at the
Pahlavi.15.
Bundehesh
in Pahlavi, containing 30 of Anquetil's chapters in
the following order: ch.16.
1523, 114, 2427,v.
31, 33
and
34.
Yasht of the seven Ameshaspends
II
15, in
Zand.
17.18.
Khurdad YashtAkharman's
in
Zand.to
directions;
Aeshm, regarding the Gahanbars,
Myazd and Khvaetvadath19.
in Pahlavi.
When
the formula
Yathd aha
imirijo
is
to
be recited, from
once
to thirteen times; in Pahlavi.
20. Miscellaneous sentences, in Pahlavi, containing advice
on
reli'.
gious subjects, and breaking off incomplete, at the end of the volume
Thefollow,
texts in this
MS.
are
more
correct than in any of those which
and supply many omissionsit
in the other old
codex K20.
In the
Arda-Viraf namak,in all
supplies a sentence
in ch. 53,itself;
whichbutit
is
missing
other MSS., including those copied from
also omits
sentences in ch. 5,32 and 34, which are found in K20, K26 and His.
There
is
every reason to believe, from the apparent age of the paper,relative positions
and the
and dates of the colophons, that these
latter
have not been copied from an older MS., as sometimes happens, butthat this
codex was actually writtenoccursin
in A.
D. 1397, by the Peshyotan colophons;
Ram Kamdin whose nameintervene between them.Iv2o is also a
the
the 50 days
dif-
ference in their dates, being necessary for writing the 151 folios which
very old codex,
No. 20 of Rask's collection in theit
university library at
Kopenhagen
;
is
a contemporary of
He
,
but
is
not so well preserved; several folios being lost, and
many
others torn
and much worn.
It is
a large octavo, written 20 lines to the page, of
>
A Pazand
version of tliese sentences, and of article 18,library,
occurs in the Lou-
don MS., India
office
Z.is
and P. XXII., appendedderived from Hj.
to the
Bundehesh,
fol.
105110; and most of
that
MS.
vj
Introductory Essays.
which 173
folios remain, the last
one being blank
;
the folios supposed
to be missing are fol. 1, 121, 145, 154,
155 and several which followed:
177.
TheI,
contents of this codex are as follows
2.
The same
as 12 and 13 inIS***
Hg, with a colophon (see notes
on
p.
245) dated the
of the
tenth
month A, Y. 690 (correspondingfirst foliois
to the 8th Qf
November A.D. 1321);6.
the
"missing.a
3, 4, 5,
The sameIS^i^
as 14, 3, 4 and 18 in
He, followed by
colophon dated theto the 2d of7.
of the
ninth
month A. Y. 720 (corresponding
October A. D. 1351).as 5 in
The sameof the
He, followed by a Persian colophon datedto
the
9^''
seventh
month A.Y. 700 (corresponding
the
30*''
of
July A. D. 1331).8.
The sameBundehesh1851;
as G in He.in
9.
Pahlavi, as published,is
in fac-simile,is
by Wester-
gaard
in
one
folio
missing.
This
the text translated by
Anquetil, and differs in arrangement from that in He, besides supplying the extra matter contained in Anquetil's ch. 2810.
30
and 32.
Bahman YashtAnswersof
in Pahlavi.
II.
3)^^,
the
sage,i.
to his pupil, in
Pahlavi; of
which one or two12.13.
folios are
missing
The
tale of the accursed Abalish, in Pahlavi.
Replies of Ataropad-i Marspendan, a Greek and a Hindil, to;
the Persian king14.
in Pahlavi.
Yasht fragment
XXH. 39 42
of Westergaard, Z.-Pahl.,folio,
whichlost.is
breaks
off
incomplete at the end of av.
the next two being;
15.
Srosh Yasht Hadokht,folios.
022, Z.-Pahl.
the beginning
lost
with the missingIG.
Selections from the Yasna, Z.-Pahl., comprising
Yasna I1,i7.
13,8.
and part of 29,6.
'
This part of the codex wants re-arrangement
;
the proper order of the folios
(as they were
numbered
last year)
seems
to
be as follows: 142, 147, 146, then pro-
bably two missing folios, 143, 144, 148 and thence onwards.
Introductory Essays.
vii
17,
18, 19.
The same
as 19,7
and 8
inis
Hg; but thelost.
latter portion
(about one-seventh) of the concluding PatitIt
appears from the abovecontainsarticles
lists
of contents,in
that each of the old
codexes
which are not
the other, although nearlyto
three-fourths of their contents are1,'2,
common
both
;
thus
,
the articles
9, 10, IJ, 16, 17
and 20
in
He are wantingin
in K20,
and the
ar-
ticles
10
16
in
K20 are wantingin
He
,
while the Bundehesh in K20
differs
from that
He.the
The
three dates, found in
codex
K2(),
follow one another in
the irregular
order A. Y. 690, 720, 700;
and although extending overof
a period of thirty years,
they occur
within a space
36 folios, in
which every fresh
article
begins on the same page as that on which
the preceding one ends, with hardly any interval and no change in the
handwriting.
The colophons must,
therefore,
have been copied, by thecopying.
writer of this codex,
from the original
MSS. which he waspaper,the
Judging,
however, from the,
state of the
codex must beIt is
about 500 years oldof notice that
or
nearly contemporary with He.
worthy
Mihrban Kai-Khusru, the writer of the original MSS.,articles1
from which the
7
were copied
,
appears
to
have been a
great grand-nephew of
Rustam Mihrban,
the writer of the originalthis
MS.
whence the
articles
12
13
in
He were copied;
may be
clearly
inferred from the genealogies given in the colophons (see p. 245, 266).
Furthermore,
it
appears from their colophons, that the same Mihrban,
Kai-Khusro copied the old Yasna and Vendidad, K5 and Ki
now
at
Kopenhagen, from MSS. written by the same Rustam Mihrban,great grand-uncle.
his
The
actual writer of K20,
whose name
is
unknown,
isit
probably
responsible for the numerous omissions of words with which
abounds
;
and he must, therefore, have been a rather careless copyist.trivial
But
his
blunders are thrown altogether into the shade by those of the,
writer of K21
which
is
a copy of K20
made about
a century ago, in
the handwriting of Destur Darab, as
Rask
believed, but this is doubtful,
as the writer often
makes nonsense
of his text
by misreading the
ori-
viii
Introductory Essays.
ginal.first),
K21 contains 158
folios written 17 lines to the
page (except theof part oflegible,
followed by 14 extra folios which contain a repetition
the text.
As
it
very rarely supplies anything more thanit
is
now
in the defective parts oflv2o,
must have been written when that MS.;
was, very nearly, infolios
its
present state
it
omits words, phrases and even
(such as
fols,still
133 141,
146
and 147 of K20), and misreads
words which are
plainly legible.
Another copyP7,
of
K20, written by Kaus Fredun
in A.
D. 1737,
is
No. 7 in Anquetil's collection at Paris.as
This seems to contain the
same matter
K20
in its present state,
with the addition of thePatit.
Nam-
stayishni and Sirozah,
which follow the
N. represents two MSS. used by Destur Hoshangji, which agreevery closely in the text of the Arda-Viraf namak, and have both beenchiefly derived
from He.
One was
written by Destur Asaji Noshirwanji,fifty
of the family of Desturis
Jamasp Asa, some
or sixty years ago, butin He.
not dated;
it
consists of the articles 2
13
The
other was
written by Destur Noshirwanji Jaraaspji Asaji Fredunji Bagarya^, andconsists of the following treatises:article 1
from He, four ISirangsPatit-i
in
Pazand,stayishni,
articles 2, 3, 4, 15
and G from He,
pashimani,in
Nam-
Kar-namak-i Ardashir Papakan
(all three
Pahlavi), and
articles 12, 13, 5
and 9 from He.portion
According
to a
colophon at the end"^^^
of article
6,
that
was completed on theto the29^''
day of the
third
month A. Y. 1108 (correspondingK2eis
of December A. D. 1738).
an imperfect, but very carefully written, MS. of the Pah-
lavi tales of
Arda Viraf and G6sht-i Fryano, No. 26;
in the
university
library
at
Kopenhagen
its
date
is
lost
with
its
last
folios,
but thefolios re-
paper seems more than two centuriesmain, written 15 lines to the page;
old.
Only 53 octavo1
the missing folios are
7,
41
48,
5154 andch.
those which followed 72, and the missing text6.
is
Ard. Vir.
1,1. 4,
64,8.-83,8. 89,10.-100,4. and
Go. Far. ch. 4,23. to end.
1
Bagaryft, or Bhagadyii,
is
the
surname of
all
the Parsi priests having their[Dest,]
share in thQ panthak, or diocese, of Nausari.
It is
from bhdga, Z. bagha.
Introductory Essays.
ix
This MS. has not been derived from either He, or K20, but
is
probably
descended from the same original as the very old Pazaud MS. His,hereafter described.
That
it
has not come from
Pis
,
is
proved by
its
supplying the phrases omitted by
He
in
Ard. Yir. ch. 4,35. 5,4-5. 32,2-6.is
and
34,5-6.
And
that
it
has not come from K20,
pretty clear from1.
the variations18,3,8.
noted in Ard. Vir. ch. 8,4. 10,2. 11,3. 12,
14,3. 17, is.
and
54,
n.
While some connection with Hisfrom the others.
is
proved by that
MS. sharingB.is
in all these differences
a;
Pahlavt MS.
of
the
Arda-Viraf namak,is
used by Desturnot dated, but
Hoshangjiis
theto
name
of
its
writer
unknown, and
it is
supposed
be about a century old, having been corrected throughin the
out,
and interlined with Persian,
handwriting of Destur Bahmanji
Jamshedji Jamasp Asa.P.ranjiis
This MS. omits ch. 41 and 42.
another Pahlavi MS. of the same, belonging to Destur Peshohis ancestor
Behramji Sanjana of Bombay, and written by;
Mobad
Nawrozji Sanjana at Surat
it
has been corrected by Destur Peshotanji,
and a copy of Hi7collection;is
it
seems
to
have been used by Destur Hoshangji.in Dr.
ait
modern MS. on European paper. No. 17is
Haug's
hastily written, but tolerably correct,
and contains the
Pahlavi texts of the Pand-namak-i Ataropad Maraspend, and the'ArdaViraf namak, ch. l,i.revision of the textlike those in ch.7, 1.
44,
3.
The
latter
seems
to
be copied from
a
in
He, as many small alterations are introduced,and 17,9., which are often judicious, but
8,1,2.
must be received with caution, being merely modern guesses of someone well-versedin
Pahlavi; asit
it
closely resembles P., in ch. 12,ii-is.
15,9. 16,9,10. etc.,
may
possibly be a copy of the revised text in
that
MS.;Lis
it
also agrees with B. in omitting ch. 41,
is
the
London MS., India
office library, Z.
and P. XV.; conits
taining 119 folios,
octavo, written 10 to 12 lines to the page;:
con-
tents are as follows1.
Rules regarding the Dron ceremonial,
in
Pahlavi; being the
conclusion of article 7 in He.b
:
1
X
Introductory Essays.
2,
3, 4.
The same
as ^, 9
and 13
in
Hb
,
and evidently derived
from that codex.5.
Patit-i
Ataropad Maraspend;
in
Pazand, by another hand, andevening of
on different paper
with a Persian
colophon dated on theis
the b^^ of the tenth month, but no year
mentioned, and the writer's
name has been6.
carefully blotted out.in Pahlavi,
Shikand-gumani
by the same writer as
the
first
four subjects, but containing only the first three-eighths of the text.
This MS. was one of the collection of Dr. Samuel Guise, and
its
age can be approximately ascertained from the fact that the MS. L26 (whichis
in the
same peculiar handwritingfol.
as
theIT*'"
Pahlavi portion ofof the tenth
Lis) contains a colophon on
62,
dated theof
month
A. Y.
HOG
(corresponding
to
the ^^^
August A, D. 1737); but the
name
of the writer is not mentioned.
His
is
a very old Pazand-Sanskritcollection.It
MS.
of the Arda-Viraf
namak,of
No. 18 in Dr. Ilaug'sfolios,
is
a square
duodecimo
1031
the
first
98 containing the alternating Paz. -Sans, text, writtenthe page,
to
17 lines to
and concluding with the following Sanskrit
colophon
Sanvat
1466 varsJie
Chaitras'udi 13
hhaume
navma ArdddsimIS'''
Viraya-ndma pustakam ervada-Rdmena crvada-Kdmdina-sutenadareaa samddhdnena likhitam: 'In the Samvat year 1466, on theof thelight
half of Chaitra,
early on
Tuesday
(?)
,
the book,
of the
Arda-Viraf namak was written, with suitable devotion
by the herbad
Ram,
the sou of herbad Kamdin'.to the
This date correspondswriter
18'^ of
March A. D. 1410
i;
and the
may
possibly have been
the
Ram Kamdin who
was the father
uf Peshyotan, the writer oflater
He, although
his writing is dated 12 1/2 years
than that of his son.
The Pazand
text of this
MS. corresponds
pretty
closely with the
1
It
must be obberved that the Samvat year,
ia
Gujarat and the Konkan,
be-
gins with Karttik s'ud, or seven months later than in northern India.
Introductory Essays.
xi
Pahlavi of the old codexes, and especially with K26 as already noticed;butit
differs
from them,to
in
supplying a passage, in Ard. Vir. ch. 87,
1-5.,
which seems necessarylastis
complete the sense,;
and some others
in the
two chapters, which are not so requisiteits
its
orthography, moreover,
bad, and
misreadings numerous.
AmongSanskrit,
the
Pazand MSS. used by Destur Hoshangji,closely
is
one without
which also corresponds veryin
with the Pahlavi text,details.tlie
though very corrupt
orthography
and minor
It is
neatly
written and partially interlined with Pahlavi, and has
following date
appended: Sanvat 183S, S'ake 1704 pravartrndfte, Phdlgunavadi chatwdas't: 'Thein the
fourteenth of the dark half of Phalgun,'
SamvatIS**'
1838,
course of S'aka 17041782).
(corresponding to about the
of
March
A.D.
A
third
Pazand version
of the Arda-Viraf
namak
is
accompanied
by a translation both in Sanskrit and old Oujarati, the three versions of each sentence being written successively.angji possesses
Ofis
this version,
Destur Hosh-
two copies.
The
first
in a
very old MS., containing
the Khurshed, Mihir,
Mah
and Atash ^Nyayishes, the Auharmazd Yasht, and Gahanbar Afringans, the Dhup Nirang,with a Sanskrit versionSanskrit;
the Dahraan, Ardafravasha Patit
and Ashirvad,
all
also the Arda-Viraf
namak and Bahman Yasht, both withThe date A. Y. 784 (A.D. 1415)is
and Gujarati versions.Ashirvad, and the
appended
to the:
Arda - Yiraf namak has the following colophondrishtantddris'au
yddris'am pustake
likhitamdtyate;
mayd;
yadi
s'uddham
as'uddhanvd
mama
dosho
na
ervada-Rdnd (Rdmena?) ervada-Kdmit
dinasuta likhitam:
'As seen in the book, sois
was written by me;
whether correct, or incorrect, no blame
attributable to
me;
written
by herbad
Ram
(?) son of herbad Kamdin'five
(probably the same as he
who wrote His
years before).
'
This can be correct only
if
Chaitra vad of the 8'aka year (whichto the
is
the
same as Phalgun vad of the Samvat year) be taken as belongingas
same year
Chaitra s'ud
;
which
is
not the general rule.
:
xii
Introductory Essays.
The other copy
is
described
by Destur Hoshangji as being wellbut the copyist seems to havewith two
written, and exactly similar
to the first,It
been unaccustomed
to Sanskrit.
concludesit
colophons in
Prakrit, one from the original
MS. whence
was copied, and the other
mentioning the actual writer of the copy;follows:1.
these
may be
translated as
'Written by the priest Bahiram,
son of the priest Laksh12*11 Ix^i^^y
midhar;
in the
Samvat year 1507, on Monday, the
day of
Margas'irsh, in the course of the Variyan yoga, in the As'vini nakshatra
(corresponding to about the 16*^ of ISovember A. D. 1450); in the landsof
Nagasaraka
(the old
name
of Nausari)'.
2.
'On Wednesday the
4*''
of the dark half of S'ravan in the
Samvat year 1844 (correspondingU^'^
to
the 21* of
August A.D. 1788) the
day of theis
11*''
[Parsi];
month;
on
this
day the book of Arda-Gvira-namaof]
made completethe
written by
herbad Shapurji [son
Fr^dunji [son
of]
heaven-residing
mobad
Manekji Homji Kekabad Kavasji Ilirarana of
Surat'.
This third Pazand version commences with a Pazand transliteration of the following couplets
from the Shahnamah
It
is
also
remarkable
for
great alterations in
the introduction, which
make Arda Virafa translation
a contemporary of king Gushtasp.introduction,;
The
following
is
of this
prepared from a copy of the textlate
supplied by Destur Hoshangjithe
its
date
is
proved by the use of
word khashm^ Ar.Tn the
fv-ais.
,
for 'husband'.
name and honor
of the good creator of all those
who behave
well (vasam vazdvand),
and with the assistance and blessing of the goodthis
pure religion of the Mazdayasnians, the \Yords of
narrative
of
ArdS
Viraf
'
are recounted.the
At the time when king Uushiasp receivedMazdayasnians from Auharmazd, the lord;
good religion of the
and the pious Zaratl\sht Spitama
Written
Ardd
Vird, Sans.
Arddd Gvird punisha,
throughout.
;
Introductory Essays.
xiii
vrn9
gone
to glory;
as rrushtasp,
Dalag, Gospadasht, Frashoshtar, Maidy6-
mah aud
other Mazdayasnians were seated together, and happily influenced,'Let us select,
they said thus:'free
from the Mazdayasnians, one who
is
very
from
sin;
and
let,
us give him a narcotic to eat, so that his soulthatit
may
'go to the other world
mayit
see the soul of the descendant of Spi-
'tama,'the
the pious Zaratusht;;
that
may
see the thrones of
Auharmazd andEashnhell.
archangels
thatit
it
may
see heaven, and the Chinvat bridge, andhell,
'the just;
and that
may
see
and the souls of the wicked
in
'And
it
will
know whether
these good works, which
we Mazdayasniansif
per-
'form, are effectual,
or not;effectual,
and
it
willif
bring us intelligence,
the endeaineffectual'.is
'vours
we make be
audit,
those
we dont make be
And
they were unanimous aboutbest of us
aud said thus: 'Arda Viraf[Then as in
the most
'innocent andJ.
Mazdayasnians'.
the Pahl. text
of
ch.
36
41:
nearly verbatim.]the other
Then king Gushtasp and
Mazdayasnians arose, and went into
the abode of the sacred fires; and they cast lotslot
among
themselves, and the
came
to
Arda
Viraf.
Afterwards,
aeYen sisters,
the seven wives
of
Arda Viraf
(as
all
of
them were
his wives,
and had learnt the religion by heart, and recited thethey were as grievous to them as;
prayers), Avhen they heard those tidings,if
they had come
upon them most severely
and they went before king
Gushtasp aud the other Mazdayasnians,feet,
and bowed and stood upon theirPahlavi version,II.
and they spoke thus:
[as
in
the
8
12;
nearly
verbatim.]
Then king Gushtasp,said to
when he heard those words, became angry and
them thus: 'May the wind carry you away, and the wolf devour youoff"
'and tear
your bones'.Viraf, as he
Then Arda
saw that Gushtasp was angry, appeased thempaid his re-
and he went before Gushtasp, joined his hands on his breast,spects,
and said thus
:
'If it
be customary,will
let:
me
eat food, and pray to the
'departed souls,'narcotic'.
and make a
(andarz):
and afterwards, give me the
Then king Gushtasp
said thus
'Act accordingly'.
Afterwards, Arda Viraf went to histhe Yazishn ceremony,
own sacreddeparted
fire,
and performed
and prayed
to
the
souls,
and ate food.
;
xiv
Introductory Essays.
And
the sisters prepared a narcotic, and flavored
it
with a cup of wine, andto
dressed
Arda Viraf with other
clothes,
and gave notice
king Kai Gush-
tasp and the other Mazdayasnians.
Then king Gushtasp andArda Viraf thenarcotic,
the other Mazdayasnian?* came, and they gave
and he slept upon the carpet.
And
they instructed
the herbads, intrusted with the place,
that they should protect the body ofrecite
Arda Viraf, by watching, and shouldsisters sat
the Nasks.
.And those seven
around the carpet of Arda Viraf, and repeated the Avesta during[Then a$in the
seven days and nights.
Pahlavi version,
III. 1
4.]
And
those sisters, as they saw that Arda Viraf looked up,
became
as
joyful as if they were intationto
heaven during
life
;
and the herbads offered
salu-
Arda Viraf, and went before king Gushtasp, Dalag, Gospadasht,
Frashoshtar, Maidyoniah and the other Mazdayasnians, and gave them notice;
and they went towards Arda Viraf.to
And Arda
Viraf, as he saw king[as in the
Gushtasp, wentPahlavt version,
meet him, and spoke thus: 'A blessing from
III.
8 11;
nearly verbal im,]:
Then king Gushtasp'who'tell
said thus
'A perfect heart hast thou, Arda Viraf,
art the
messenger of us Mazdayasnians, and may the blessing be thine
us truly about that which thou hast seen'.
And having
taken his hand,
all
the Mazdayasnians sat
downhell,
together,
and spoke thus:
'Say what thouof these speak
'hast seen in'truly,
heaven and
and. at the Chinvat bridge;of those'1
so that
we
also
may know
who have possession
of Garodman'.is
Then Arda Viraf'be given to the body,
said thus:
am hungry and
thirsty; first foodto
to
and afterwards questions are
be asked, and workfor
'appointed'.
Then king Gushtasp ordered
that they should bring,
Arda
VirM, nice food, woll-cooked and savory broth, and cold water, and pleasantwine.
Then Arda Viraf consecrated
the
Dron and Baresman, and
ate the
food, and completed
tho sacred repast with sweet basil (ocymuni) and wine,III.21,etc.]
and said grace.
[Then as in the Pahlavi version,
J3estur Hoshangji
observesit
that
the Pazandso
orthography of
this
introduction
is
'horrible';
is
however scarcelyofthis
bad as that of sometextcertaindiffers
otherlittle
modern MSS.
The remainder
Pazandin
but
from the Pahlavi version, and that chieflyin the order of the chapters.
omissions,
and alterations
:
Introductory Essays.
xt
Besides the Pahlavi, Pazand,of the
Sanskrit
and old Gujarati versionsin
Arda-Viraf namak, there exist versions
Persian prose andmaterially from theis
verse,
and
in
modern Gujarati, which
all
differ
original Pahlavi, especially in the
introduction which
referred to theis
time of Ardashir Papakan.tainedin H28, Xo.
Of the Persian prose versions, onecollection,
con-
28
in
Dr. Hang's
an incomplete octavofolios,
MS., apparently more than two centuries old, consisting of 91written7
and 8 from 3
lines to
the
page,
and mostly
in a
very large handfol.
writing
;
to
o
other folios
are missing (viz. either9(i},
48
,
90
and
94, or fol. 48, 49, 91, 95
and
which must have contained the
text corresponding to the Pahlavi ch. 14, 19-21. 50,4.to end.
51,5.
and i01,2u
The
introduction,
which forms about one-eighth of the whole,refor
combines the Pahlavi account of Arda Yiraf, as Destur Hoshangjimarks, with the earlier tradition of Ardashir Papakan's proceedingsre-establishing the religion.this introduction
The following
is
a complete translation of
I
maintain praise for
tlie
One God
wiio
oreatod
us just as he wilU-d
and
wills,
and unto our prophet.that
They sayself in the
when Ardashir Babagan was king,
as he settled him-
monarchy, he slew ninety kings (some say he slew ninety-sixand restoredit
kings), and olfared the world of enemies,
to tranquilhty.
He
summoned
before him:
all
the Dcsturs and
Mobads who
existed at that time,
and said thus'to
'The true and correct religion which Almighty God revealed
Zaratusht {peace be unto him), and Zaratusht made current in the world,
'no longer remains with
me, so that
I
would make a
collection of tenetsin
and
'assertions
and sayings, from the world, and place confidence
only one'.
And he
sent people through all the provinces, and every place
where learnof
ing and priestcraft existed, andforty
summoned
all
to bis court.
A multitude
thousand
men went up
to court.
Afterwards,'wisest of these?'
he demanded and
said:
'Which are those whoselected four thousand
are theof the
Then they inquired, and
wisest, cut of that assembly,
and informed the king of kings.
And
he said,
a second time:
'Be careful a seoond time, and separate from that assembly,
;
xvi
Introductory Essays.
'such persons as areof the
discerning and wise,
and possess a better recollection
Avesta and Zand'.
Four hundred men appeared who possessed aAnother time they were care-
better recollection of their Avesta and Zand.ful,
and from the midst of these, they selected fortyAgain,
men, who possessed athese select, were
recollection of the whole of their Avesta.
among
a certain seventill
men,
in
whom
no sin had appeared, from their earliest years;
the age at which they had arrivedin
and they were excessively
careful,
and pure -heartedunto God.
thoughts and words and deeds, and their hearts clave
Afterwards, they conducted the whole seven to king Ardashir.the king directed tlms:
Then'suspicions
'It
is
necessary that
I
should dispel thesereli-
and doubts from the
religion,
and
all
men
should be of the
'gion of
Auharmazd and Zaratusht, and adoptit
the assertions and sayings of
jthe religion; so that
may become
clear to
me and
the learned and wise,
'what the religion'fi'om the religion'.
is,
and that these suspicions and doubtsreplied thus:
may
disappear
Then they
'No onesin,
is
able to give this
'information, except one'eight years,
who has committed no;
from the early age ofthis
unto the time which has arrivedis
and
man
is
Viraf, than
'whom there'speaking;
no one purer, orthis account,
moreit
spiritually enlightened, or
more
true-
and on
is
necessary toplace,
make
choice of him.
And
'we six others will
carry
on,
in
some
the
Yazishn ceremonies andall
'Nirang prayers which are appointed, in the religion, for'until
such matters;
God,
the revered and
glorious,
shall reveal the
facts to Viraf,
andfree
'Viraf shall give us information of them, so that everyone
may become
from doubts about Ailharmazd andViraf himself undertookwords.
Zaratusht'.;
this affair
and king Ardashir welcomed those
Then they
said, this aifair
would not be rightly accomplished, unlesssacredfire.
they went into the precincts of the
Then they arose and
per-
formed their design and went away.Afterwards, those six men, who were desturs, pei'formed the Yazishnceremonies on one side of the place offorty,fire,
and on the other sides
,
those
with the forty thousand
imm
of the desturs wlio
had come into thehis
precincts, all performed the Yazishn ceremonies.
And Viraf washed
head
and body, and put on cleanhe stood before thefire,
clothes,
and perfumed himself with sweet scentall
and repented of
sins.
;
Introductory Essays.
xvii
Virfif liad
seven
s^isters,
and as they received those and said thus:this
tidings,
all
the
seven came, weeping and lamenting,'heads at
'We
are
seven veiledis
home, and have no brother butto
one;
and our trust
all in
'him;
now you wish
send
him
to
the otheror not, for
world, and
we know not
'whether we shall see his face again,'teeted;
you
will
leaye us unproalso
we are without father and mother,
and youit,
will
leave our
'home without a brother.'brother;
Weelse,
shall
not permitlet
for
we have only one
choose some oneas
and
this
brother remain with us\'Suffer
Th(^ desturs,'anxiety,for
they heard these words, said:deliver Viraf to
and fancy no,
we
will
you again,
safe
and soundthe
in
the
'course
of
seven days'.
And
they swore an oath;
and
sisters
were
satisfied,
and returned.with horsemen clothedin
Afterwards, Ardashir, the king of kings,
armor,
kept watch around the
place of
fire,
so that
no heresy should do
anytliing, with concealed enmitj, against Viraf;
and that no danger shouldmidst of the Yazishn cere-
approach him, nor anything occasion
evil in the
mony, during which prayers were offered up.Afterwards,in
the
midstit
of the place of fire,;
they placed a throne,
and threw clean clothes uponandlet
and they seated Viraf upon that throne,
down a
face-veil
upon him.
And
those
forty
thousand men stood
peifoi'ming
the Yazishn ceremony,fat
and consecrated the Dron cakes,
and
placed a
little
upon oneof wine
of those
Drons, as they consecrated the whole.thoughts, and they
They gave one cup
to Viriif with well-thought
gave him one cup with well-spoken words, and they gave him one cup withwell-done deeds'.
Afterwards, Viraf,
when he had drunk
the three cups,
dropped
his
head. on to the cushion at once, and slept.the Yazishn cere-
Then during seven nights and days they performed
mony on
the spot.
Those
six desturs
were seated by the cushion of Viraf
and those thirty-three other men, who were selected, performed the Yazishn
ceremony around the throne
;
and those three hundred and sixty additional
men who were
selected,
performed the Yazishn ceremony around these; and
those thirty- six thousand performed the Yazishn ceremony around the cupola
'
This sentencethe
is
abbreviated,
as well as the two which follow,
owing
to a
tulio being- torn in
-M.S.
e
;
xviii
Tntrorlnctory Essays.
of the place of
tire
'.
And
the king of kings
,
clothed in armor and seated
on horseback, with his troops, encircled the outside of the cupola, and allowed no passage there for the air;
and
in
every place where they sat per-
forming the Yazishn ceremony,
a company of people were stationed within
drawn swords and clothedevery place,
in
armor, so that the troops themselves were
and no one
else
mingled with them;
and
at that
place
where
the throne of Viraf was, infantry in armor were stationed around the throne,
and allowed no passage,
to the throne, toin,
anyone else but those
six desturs.
Whilst the king of kings went
and came out of that place, and keptthis
watch around the place of
fire
and disturbed with
responsibility
,
he
remained watching Viraf whilst seven nights and days elapsed.After the seven nights and days, Virafsat up.
moved again and revived andthat Yiraf returned
And
the people and desturs,
when they saw
from
sleep, w^ere glad
and joyful,said:
and received pleasure;
and standing on;
their feet, they
bowed andis
'Thou
art;
welcome, Arda Viraf
look back?
'again at that which'didst
the
holy heaven
howtell
hast thou
come
and howalso
thou go?
and what didst thou see?
us too,
that
we
may
'know the description of the other world'.
Arda Viraf'seven nights
said:
'First bring
something,
that
I
may
eat;
forI
it
is
and days,
since this one
has obtained anything, andI
am
'hungry.
Afterwards, ask whatever you wish, so thatthe
may inform
you'.
Immediately,
desturs
consecrated a Dron cake:
and Arda Viraf
muttered grace,
ate a little,
with water,so
and said grace.relate
Then heI
said:
'Now'and
fetch a
skilful Avriter
thatinto
I
may
whateversoto
have seen
you
will
send
it,
early,
the
world,
that
a
knowledge ofand they
'spiritual matters
and heaven andof virtuous
hell
may extend
everyone,
may know
the value
actions,
and may abstain from bad ac-
>
It
is
evident that the text has omitted the 3600It will
who must have been
sta-
tioned between the 360 and the 36,000.others
be observed that Viraf and the 6first
are
the
7
last;
selected;
tliese
and the 33 of theof the secondtlio
ch'cuit,
are the 40
proviouHJy Hclcctcdearlier solcii ionarttliL';
these and
the 360
circuit,
are
tlie
400 of the
these
and the 3600 ofselection;
tiiird
circuit,
which have been omitted,
4(MK)
of the
first
anil tiicsc,
with the 36,000 of the outer circuit,
tuufctituto the
whole
4(M)(l() priests.
Introductory Essays.
xix
tions'.
Then they broughtVtraf.
a skilful writer, and ho sat
down
in tlie
presence
of
Arda
This introduction, which corresponds
to the first three
chapters ofi,
the Pahlavi text, closely resembles Pope's English translation
p. 1
0,
but
gives
more
details.
The same resemblance,
continues throughout,
the remainder of this Persian prose versionor less, to the Pahlavi text of ch.
which corresponds34, 35,
more
433, 4448,in
3841, 4952,p.
101
;
it
omits
the
additional details given
Pope's translationp. 41is
14,
15, 37
40,states,
butin
containsliis
the longthat
homily
in
48
of the same.
Pope
preface,first in
his translation
made from;
three
Persian versions, the
prose, by ^'oshirvan Kirmaniwill
the second
inverse,
by Zaratusht Bahirara (whichin
be shortly mentioned);
and the thirdHas).
prose, by the same,all
(whichis
mayH28
possible be that in
His translation containsi-G, 19-21.),
that
in
(except the equi-
valent of ch. 14,
in a rather
condensed form, together with93
the additional matter in his p. 14, 15,
3740 and
101.
Destur Hoshangji mentions another Persian prose version, withoutan introduction, whichis
contained in the Rivayat of Earaa Khambayati,difl'er
and
in other respects,
does not
much from
those in verse.
Of the versions
of the Arda-Yiraf
namak
in Persian verse,is
men-
tioned by Destur Hoshangji,tusht
the principal onein
that
by destur Zara-
Bahiram, which was composed
A.Y. 900 (A. D. 1530
1531)
from an anonymous prose version (possibly that in H28), which desturZaratusht states he has closely ff)llowed.
A
second version
in
Persian verse was written, in A.Y. 902 (A.D.
15321533), by the celebrated Parsi traveller Kaiis2, who had come
'
The Ardai Viraf Nameh,
or the Revelations of Ardai Viraf, translated fromJ.
the Persian'
and Guzeratee versions, bytlie
A. Pope.
London
1816.
It
appears from
story of
Kaus and Afshad
(translated from Persian into1831),
Gujarati, in the
Hadesa Xamu, by Framji Aspendiarji, Bombay, A.D.
that
they were two Parsi merchants of
Yazd
in
i'ersia,
who made a
trading voyage to
India in A.Y. 900 (A.D. 1531), and were wrecked near Div, losing all their goods,
XX
Introductory Essays,
from Persia,
withlight
his
companion Afshad,religious matters.
to
KauaAri, where he hadis
thrown much
upon
His workto
more condensed
than that of destur Zaratusht, but appearssources,asit
be derived from the sameintroductionto the time
agrees with
it
in referring the
of Ardashir Papakan.
A
third version in Persian verse
was composed by desturit
ISoshir-
van Marzban Kirmani, and a copythe Rivayat No. 29ainit
of
is
contained in
fol.
46
,jO
of
in
the
collection
of the
Bombay
Govt.,
written
A.Y. 1048
(A. D. 1679)
by herbad Darab Hormazyar, who extractedit
from the Rivayat of Bahman Punjyah, who brought
from Iran.
It consists of
398 couplets, of which 32 are introductory, 110 are descriptivehell,
of
heaven, 286 of
and 20 contain the author's peroration;of which
ii
is
preceded by a treatise,
only the
last
187
couplets
remain,
giving a tedious explanation of his reasons for undertaking the woik.
The
introduction
merely mentions that Arda Yiraf wasto
sent to
the
other world by Ardashir Papakan, and refers
Zaratusht Bahiram's
work
for further particulars
;
the author further states that, on readingit
a prose version of Zaratusht Bahiram's verses, and comparingthe xavdrish, in
with
company with two
desturs,visionp. 14
he determinedis
to write his
poem.gosh,
In this version, Viraf'sas givenin
first
that
of the
dog Zariudoes nota
Pope's translation
15,
but which
occur in the Pahlavi and Pazand versions, nor in 1128;short general description of heaven,into
then follows
and an account
of hell
condensedIn
fourteen visions, all differingfol.
considerably from the original.
the same Rivayat No. 29 a,
275
276,
is
a repetition of 30 of the
except a few pearls. At Div they received an invitation from iViunekshali Changashali,
an influential Pars! of Nausarireligious customs.
,
then 70 years old,
who wanted
information ahout
They travelled by the circuitous landat all of
route, through
Khambayat,very ig-
Bhroch,
Oklasir and Surat,
which places they found the
I'arsis
norant of their religious customs.
Arriving at Nausari, they were entertained byseveral religions observances which
Manekshah who consulted them aboutinto disuse,
had
fallen
and especially about building a new
dakhma
for the dead.
Finally,
these two Iranian Parsis quarreled and separated.
Introductovy Essays.
xxi
couplets referring; to Zarin-gosh, with an additiuii of 58 couplets aboutthe duty of well-trcatiiio; dogs, otters and hedgcliogs.
Besides the old (iujarati translation attached to the third Pazandversion of the Arda-Viraf
namak, Destur Hoshangji mentions another,based upon Zara-
which
is
separate and by an anonymous translator,;
tusht Babiram's Persian text
judging from
its
language, this translationtranslation of
mast bethe
fully
loO yearstext,
old.
A
free
modern Gujaratiinit
same Persian
was published
Bombay, some twenty yearshas been re-published since.to
ago, at the 'Jam-i
Jamshed' press; and
The only other MS. which remainsParsi '-Persianin
be mentioned
is
H?, a
MS. No.
7 in Dr.
Hang's
collection,
which has been usedIt consists ofIT)
preparing the text of the tale of Gosht-i Fryano.octavo, neatly
235
folios,
written by Darashah Mihrbanji,
lines to the
page, the Persian equivalent of the Pars! texts being often interlined;
and
its1.
contents are as follows:
Minokhird.things
'2.
Risalah-i
Minokhird-iin
digar,
in
Persian4.
only.
3.
The seven
made by .lamshed
Pars, Persian only.
Bun.'U,
dehesh, parti., containing AnquetH's ch. 18with a colophon dated Wednesday the7'''^
2o,
114,24
2?5.
and
of the twelfth
month A.Y. 1178Questions
qadtm (corresponding
to
the
0*''
of
August A. D.
1809).
and answers, with the names
of the twelve beings to,
be honored, the
namesthem,15
of the ten species ofin
men
and of the ten demons who troubleII.,
Persian.7. 9.
6.
Bundehesh, part
containing Anquetil's ch.8.
17.
Divers statements from the Avesta and Din.
Jamasp
namah.gujastah
The
story of Akhd-i Jadu and G-osht-i Paryan.11.in
10. Risalah-
Abahsh ba mobad.
Risalah-i herbadan herbad u dastur-i
an ayam ba 'ulama-i Islam,
Persian.
12.
Discussion
between13.
a
Destur and Musulman, regarding
God and Ahriman,
in Persian.
The
book of Dadar bin Dad-dukht,day afternoon the 2^of the
in Persian,
with a colophon dated Frior the27*1*
first
month A.Y. 1179,
of the
'
By
'Parsi' is liere
meant what Parsi writers
call
'Pazand' written
in the
Persian character.
3pEU
Introductory Essays.
seventh month A.H. 1224, (corresponding to the1809).religion,14.
S^^ of
September A.D.
Conversation between Auharmazd and Zaratusht regarding
lo.
A17.
repetition
of part of article
6.
10.
Yasna
4'), 2, n, 5, e.
Zand-Parsi.
Short fragments18.
about religious customs, and Zara-
tusht's genealogy, in Persian.
Vendidad20.
1,3-6. Zand-Gujarati.
10.
Part of Yasht 17,2,16. Zand-Persian.
Yasna
30,3.
Z.-Pahl.-Parsi;
and a few miscellaneous sentences.
II.
The system of
transliteration adopted for the Paliiavi texts.
Although the correct reading of the words may be the mostcult task of
diffi-
an editor of a Pahlavi text, the most perplexing questionsystem of transstrictly to the
for his consideration is the settlement of a satisfactory
literation,
and his most troublesome duty
is
to
adhere
system he has adopted.
How
far these difficulties
have been overcome,he has
in the present instance, the reader will
be able
to judge, after
carefully considered
the rules which the editors have adopted and entogether with their reasons for adopting such
deavouredrules.
to carry out,
"With regard to the correct reading of texts,to
it
is
only necessary
mention that the
difficulty
of
identifying
Pahlavi
words rapidly
diminishes as the student extends his reading and enlarges his vocabulary.
The numberis
of
words
which really admit of more than oneis
identification
small,
and Pahlavi orthography
quite
ashis
fixed
as
that ofto old
modern Persian.
So long as the reader confinesserious
attention
MSS., he seldom meets withdifficulties;
grammatical,
or
ortho-
graphical,
the old copyists often omit words andsatisfied
phrases,
by mistake, but they areit,
with copying the text as they find
to the best of their ability,
and very rarely insert emendations ofdiffer
their
own
;
so
their
language does notis
much from
that of the
original writer,
and
generally grammatical and inteUigible.
Modern
Introductory Essays.
xxiii
copyists
,
including most of those of the last two
centuiies and
many
of the present day, are generally
more ambitiousas
;
they are not satisfied,
with simply copying the old copieslimit their errorsto
they find them
which would
a few omissions
and miswritings, but they makeal-
numerous emendations, which are rarely improvements, but almost
ways corruptions of the
text.
That
this
is
no
exaggeration,
may
be
inferred from the fact that the editors
of the
Arda-Viruf ISamak haveof difficult
hadand
to consider
many such modern emendations
passages,
in nine cases out of ten
they have foun
\'h^
Om,
^ w,
^
s
and /
s
can be transliterated with certainty.
As compared with
the Pahlayi ambiguities,of distinguishing
however, the Sasaninn readings afford means
between m
i z=
y
g and d
^
1
d and
= ^ 3 =
a and m
= ^j
h^
kh;(?i
between
9 y; between
=
and
)
=
2
y, M, r;
between the Semitic
suffix
^c/f,
rt
man^
and the ordin-
ary syllable
^ iOt^^c/?,
man; and between
such compounds as
^ =
f^^^
az, or.'7'^ J
and Qy2/5
===
Q-^"^
or orp;^^*^'
^
=
^3
t7a,
^=words,
-^0
=
"^^
-O
*^''
The words alreadythetransliteration
identified in theto
Sasanian inscriptions, confirm
attached
each of the following Pahlavi
subject to such ambiguities as are mentioned above;
the vowels being
supplied in accordance with rule 2:
3a^
akhar.hat.
^J!^
hattmim.afash.
^J^^tV1
^0
khitayd.
^^
afam.
Mr. Thomas, in his latest remarks on thisstill
letter (Journal
R.A.
S. n.i,
s.
vol.
V.
p.
410
413),
adheres to his opinion thati
it
represents the sound
becausealso
Ct resemblesin
the
in the
Phoenician and some otlier old alphabets,in
and
^cor-
Zand and Pazand, and becauseto ^~)n
one word (out of tweh'e identified)
tt^'^i
respondsif
hari in Chaldfeo-Pahlavl.facts to contradictn.s.
These arguments would have some weight;
there
were no
themIV.
but
it
has been shown
,
with tolerable
Certainty,
(Journal R. A.S.the
vol.it
p.
364368) that the Sasanian nf corres-
pondslavi, p.
to
Pahlavi
j^
and
has also been shown, in Hang's Essay on Pah-
112-114, that the pronunciation
man
can be etymologically explained, andactually occurs in Chaldee, inParsia.
the
word fx!^j[^ (llajiabad
inscrip. lin. S. 9, C. 8)
the form j^pi which fully confirms the reading
taniman of the
,
.
,
Introductory Essays.
))r^3i)
khazUCui.acltn
^^3
ragdman.zak.
^jj^*
tS
amat.hankhetdn.
j3Ki K3
;;t
.
zija
^)^^3p^V0iJ^^)^y^
yadman.fjadman.shapir,ycJicvdn.
ArfaJihshatar. homcin.
i^^jQhomanam.))>*0
^^yoy^j5y^yoJiit
Amrdn.Alrdn.yjOA^jA
kardakun.malku.
-^
hahci.
.M^^_u)i
6ra.hukJtt.
^^^^*if
ma num.min.
^uv^^ji
minam.tnadam.magopat.va.
henafshma?i.
^u))^
harman.IKivan.
^^y^)
^^
tamman.
w.^)
nafshman.
^))y^)yov^rnhcui.f)
valmati.L-adtin.
y^A>k))i>
ycktihun.
^>1
lanman.
)
yckavlmun.
It will
be explained, hereafter, that
r?
is
used
to
express a Pahlavi
^
whenletter.
it
has, probably, the sound of
d;
therefore,
t
and d express the same Pahlavi
xxviii
IntBodnetory Essays.
The
correct transliteration of the following Pahlavi words can alsois
be easily settled from that of the Sasanian equivalent, whichto each,
attached
although the latter differs slightly from the Pahlavi orthograis
phy, and
subject to the ambiguities mentioned above:
^a(ynvtv
Sas.
Akharmani.
^))^-^^
Sas. sazUimt.
Introductory Essays.
xxix
final
)
u,
6; but closer investigation does not quite confirm this suppoin
sition.
Of the 22 Sasanian words endingfive
9
^tXxxi.s.;
Tdkhmorapo,sa/jar
Z.
Takhmo-urupa
^^jj^o
chdshtd
3a(^3;
^\;Z.
J^O*-^
zdkham
^y^
^^w^ii sdhmgimZ.6V'o>
JI'I^OO
^li(^(tveru,
^)^
kard, ))^)') ka fit fin, _uu^ kird,
^)^^y^Andkai,
Mdrspend^ l)^-^ Mitro,,
-u)^ mar and,(ianrdk,
-*^)^ marantd,drust, )y (jiird,fJ^K^ff
-u)o (jabrd)
)ugji
dapiro^
^u)y
^^)y
etc.
stands for /in S)^ pdag,
^)*0
sI'Jufii'i
)^_
(C'hahhco-Pahl.
a harsher(jamld,)))
pronunciation of
L) t/}, -u)^ kola,written
-\^^ mdayd, -u u
w ycmalelun
(also
)pV)j ^f
J^^^'h ^^^
See Thomas's Notes on Pehlvi coins,
etc.
Journal R.A.
S. vol,
XIIl, p. 377379,
Introductory Essays.
xxxvii
Whencannot
medial
)
is
a vowel,
it
may be readthus
either , orit
o,
accord-
ing to the etymology of theit
word
;
we read
u
in all cases in
where
be traced
to
any other vowel but u, or u,thosein
the
cognateis
languages,uncertain;
as well as in
cases
where the etymologyit
quite
a
few instances,
which
corresponds
to
ii^
arc)Y
))J^khiui,
khefvCui and other Huz. verbs,
^)^
This
is
the
general rule
of theits
Pazand
writers,
so
far as
can be judged
from their very irregular readings;
adoption, therefore, prevents any very wide;
departure from the Pdzand, with regard to this vowelto the similar rule
and the same remarks apply
regarding the vowel ^
c.
;
.
xxxviii
Introductory Essays.
The
transliteration of finalto
)
is
complicated with a question of orcareful consi-
thography which leadsderation.in the
much
uncertainty and requires
There
is
no
difficulty
when
the final
)
is
clearly w, or v, as
examples already givenin)
(p.
xxxv), to which
may be added suchlevin ^
words ending
as )^Ji harijan,in
)^ lajcm,diij
yy-
^y
min and,
mw, and many words endingalso such))(o
yo -
y{^
isJm and))i
- in
-
cw
words ending)I00 shtvan,))
in
))
as
)J^0
op']ju?ijkCin,
bun^ ))^ pavan^
chiin^
))j
kevan and
)^ mun, )y^in
dron^
all
crude Huz. verbs in
- i7n,
and many words ending)
)y -run^to
\\
-un, and
)%t
-gun.
In a few words, the final
appears
beviu,
ii,
as in
y^
ahu^
UJJ
aha, ))^
ta?m,
)y^} RashuUj
y
ru,
^
)*00)Jijj,
dusJiaha; but of these
we
also find the forms ^yQ*, a final)
liJ,
^),
3^
and ^yfj^y.with a Zandace. dtaru),
And
in
some cases,
can
be
readily
identified
4
o,
or
^
tto,
as in ))^(y
Ataro
(Z. gen. uthro, pi.
nom.and
)f^ dtno(Z.
(Z. pi.
nom.
ace.
dacndo)^
D^OOis
shatro
))^^ Mitru
nom. Mithro)] butsuffixis
this explanationto
not applicable
to the infinitive
))^
,
which seems
be the only remaining case
where the
final
\)
constant.
The
chief difficulty, however, in transliterating a final ), arises init
those cases where
seems
to
be an optional
final
,
either
added
,
or
omitted, by the writer, without any apparent reason, but according to
some vagueFirst, the
rule
which practically divides the MSS.init
into three classes.
modern MSS.,
which the writer
is
not satisfied with copy;
ing his text, but revises
with doubtful success)
such writers generally
add an extra
)
to
every
final
w,
except that of the Semitic suffix
^ man
and often
to the syllables
yt dn,
y{^ shn and y in^ when they arcfinal^
medial; but they rarely add the optionalletter.
to
^,
or
any otherin
Second,^
the very "old
MSS., which arc much more sparing
the use ofit
after ),
and^
after
^
they generally separatethe next sentence;
it,
and read
as the conjunction
va beginning
from a careful
examination of 3 chapters of the Bundehesh and IG of the Arda-Viraf
Introductory Essays.
xxxix
numak
in
the
MSS. He and K20 (which
are nearly 500 years old),final)
it
appears that the old writers used the optional
only once in anthe pronom-
average of nine occurrences of the pluralinal suffixes
suffix
y^
d?i,
yo^ -tan, )*00 -shun,it
yAy^
-man, and most words endsuffix
ing
in
Y>i
-an; while they used
after the abstract
y^it.
-ishnThird,
and the wordthe
^ly
riibdn,
nearly as often as they omitted
MSS. which seem
to luive
been rarely copied, such as the Din-kard
and Jsirangistan, but of which only modern copies have been examined;these add the extraalso addit)
to a final
)
n oftener thani'^
tliey
omit/",
it,
but they(o
to
most words ending
^
^,
A
/i",
^
p,
and
ch
^
j.
AVhenfinal) 5
a suffix is
added
to
the word,
it
generally
elides the
optionalall class-
but there are
manyto
exceptions to this general rule, in
es
of
MSS.
Turning)
the Pahlavi legends
on coins', we
find the
optional final
sparingly used
on the coins of the Arab governors ofshortlyis
Persia,the
and the rulers of Tabaristan,in
after
the downfallto
ofin
Sasanian dynasty
A. D.
(loi
;
it
added occasionally^))
^
several numerals ending inthe
^-i^JO
sJiast,
navad and ^ii sad,,
inetc-
names ^j}j>^in
cXJli*
,
^J-i^J^ Khurshcdaddedto
^JJ^-^i
^py.^,,
and
^p^y
afzud ;
it
is
^
in
^)a^^ V'^^
^0
(O
in
^^jy^mdn and
^j^ju'ftXjf,
and
to final yt in
yoyoy^ Marvthidn,;
yo-^A Kir-
other more)
doubtfulis
readings
but the merely optional cha-
racter of this final
as evident on the coins as in the books,it
by the
numerous instancesthatit
in -which
is
omitted
;
it
is
also),
worthy of notein
is
added
to the
same
letters,
^, ^,
(^
and
both
cases,
while the remaining letter a, wdiich takes the extra
)
in
some books,
does not occur as a
final
on these coins, so
far asin
has been observed;
and the only certain instance of a plural
u) -dn (which occurs in
'
See Mordtmann's essays in the Zeitsclirift der D. M. G., and Thomas's in
the Journal of the R. A. S.
XL
Introductory Essays.
the khalifs
title
y^^^jy^^^y)
"^^^if
fimtr-i
varoWimkdn, 'commanderfinal,
of
the beheving')several times.
does not
take
the
optional
although
it
occurs
If this finalin the
j
were a consonant,it
or indicated a change
of sound
preceding consonant,
would be so essential a part of the word,;
that
its
frequent omission would be difficult to explain
and
if it
merely
indicated the end of a word, or the suppression of a final short vowel,it
ought to be much more frequently used.it
But
its
optional character
indicates that
is
no
essential
part of the word.
Destur Hoshangji
considersf
it
as a representative of any final vowxl, in theinitial
same way
as
and X are representatives of a shorthypothesis to
vowel,
and he extends
thisi
many
cases where medialthis
j
takes the place of a andof
in the
cognate languages;
was evidently the "opinion of most
the writers of
modern MSS.,
in
many
cases;
and also of the older
writers, with regard to
)^.9/
That certain Pahlavi words retained anform,
original final
vowel
,
in a modified in the
is
evident from the frequent
occurrence of theto
final
Sasanian inscriptions, which seemsfinalit)
be used
in
a similar manner to the
in
Pahlavi
,
although
it
cannot be shown to be quite equivalent tois
(see p. xxix).
And
there
nothing impossible in the hypothesis that the Pahlavi, whilst generallyit
dropping the complex terminations of the languages whenceits
derivedin fact,
words,
maythis
occasionally have retained such a tetmination;in
we know
was done
such cases as the termination
))
-Cm of the
crude Iluzvaresh verbs, the word
-^JJ^^
atusJi
{'/j.
nom.
dtarsJi), etc.;
and we have only
to
extend this hypothesis,
by supposing
that
some
writers rejected all vowel terminations, while others occasionally retained
a vowel to represent them,tional use of a final vowel.
and
we
obtain an explanation of the op-
That the Zand terminations
4
^ andis
^
do often become
)
in
Pahlavi, instead of being dropped,
proved by the compound words
.^^^iS^u; amcshospendpfirijo-ilkcsli^
.,
Z.
pi.
nom.]
ace.
amcshdo spcntapcslnjotanu^
:,
^^^^H^)^7j.
Z. paoii\ij6-dka(1slta
))^KH3^^-
peshutanu]
)6^ tjiy^
Tdkhmorapo,
Z.
Takhmo
uriipa
;
J*'V(2>*0r'^
srosho-cha-
Introductory Essays.
XLi
ratidm, Z. sraosho-charana;"K^y^TO)**) vdstrijosh,
^-OOOZ.
GuTjomarcl^ Z. gayo -f mareta;
Z, vdstry6-fshuyas;*:ijOyh)
Ncry6sang,Z. Nairetc.
yo-safiha;fore,
y^^y^
garddmdn,
garo-demdna ;final,
We
are, there-
prepared to find that the optional
) ^
as well as the constant
final (in the
words quoted
in p. xxxviii)
sometimes represents the sameo,
Zand terminations, and mayarashko, Z. arasko] )^iy
therefore be read
as in
j^)^ dfrtnoace.
;
)^^)ii))HdYsriibo,
riibdno,)\iJ^
Z.
pi.
nom.
iirvdno;
roshanO^
Z.
raochanho;ace..
zartno
,
Z.
zairino?]
[\y^
'horn', Z. pi.
srvdo ; )^^y{^ ycdato^ Z. yazato] j^OO-"^
vahishtO;
)^ey^^^yoi) 7iahdnazdisht6; ))yi)i^\>
dram;
^ytl)^ dasto
;
))(j^
daslnno;
dumbo;;
all
past participles ending ina due consideration
)^
- to^ as,
)^)a karto,
Z. kereto
etc.
With
for these facts
and
for the
obscurity in which
the identification of this letter still lies, the followingforits
general rule has
been adoptedto
transliterationfinal)
;
while caretexts,
has
been taken not
admit
this optional
into
the
except
where
it
occurs in the oldit
MSS.)
5) ^yhenever
is
possible that the optional finalor do,in
may beword
thein
equivalent of the termination d,
some form
of theit
Zand,
it
should be transliterated by o; in
all
other cases
is
supposedu.
to represent
some obscure vowel sound which can be represented byo
The same obscure vowelinfinitive suffixis
can also be used for the
final of thefinal
))^ -tano, and of a few other words,6,
where theit.
)
constant, but cannot be traced to an original
do, u, or
Thetimes j;
letter
3 often represents the consonantsinitial it
?/,
d and
g,
and someand
when
seems
to
be always a consonant, like ^^
\ exceptyin
in the doubtful
instances
mentioned
in p.
xxxv.
It
stands for
yi^^
yazislin,
^y yam: yf^y ruyin, f^-^ ziydn,in
Ji)^ muyak,
etc.; it
stands for
d
^f^i
dasto,
^y
denman;it
^^iiystands for'S)^
andcshkl,,9
a(j(X) shcdd; t^yo homand, 5->^ pazd, etc.;gahrd, -^3 garm; )yyi dngun,
in
-Aiy)ta-
J^^Jtl) sadtgar;
pelag,f
^3^^
XLii
Introductory Essays,
fcar
,
which
corresponds tot^"**shorti
^, in the
cognate languages, are^'^'^j
dfrlnoIt cor-
Y>iJ^^ avirdn,respondsto a
^^^^j i'tin
-"H^,
ti?id,
niz, etc.
other
languages
in
such words
as
3^it)H^^^
Mkhar, J-^i^)** hu-chthar, ^^OO-^^ Tishtarttshn, )Ji^S chtgiiii,k)(o
,
^^^^
tishgd,
cJiim,
^)W(
ChinCivat,
V^jC^S)^ rapituvin,
^^^^3
ztsht,
Jii
dil,
MJ^M) nuirik,
y(Ji^) nihdii,
^^)
nihtp,
etc.
The medial vowel 3orc,
is
transliterated c,in
when
it
corresponds to ae^
f,
in
Zand, or Chaldee, as
c^y-0 dkhezid^ ^-WCOO-^^"** ^^^'andcslud^
tcshtdr,
C^^))^
khurshcd,
^^iiy^
^5a)c^^-"^l
khvebefd,
tukdas, -H^^y) khvcsh,
^^-b-u aerpat^
-^^^
khcshm,pcstd^
J^Mgcs,wia/c,
hesli^
Jjji
hevar,
))^j^ Fredimmczid,
,
^^^^
^3
zcn^
-^
-O^^
fc(Vt,
^^.^etc.;
^^^ m^sh,writers
.M^^) neshman,
^aj) ?^c-
Y{)0^ fjchdn,)f(^
an exception has been madethe
in the case of topi.
the word
dino,
as
Pazand
adhere
strictly
that
Arabic pronunciation, although the original Zand word dacna,ace.
nom.
daaido,
indicates that deno
ought
to
be the old Persian pronun-
ciation.
The medial vowel
5
is
also transliterated c,
when
it
appears
to
correspond to any other vowel, or diphthong, in the same languages,asin )*>JtJ)-^^
besides those already mentioned,
pcstdn,kef,
-^^^^ pesh,kcshvar,
^^
^^^''i
I^OO
?/(?^
vazurg and
vaziirg
,
9t>*r^
drukht and ^(yj^rost
gazdum and _^3jJ gazdum;mtzhdem) and^Jiiiyiir/.vi,
f^y
and fQ)3avistdk
rost,
53^
mozd
(Z.
d^^
mozd]
^ufQ)3^,
and
AiifQ)0* avistdk,irista)
harvtsp and ^iiy^ harvisp
ftl)"^^ ^^^^ C'^-
and jiQ)3
^^O-^-^)
dahisJm and
)Hd^
dahishn,
^OO"^"")
XLiv
Introductory Essays.
vahtsht and ^OO''') vahisht,
y(_)0) W'/^-ic/j
^^^
)0)(O
? lih
an
,
J^j^i
dilir
and Ji35 diUr, the and .^-u kheshm,
suffix-J(^33
y
(Z. c/?a) andres/?,
-/c/i;
J^^^
kheshm
rcs/i
and jf^)
w^
fecm and
^a Aem,
^TtD^O
gcJcstak and
^f^DO
gajestak, etc.
But besides
these, there are
many
other words in which the same,
short vowels occur in the cognate languages
and may thereforesuch arehurid,
,
be
reasonably inserted inafsurd,
the transliteration
of Pahlavi;
^-^0*
yny^f^^
astukhvan, ^^rCJ))** austurdak,
^Ji
yo^^
pasukho, -u)5
stih,
JtD^'-'O ^'"^'^^^' ^^^ abstracts in y^^
kirm,
/^^)^ kirfak,
))^^ Mitro,
^
min, ^fy{^^) nipisht,))i^)
fiJ^-w^OO) Vishtdsp,
f^^)nishast, H^^^^)yiy'S
nikds^
nikun, y{yi^^\
niMrishn,
^3
gird',
gh'ydn,
y^^^
dashiii,
u
Yim; ^o^jj^Keresdspo,
aperendyik, ^)^j lekum, 3j^ kahed, ^J^ kcrp
^^AdJjJdJ^,
^yGtY"^
^ncii'cnchinidetc.
,
\Y) v arena
,
-^y^
daregush,
^)^^y gospend^
^y denman,the present,
As many Zand verbs have a
different
vowela
in the
crude form of
to that in the past participle,
difficulty arises in deter-
mining,
according to rule 4, whether the vowel of the Pahlavi verbt
should beto
or c,
u
or
6.
The simplest
solution of this question,is
is
adopt the Zand practice, and use both forms, as4>fc>
already done in
Persian in other instances, such as^yoyi
and
,
Oyijuj
and JuU*w,
and tXjLcvi
,
C>yX
and Ov-yo,
t>^
and JoL^i,
etc.
Thus wertkht and
read
^OO^^^rfjcd,
pdhrikht andsiikht
^O^J^(y^ pdhrcjcd, ^^O^
^^3
9g>j^
and c^(;0 ^^jcd)
^OO-^f* gumikht and
^O"0*
fjumcjcd,to the
etc.
Next
vowels, one of the most uncertain points
in
Pahlavi
,
Iqtrodu6tH7 Essays.
xLv
is
the sound of
^
in
many words
;
and the confusion of
its
two sounds,
t
and d, dates from Sasanian times, as the inscriptions have both yaz-
tdn and yazddn, vazlunt and vazlimd,
havmt and havind^ hattmimtcannot be justifiedin
and hattmund.'earth',
The sound^ruler',
of
t
for
^
~u^i}'third',
-ui^^
-uc^^^
'teacher',
^p
'river',
3i3yi^
-juu^)^ 'mule', -MOU)
'rose',
3-^^
'second', -^{^w 'wheat', etc.
As two
sounds of this
letter must, therefore,
be admitted, they are representedit
by
t
and d\ the
latter
being used whenever
is
deemed
best (in acj>,
cordance with rule 4) to trace thein all
^
no further than a Persianto, to,
as
verbal suffixes ending
in
^
(those ending in \^
being tracgenerallyit
ed
to
Zand).
It
is
worthy of notice that though)
Pahlavi
retains aif
Zand
^
unaltered, yet after
n
it
always changes,
into 5
the orthography be correct; thus
^p
zud, Pers. J.\
must not be
confounded with
^pis
za7id.
Ashown
final
^
fc
always retained
in the transliteration, asin
it
can beit
that
it
was formerly pronounced
Persian
',
althoughlater
has
generally been softened into ,
or dropped altogether, in
times.
Thefind
old sound of k
is
still
retained in a few Persian words,^r^-i
thus
we
both
(ilK^ and K^^,suffixes
and Svaxo,
etc.;
andin
the
Persian
plural
and abstract
^\^ gdn
and
^-gi,suffixis
which (Stakes
the place of 5 in the original word, can only
be explained by assuming
an original sound of k for the 5.lavi
"When ais
added
to a
Pah-
word ending
in
^-j^^^is
fc,
the
letter
rarely
alteied,
but sometimesetc., asetc.; in
Y>i^
becomesfind
)*(5,
becomes J(j^
,
3^
becomes J3,^
weall
also
that
.j3
the usual form ofis
^3
D
of
4.5,
such cases, the k soundthe
retained, to avoid unnecessary confusion, as
change of form
is
only partially
adopted, probably to expedite
the writing, and the rare occurrence oftions, indicates that
>M.
gf
in
the Sasanian inscripin Pahlavi.
the sound of g
was not very common
'
This subject was
fully
discussed
in
J. Muller's
'Essai sur la langue
pehlvie', published in the
Journal Asiatique for April 1839.
XLvi
Introductory Essays.
In a fewasin
cases,
the
termination
y{^
-gdn
is
added,
to