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CHARLOTTEVILLE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY REPORT

Tobago Wastewater Disposal System Improvement Program Pilot Project: Charlotteville,

Tobago

Collette River

July 25th 2007

Submitted by:

Hema Singh: Environment Tobago

Ria Sooknanan- Maharaj: Environment Tobago

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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION 3

PROJECT AREA 5

METHODOLOGY 9

RESULTS 10

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 21

RECOMMENDATIONS 24

CONCLUSION 26

List of Figures Figure 1.0 Map of Tobago showing the Location of Charlotteville _________________ 6 Figure 1.1 Showing the Water in the Collette River Basin________________________ 7 Figure 1.2 Showing the Contours of the Project Area ___________________________ 8 Figure 1.3 Shows the Source of Water in the Dry Season _______________________ 11 Figure 1.4 Shows the Source of Water in the Wet Season _______________________ 11 Figure 1.5 Showing How Households Receive Water __________________________ 12 Figure 1.6 Shows Type & Quantity of Pets Kept ______________________________ 13 Figure 1.7 Showing Methods of Sewage Treatment ____________________________ 14 Figure 1.8 Showing the Age of Septic Tanks _________________________________ 15 Figure 1.9 Showing Tabular Record of Frequency of Septage Pumping____________ 15 Figure 1.10 Showing Treatment of Grey Water _______________________________ 16 Figure 1.11 Showing Vehicle Washing Areas_________________________________ 17 Figure 1.12 Showing Frequency of Vehicle Washing___________________________ 17 Figure 1.13 Showing the Opinion on Sewage Waste Disposal____________________ 18 Figure 1.14 Showing the Level of Education _________________________________ 20

List of Appendices Appendix 1: Charlotteville Household Survey Questionnaire…….....28-31

Appendix 2: Terms of Reference…………………………………………32-33

Appendix 3:Map Data…………………………………………………….34-38

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Introduction

In Small Island Developing States human settlement tend to gravitate and expand along

coastal areas. People are inclined to live in these areas because of the various

opportunities that exist such as viable fishing and tourist hotspots. However, settlements

bring with them a myriad of issues, one of which is the management of domestic waste

from land based activities. Where there is unplanned development the challenge is

usually linked to social, economic and environmental issues. Waste disposal

infrastructure has been proven to be inefficient and unable to deal with human waste.

Sewage disposal has been recognized as a major environmental concern in Tobago, the

resulting pollution negatively impacts human health, tourism, coastal fisheries and coral

reefs. In a report produced by Environment Tobago in 1999, it was found that samples

obtained from the mouth of the Collette river contained faecal coliform (FC) -high of

3,100 per 100 ml). United States Environmental Protection Agency (recreational waters)

states that the Logarithmic Mean of FC bacteria counts should not exceed 200 per 100ml,

nor should 10% of total samples exceed 400 per 100ml. The conclusions drawn from this

survey suggested that such high levels of FC found in the storm drains and street gutters,

which all empty into the Collette river indicated that sewage is coming from residential

pit latrines and septic tank/soakaways and, at that time, an operational pig farm. 1

In 2000 Environment Tobago with the support of the Water and Sewerage Authority

(WASA), the Tobago House of Assembly (THA) Health Division and other agencies

conducted the initial part of the Tobago Waste Water Disposal System Improvement

Program (TWWDSIP): Pilot Project Charlotteville, Collette River and produced a survey

report with their findings. The goal of this program is to “improve sanitation and

environmental quality in a rural coastal area by developing and implementing a

sustainable waste water disposal system (WWDS) that considers community, economic

1 Tobago Community Water Watch Network: Final Water Quality Survey Report July 1999.

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and technical factors”.2 Trinidad and Tobago is bound by our international obligation to

protect marine ecosystems when the Government of Trinidad and Tobago signed and

ratified the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment

of the Wider Caribbean (Cartagena, 1983).3

The survey was again conducted by Environment Tobago with the support of the Pan

American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

2 Proposal: Tobago Wastewater Disposal Improvement Program. Environment Tobago: February 2000. 3 National Policy and Programmes on Wetland Conservation for Trinidad and Tobago, National Wetlands Committee, January 2002.

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Project Area

In 2000, the project steering committee chose Charlotteville as the location of the pilot

project for the TWWDSIP. Consultations with various stakeholders which included a

community consultation in Charlotteville and a volunteer recruiting meeting, the Collette

river was selected as the specific site to carry out the project. The household survey was

again carried out in this area in 2007 between June 4th and June 25th. This will provide an

update to the last survey conducted and will now inform the other phases of the project.

Charlotteville is a coastal village which lies on the northeastern tip of Tobago on Man-o-

War Bay. The tourists visiting Charlotteville are mainly of two varieties, those interested

in its pristine, rural setting and those who come to snorkel, sea bathe, fish and dive. An

ecological survey conducted by the IMA in 1985 identified that the Man-o-War Bay

contained one of the main reef systems in Northeast Tobago. The species diversity of

coral and fish was also the highest in this area.4

4 Laydoo, R.S. 1985. Executive Summary. Ecological Survey of Reefs around Tobago. Institute of Marine Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago. 47 p.

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Figure 1.0 Map of Tobago showing the Location of Charlotteville

The topography of the area is hilly and in most instances characterized by a sharp descent

to the coast. The Collette River begins approximately 500 ft above sea level. It descends

gradually on a fairly straight course where it runs parallel between two prominent streets,

Spring Street and Belle Aire Street. Where it nears the coastline it runs under Bay Street

and out into Man-o-War Bay. See Figure 1.0

The primary economic activities are fishing and tourism.

The household survey was conducted at establishments that drain into the Collette River.

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Figure 1.1 below shows the water flow on land.5

Figure 1.1 Showing the Water Flow in the Collette River Basin

5 Environment Tobago- Tobago Community Water Watch Network

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Figure 1.2 Showing the Contours of the Project Area

Collette River

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Methodology Flyers were placed in strategic locations in the Charlotteville village to advise residents

of the survey.

The survey was conducted by Ms. Hema Singh and Mrs. Ria Sooknanan-Maharaj. Data

was collected over a three week period. The questions in the survey were both closed

and open ended to permit a degree of flexibility and take into consideration perceptions

and opinions.

The purpose of the survey is to:

determine the sources of household water

find out the household uses for water

identify the existing systems which treat both gray and black water in households

reasonably quantify the volume of effluent leaving each household and entering

the river

identify other possible sources of contamination

record income and education levels of the residents

produce a map showing the location of each home and the method of sewage

treatment

Surveys were conducted seven days a week to ensure that the maximum number of

households was covered. This method facilitated both working and non-working

residents.

A Global Positioning System (GPS) device was used to plot the location of the

households surveyed. This information can later be used to estimate the proximity of

households to the river. See Appendix 3.

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Results The number of establishments which drain into the Collette River were identified as one

hundred and twenty nine.

No. of establishments interviewed - 95

This includes- 1 grocery, 4 shops, 4 restaurant/guest house

No. of not interviewed due to absence - 34

Household Plots

An estimation of the size of housing plot was done and this revealed that:

53% of the households interviewed lived on less than 5000 square feet of land

39% lived on approximately 5000 square feet and

8% lived on more than 5000 square feet of land

Summary of the Built Environment in the Project Area

No. of abandoned households – 9

No. of vacation homes – 5

No. of households under construction - 6

No. of guesthouses - 6

No. of groceries- 1 No. of shops - 4

Class of Dwelling 86.3% of the establishments interviewed lived in single family cottage 9.5% lived in a tenement 4.2% owned and lived in a guesthouse

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Question 1:

The average number of persons under the age of 18 per household is 1.4.

The average number of persons 18 and older per household is 2.8.

The number of establishments which rent to visitors numbered 4, which on average can

accommodate 11.25 persons per establishment and are in use 9.5 months of the year.

Question 2:

Figure 1.3 1.4 illustrate the results to the question “What is the source of your water in

the dry season and the wet season?

Figure 1.3 Shows the Source of Water in the Dry Season

Source of Water- Dry Season

Rain10% River

6%

Dam66%

Well9%

Spring8%

Other1%

RainRiverDamWellSpringOther

Figure 1.4 Shows the Source of Water in the Wet Season

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Source of Water- Wet Season

Rain19%

River3%

Dam62%

Well11%

Spring3%

Other2%

RainRiverDamWellSpringOther

Question 3:

Figure 1.5 illustrates the results obtained for the following question “How do you receive

water at your home?”

Figure 1.5 Showing How Households Receive Water

How Households Receive WaterGo to the

source and fetch it from Spring □ or

River 10%

Pipes55%

Water is piped into an outdoor

holding tank19%

Rain16%

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Question 4:

When asked the question “Other than cooking, bathing, washing and flushing toilets,

what do you use the water for?” 63% of the households indicated that they do not use

water for anything else and 37% indicated that the only other use is to wet plants and

27% use water for their pets and 2% use water for domestic animals.

Question 5:

In response to “Do you keep any animals?” 98% of the households do not. 2% rear

chickens and sheep.

Question 5 (e):

91% of the households indicated that chickens live/roam near their home. The average

number of chickens living/roaming per household per day was found to be 12.3.

Question 5 (f):

None of the households interviewed use water for gardening.

Question 5 (g):

27% of the households have pets.

Figure 1.6 shows the quantity and types of pets kept.

Figure 1.6 Shows Type & Quantity of Pets Kept

Types/Quantity of Pets Kept

Dogs, 33

Cats, 9

Birds, 20

Parrots, 1

Rabbits, 13

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Question 6:

Figure 1.7 illustrates the responses received when asked “How is sewage waste (from

toilet or latrine) from your home treated?

Figure 1.7 Showing Methods of Sewage Treatment

Sewage WasteTreatment

Septic tank and soakaway

71%

Don't know0%

Not Treated0%

Pit Latrine25%

Septic tank4%

Soakaway0%

Question 7:

“If septic tanks, how long has it been in use?”

For those households with septic tanks 80% were able to give an estimate of the number

of years their tanks were in use. See Figure 1.8 below.

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Figure 1.8 Showing the Age of Septic Tanks

Age of Septic Tank

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

<5

<10

<15

<20

>20

Don't KnowY

ears

in U

se

Percentage

For the households which has septic tanks, when asked if it was ever pumped out, 56%

said “No”, 32% said “Yes” and 11% said they “Did not know”.

For the households who answered “yes” the frequency of pumping was then asked; the

results are shown below:

Figure 1.9 Showing Tabular Record of Frequency of Septage Pumping

Frequency No. of Households

Once in 6 months 1

Once per year 1

Once in 2 years 5

Once in 3 years 2

Once in 4 years 1

Once in 7 years 1

Once in 8 years 1

Once in 10 years 5

Once in 12 years 2

Once in 14 years 2

Once in 20 years 1

Once in 35 years 1

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The household which answered “no” they have never have their septic tanks pumped, the

reasons are given below:

54% said that their septic tanks were NOT FULL.

25% said that their tanks were NEW and therefore did not require pumping.

21% indicated that they DID NOT KNOW why their tanks were never pumped.

Question 8:

Is there space available in your yard for a septic tank AND soakaway?

95% of the households said that there was space available for a septic tank and soakaway.

2% said there was not and 3%: Did not know”.

Question 9:

How is other wastewater (bathing, laundry, kitchen etc.) treated?

In response to this question, 97% of households said that grey water entered the roadside

canals, 2% drained into a soakage pit and 1% went directly into the Collette river. See

Figure 1.10 below,

Figure 1.10 Showing Treatment of Grey Water

Treatment of Grey Water

020406080

100120

Pit Latrine Septictank

Soakagepit/

Cesspit

RoadsideCanal

Don'tKnow

Other

Treatment

Per

cent

age

of H

ouse

hold

s

Question 10:

Do you or anyone else in this household keep vehicle/s on property?

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29% of the households keep a vehicle on their property.

For those who kept vehicles, Figure documents their response to the question, “where

is/are the vehicles washed?”

25% of the households wash their vehicles near the river, 21% at the roadside next to

their home, 18% wash it at the fisheries building on the waterfront of Man-o-War bay,

18% wash it at the standpipe, 11% at the spring and 7% “did not know”.

See Figure 1.11 and 1.12

Figure 1.11 Showing Vehicle Washing Areas

01234567

No. of Households

River

Fisheries/Village

StandpipeSprin

g

On the road

Don't Know

Area

Vehicle Washing Areas

Figure 1.12 Showing Frequency of Vehicle Washing

Frequency of Vehicle Washing

0 10 20 30 40

once/day

once/week

twice/week

three times/week

4 times/week

every two weeks

don't know

Freq

uenc

y

Percentage

PercentageNo. of vehicles

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Question 11:

Do you believe that sewage/waste water disposal in this area is carried out properly and

safe for human health?

Figure 1.13 illustrates the response of the households’ opinion on sewage disposal.

Figure 1.13 Showing the Opinion on Sewage Waste Disposal

Opinion On Sewage Waste Disposal

Yes70%

No24%

Don't know6%

YesNoDon't know

Question 12:

If No, what do you think would help to improve sewage/waste water disposal in this

area? See Figure for the responses give. It must be noted that 14% households gave

suggestions and thoughts while 86% said they “did not know” what could be done

improve sewage/waste water disposal in the area.

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Number Responses

1 "If there is anything to be done, it should be done"

2

"Authorities should have stricter laws, more pumping of

tanks"

3 “Provide finances to get toilet cleaned"

4 "Install more sewage tanks"

5 "Inform proper authorities"

6 "proper facilities put in place"

7

"People have to get more serious about what is thrown in the

canal"

8 "Use the best thing to prevent pollution"

9 "use cesspit and soakaway"

10 "Underground canal"

11 "Clean septic tank more often"

12 "More septic tanks and soakaways"

13 "survey the land, better sewage plant"

Question 13:

How is the garbage from your household disposed of?

100% of households use garbage truck collection to dispose of solid waste. 4 out of the

95 households interviewed burned garbage.

Question 14:

Does your garbage that is put out for collection contain disposable diapers?

23% of the households said that their garbage contained disposable diapers and 77% did

not.

Question 15:

What was the last school you attended, including any trade school or university?

Figure 1.14 depicts the responses received for the above question.

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Figure 1.14 Showing the Level of Education

Level of Education

56%

39%

3% 2%

PimarySecondaryUniversity/CollegeNot disclosed

Question 16:

What is your household's monthly income level?

Income Level

59% of households earn less than TT$3000.00

37% earn more than TT$3000.00

4% did not disclose their monthly income

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Analysis and Discussion Human settlement in coastal areas is an inevitable occurrence in small island states.

Coastal zone management has always been a challenge especially where the propensity

for pollution of the coastal waters is higher through improperly managed land based

activities. Harmonizing the social and economic needs of the communities with the

natural resources available to support these very needs without overuse or abuse can be a

difficult equilibrium point to reach.

Limitations of the Survey

Every attempt has been made to learn and improve on the last survey administered in this

pilot project however, below are some of the limitations during this updated survey:

Question 3: The question “How do you receive your water at your home?” should have

included another option : fetching water from standpipes.

Question 16: This question in addition to asking the household’s monthly income should

have also asked what was the estimated household expenditure as well. This would give

an indication of how much income was left for any other expense/s.

Another question should have been included in question 7 for those households with pit

latrines to ask whether there were any intentions in the close future (year) to build a

septic tank and soakaway. This is important for future planning.

Survey Analysis and Discussion

The residents of the Collette river region lived in low income houses with 53% living on

less than 5000 square feet of land; however a large percentage (86%) owned the houses

in which they lived. The majority of the residents have access to pipe born water,

received via pipes connected to a dam or well in the village, in both the wet and dry

season. At higher elevations there is still a problem of accessibility to a regular supply of

water via pipes and some residents are still dependant on water from the rain which they

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store in tanks or collect water from the nearest standpipe or the river itself. Generally, the

uses of water are largely confined to flushing toilets and other household uses. There are

no gardens and only 2% of households keep a few animals.

The number of chickens observed roaming in the area is a possible source of pollution by

the sheer quantity.

Solid Waste Disposal

100% of the population bag their garbage and utilize the services of garbage collection

either at covered bins placed in strategic locations (for areas where garbage truck cannot

access) or at their homes. This significantly reduces the chance that significant pollution

is a result of leachate produced when garbage is left open to rainfall.

Black Water Disposal

It is encouraging to note that 75% of households dispose of sewage waste using a septic

tank and that the majority (71%) also have soakaways. The age of septic tanks ranged

from under five years to over twenty years. 56 % of the households indicated that their

septic tanks were indeed pumped, however, the frequency of pumping was limited to, in

many cases, one time in 15 to 20 years. For those who had never had their septic tanks

pumped there was the overriding belief that the tanks were not full. This is a source of

pollution:

1) because the contours of the land being so steep runoff in heavy rainfall would not have

the time to attenuate and percolate in the soil but would accelerate toward the nearest

drains and then eventually drain into the river

2) there is no certainty that the septic tanks and soakaway system were built soundly in

the first place and will function properly to degrade and purify sewage

3) the residents do not recognize that there is a sewage problem and therefore

maintenance of the systems, as evidenced by their response to having the tanks pumped,

is not a priority

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25% of the households use pit latrines which are located in very close proximity to either

drains or the Collette river itself. The source of pollution arises in cases where the

filtration systems have not been correctly built and therefore untreated sewage finds its

way either into underground water or terrestrial drainage systems.

Grey Water Disposal

Treatment of grey water in the area surveyed is cause for concern. 98% of the households

indicated that their water from laundry, kitchen and bathing flow into roadside canals,

untreated.

Grey water is most likely the largest source of waste water contamination of the Collette

River and the Man-o-War Bay. The crucial consequence of this is the potential damage to

the reef ecosystem from nutrient overload. Other areas of concern are the effects on the

tourism industry and the vibrant fishing industry, Charlotteville is, after all a fishing

village.

The number of vehicles in the area and the washing of these in rivers and the roadside

coupled with the frequency of washing is another source of grey water contamination

which must be monitored. Further, whether the vehicles are washed near or in the river, at

the roadside next to their home or at the fisheries building opposite the bay, the water

which will inevitably contain oil residue beside the detergent composition, will be

deposited in the bay.

Socio-economic Assessment

It is interesting to note that 70% of the households remain oblivious to the threat of

sewage contamination. When asked what can be done to improve the sewage disposal in

the area, only 14% offered suggestions, 86% indicated that they “did not know”.

56% of the households surveyed had a primary school level of education.

It is evident that more education is necessary to raise awareness.

59% of the households earn less than $3000.00 per month. This consideration is

necessary to determine the affordability of any recommended system.

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Recommendations Domestic wastewater management is a key element for the protection of marine and

coastal resources which support communities and can have a number of benefits which

include the following:

• Public Health Protection;

• Food Security;

• Biodiversity and Conservation;

• Recreational Value;

• Economic Development

Since domestic wastewater impacts so many areas, it shows that its management cannot

be isolated. It must be done within a larger context of Integrated Coastal Zone

Management which suggests that the management of human activities must also

simultaneously be done.

Based on the analysis and discussion given in the previous section the following are our

recommendations:

1. The individual assessment of existing sewage treatment facilities at every

household must be undertaken. This is necessary to determine whether systems

are fully functional or not. If necessary malfunctioning systems must be repaired,

rebuilt or relocated.

2. New treatment systems must be assessed and approved before construction and

commissioning.

3. Yearly inspection and monitoring of treatment systems must be put in place.

4. It is recommended that a geological survey be conducted to determine ground

water levels and soil composition, permeability, factors affecting groundwater

flow and if in fact pathogens, consistent with sewage contamination, exist in the

groundwater.

5. Grey water disposal is the major challenge and therefore these should be treated

using the septic tanks and soakaways with grease trap systems in place.

6. The sewage treatment system chosen for this area must be one that is affordable to

the residents and also the best practicable environmental option.

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7. Finally and probably the most important part of this assessment is the need for an

education programme which will raise awareness in this community. There is a

blatant need to encourage a behavioural change so that residents can find the link

between the protection and conservation of their environment and their social and

economic well being.

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Conclusion This study has confirmed the need for an effective sewage pollution management plan in

the project area. There is an urgent need to address pollution caused by untreated grey

water being discharged into the Collette river and entering the Man-o-War Bay. This bay

supports Charlotteville’s two main economic activities, fishing and tourism. It is also an

area of high biological diversity, the loss of which the village can scarce afford.

It is hoped that the successful implementation of this pilot project will later incorporate

the entire Charlotteville area.

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Appendix 1

Charlotteville Household Survey Questionnaire

Tobago Waste Water Disposal System Improvement Programme Introduction: Hello My name is ………………. I am a member of a team currently working on a pilot project to reduce sewage pollution from households in Tobago. This is an up-date of a survey Environment Tobago conducted in 2000 in Charlotteville. This survey is again being carried out by Environment Tobago with the support of the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Project Background: Several studies of coastal areas in Tobago show that sewage is causing pollution by dirtying our rivers and beaches. Sewage pollution can cause human health problems such as infections of the eyes, skin and also gastrointestinal problems. It can also harm tourism and fisheries. We therefore need to develop solutions for reducing sewage pollution in coastal communities. To do this we require information on how we dispose of our wastes. This information will be used towards designing suitable and affordable sewage disposal systems. Your assistance in answering some questions about your household will be sincerely appreciated. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO GIVE YOUR NAME. ALL THE INFORMATION COLLECTED WILL BE TREATED CONFIDENTIALLY. Name of Street: ____________ Building Number: ____________ Estimated Size of Housing Plot: _____________ (<5000sq.ft., 5000sq. ft., >5000 sq.ft) Class of Dwelling: Tenement Single family cottage

1. a) How many people under the age of 18 live in this house? _______ b) How many people age 18 and older? _______ c) Is your property ever rented to visitors Yes No If Yes, approximately how many people can it accommodate? ______ Approximately how many months of the year is it in use? ______

2. What is the source of your water (i.e. where does it come from?).

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In the dry season

a) Rain b) River c) Dam d) Well e) Spring f) Other (please specify) ____________ In the wet season

a) Rain b) River c) Dam d) Well e) Spring f) Other (please specify) ____________

3. How do you receive water at your home?

a) Go to the source and fetch it from Spring or River b) Pipes c) Water is piped into an outdoor holding tank d) Rain

4. Other than cooking, bathing, washing and flushing toilets, what do you use

your water for? ______________________________________________

5. Do you keep any animals? Yes No

If “Yes”, then answer the following:

e) Pigs

If Yes, how many? ________

b) Cattle If Yes, how many? ________ c) Sheep If Yes, how many? ________ d) Goats

If Yes, how many? ________ e) Do chickens live/roam near your home? Yes No If Yes, how many ________ f) Do you use water for gardening? Yes No

If Yes, what is the size of the garden plot? _________

g) Do you have pets? Yes No Dogs, how many? _______ Cats, how many? ________

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h) Other and how many(Please specify) _________

6. How is sewage waste (from toilet or latrine) from your home treated?

a) Pit latrine b) Septic tank c) Soakaway d) Septic tank and soakaway e) Not treated f) Don’t know

7. If septic tank, then how long has it been in use? _____________

Don’t Know Has it ever been pumped out? Yes No Don’t Know If Yes, how often is it pumped out? ____________ If No, why hasn’t it been pumped out?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

8. Is there space available in your yard for a septic tank AND soakaway?

Yes No Don’t Know

9. How is other wastewater (bathing, laundry, kitchen, etc.?) treated?

a) Pit latrine b) Septic tank c) Soakage pit/cesspit d) Roadside canal e) Don’t Know f) Other (Please specify) ______________

10. Do you or anyone else in this household keep vehicle/s on property?

Yes How many? ______ No

If Yes, where is/are the vehicle/s washed? ____________

How often? ______________

11. Do you believe that sewage/waste water disposal in this area is carried out

properly and safe for human health?

Yes No Don’t Know

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12. If No, what do you think would help to improve sewage/waste water disposal

in this area? _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

13. How is the garbage from your household disposed of?

a) Burning b) Composting c) Burying d) Garbage truck collection

14. Does your garbage that is put out for collection contain disposable diapers?

Yes No

Finally, we would like to ask you a few questions about your income and education. Although you may choose not to answer them, they would be helpful in deciding what solutions would be most suitable to improve sewage treatment and disposal in your village. 15. What was the last school you attended, including any trade school or

university?

a) Primary b) Secondary c) University/College

16. What is your household’s monthly income level? Under $3000 per month Above $3000 per month

Thank you for taking the time to assist with this project.

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Appendix 2

Terms of Reference

32

33

Appendix 3

MAP DATA

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