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A q u a c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r in g 2 ( 1 9 8 3 ) 1 7 3 - 1 7 9

A r t e m i a sa l i n a a s P a b u l u m f o r G r o w i n g P e n a e i d su n d e r L a b o r a t o r y C o n d i t io n s *

G. B . P a lmeg iano and P . Trot taI n s t i t u t e f o r t he B i o l og i ca l Exp l o i t a t i on o f Lagoons , Na t i ona l Res ea r ch Counc i l ,

7101 0 Les ina , I t a l y

A B S T R A C TG r o w i n g i n t e r e s t in Artemia sa l ina Leach is sup por t ed by i t s h igh p ro t e incon ten t , t he r e la t iv e ease o f i t s mass p rod uc t ion , and i t s i ncom ple t e l yu t i l i z ed po t en t i a l b iomass w h ich i s f o u nd i n sa l tpans a ll ove r t he wor ld .

E x p e r i m e n t s i n vo l v in g t h e c a t c h in g o f a d u l t b r i n e s h r i m p s b y m e a n s o fa 5 0 0 ta m n y l o n n e t l o c a te d o n t h e m a i n o u t f l o w c a n a l w e r e ca r ri ed o u tin Margheri ta d i Savo ia sa l tworks i n sou theas t e rn I t a l y p re lim inar i l y i nA u g u s t 1 9 8 0 . R e p l i c a te s d u r in g M a y - J u l y 1 9 8 1 s h o w e d i t w a s p o s s i b le toc o l le c t a b o u t 2 5 0 g r ain -1 o f a d u l t Artemia . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i g u re s o ft he samp le s t aken , i t is r easonab le t o a s sum e a b r ine sh r imp s tand ingcrop o f a t l ea st 50 t onnes { w e t w e igh t ) ove r a 1000 ha sur face a rea.T h e A r te m i a c o l l e c t e d i n t h i s w a y w e r e t e s t e d f o r f e e d i n g P e n a e id s u n d e rl a b o ra t o ry c o n d i t io n s , a s s o le f o o d a n d a s s u p p l e m e n t t o a d r y s e l fm a d ed i et . F i r s tl y P e n a e i d g r o w t h s u p p o r t e d b y m u s s e l s w a s t e s t e d i n c o m -p a r is o n w i t h f r o z e n Ar t em i a d ie t . The l a t te r gave t he be s t r e su l ts w i th 30%d a i ly s u p p l y o f s h r i m p b o d y ( w e t w e i g h t ). M o r e o v e r Ar t em i a w e r e t e s t e da s a b a la n c in g c o m p o n e n t o f a d r y d i e t t o c o r r e c t a d e f i c i t o f a m i n o a c i d sa n d s u p p l y m i s s in g h i g h ly u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c id s ( H U F A ).W i t h t h i s m i x e d d i e t i t w a s e n o u g h t o s u p p l y A. salina 2 d a y s p e r w e e kt o a c h i e v e p r o m i s i n g r e s u l t s w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d a g o o d c o m p r o m i s eb e t w e e n e c o n o m i c s a n d t h e g r o w t h r a te o f Penaeus j apon i cus Bate . Con-seque n t l y , i t i s sugges t ed t ha t i n t ens i ve and /or e x t ens i v e Penae id cu l t u re sbe p la n t ed near sal tpans, u t i li z i ng b r ine sh r imp b ioma ss a s a f o od sourcew h i c h c o u l d o t h e r w i s e b e w a s t e d .

* Co n t r i bu t i on w i t h i n t he s chem e o f t he App l i ed Res ea r ch P r o j ec t : 'Cons o l i da t ion ,deve l op m e n t and conve r s i on o f Na t i ona l Aqu acu l t u r e ' ; Subp r o j ec t : 'Sh r i m p-cu l t u r e ' . N a t i ona l R es ea r ch Counc i l , It a l y .

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174 G. B. Palmegiano, P. TrottaINTRODUCTION

During the last few decades Artemia salina Leach has been the objectof increasing attention because of its usefulness in marine aquaculture.Nauplii and metanauplii of brine shrimp are commonly used for feedingearly larval stages of crustaceans and fish obtained by artificial repro-duction; recently attempts have been made to use adult A. salina forPenaeid breeding (Mock, personal communication). The use of adultbrine shrimp as pabulum is presently limited by the high cost of itsartificial mass production and also by difficulties met in the exploita-tion of natural populations in saltpans. This paper reports a solution forharvesting wild adult A. salina and the possibility of its use, after deepfreezing, for breeding artificially reproduced Penaeids from postlarvastage to marketable size.

The research has been carried out in two steps: a field study con-cerning brine shrimp harvesting and a laboratory study related to theuse of Artemia biomass collected as food for Penaeids in comparisonwith other food sources.

MATERIALS AND METHODSField study concerns the wild parthenogenetic (Barigozzi, 1939)Artemia population of the Margherita di Savoia saltworks in south-eastern Italy. The surface area of the saltworks totals around 4500 ha.Only one-fifth of this is producing Artemia. All the processed seawater runs continuously from the catching point at Foce Aloisa to thebrining ponds; thus the area in which the brine shrimp are present hasan inlet canal with a water salinity of about 110%o and an outl et canalwith water bearing 140 g litre -1 of salt.On the basis of preliminary results achieved in 1980 harvesting tests(of adult Artemia) have been carried out regularly from May to July1981 by inserting into the outlet canal a pyramidal shaped planktonnet (1 mm mesh, 110 cm L 110 cm W 230 cm H) (Fig. 1). The brineshrimp so collected were drawn off, stocked in sealed plastic bags andfrozen immediately.

A laborato ry study on the comparison of Margherita di Savoia brineshrimp with other food sources for Penaeid breeding was run in aquariawith entirely recirculated sea water. The system has a set of 8 80

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Artemia salina as pabulum for growing Penaeids 175

Fig. 1. Nylon net during catching tests.

litre tanks (70 cm L X 35 cm W 35 cm H), each suppli ed wi th recircu-lating water from a com mon 200 litre raised tank. Each of the eighttanks has its own water recirculating system (air lift operated) and onoverflow that brings sea water to the biological filter (90 cm L X 60 cmW 40 cm H). Finally, filtered sea water (34-360/00) is ret urned, aft erUV lamp (Mod. Helios Italquarz 30 W) tre atm ent , to the distributingtank by a electric pump, with a daily freshwater make up of 20-30litres to compensate for evaporation (Fig. 2). Feeding tests on shrimpwere run in duplicate and animal biomass per square metre neverexceeded 200g. The temperature was kept in the range 22-25C.Most of the trials refer to Penaeus japonicus Bate and the remainderwere carried out on Penaeus kerathurus Forsk~l. Tested animals comingfrom F z (second reproduc tive) gener ation bro ods tock artificially re-produced were in the range 1-3 g. They were assigned at random to thetest tanks and biometrical data were recorded fortnightly.

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176 G. B. Palmegiano, P. Trottad r o l ly w a t e r m u l 3 p l y

==' 2 2 2

' " l h " l i t " - l h I

F

Fig. 2. Schem atic o f aquaria used for feeding tests on Penaeids. 1, raised tank ;2, aquaria un it ; 3, pipe co llector of wa ter coming from single aquaria; F, biological

fi l ter; UV, ultraviolet lamp; P, e lectric pump.

W( gx l O0)6

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o o

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ' . , , ,12 18Day-night cyc le for A. salina in the main out f low cana l, b iomass min -x

(wet w eight).

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A r t e m i a s a l i n a a s p a b u l u m f o r g r o w i n g P en a e i d s 1 7 7

0

c~E

0

00

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1 7 8 G. B. Palmegiano, P. TrottaThe growth rate indexes reported in Table 1 were calculated accord-

ing to Deshimaru and Shigueno (1972) and News (1976).

RESULTSField observations in Margherita di Savoia saltwork showed that thebiomass of A r t e m i a s a l i n a caught in 1 min fluctuates in the range20- 600 g. The fluctuation depends on the day-night cycle, waves inwater due to wind, and water flow rate. The brine shrimp collectedpeaked twice, in the night and in the afternoon, in the absence ofstrong wind (Fig. 3). The brine shrimp caught displayed an average of70% fertile individuals.Four series of laboratory tests were performed. The first comparedthe effect of four different diets on P . k e r a t h u r u s growth. The dietstested as sole feed were: frozen adult A. s a l i n a ; fresh anchovies; freshmussels; a dry Japanese diet formulated for Penaeids (Kyowa Hakkono. 3). The food was supplied in surplus and the excess was removeddaily. Brine shrimp supported the best growth (Table 1). The next stepwas to fix the daily feeding rate of frozen A r t e m i a to support the bestgrowth of Penaeids. The species tested were P . j a p o n i c u s and P.k e r a t h u r u s . In the course of the second and third series of experimentsthe best daily feeding rate resulted from supplying frozen A r t e m i aat a level of 30% shrimp body weight (wet weight). Daily growth ratesachieved in these experiments were lower than for the others due to afailure of the aquaria heater during the last l0 days of the test. Thefourth series was run to test the brine shrimp as a balancing componentof a self-made dry diet (Della Sala and Palmegiano, 1978) and particu-larly to supply any missing amino acids and highly unsaturated fattyacids (HUFA). The tests were performed according to four feedingschedules as shown in Table 1.

The first group of shrimp received A. s a l i n a as sole food 6 days aweek; the second received A. s a l i n a 2 days a week and dry diet for 4days; the third group was fed 4 days a week with dry diet and for 2days with A. s a l i n a . The fourth received dry diet 6 days a week.

Obviously A. s a l i n a as sole food gave the best growth but the bestresult, a compromise between cost of food and shrimp growthefficiency, is given by the second feeding schedule, 2 days of A r t e m i aand 4 days of dry diet.

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Artemia salina a s p a b u l u m f o r g r o w i n g P e n a e id s 179D I S C U S S I O N

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s u l t s a d u l t A . s a l i n a is a g o o d f o o d f o r P e n a e i d s a ss o le f o o d a n d a ls o a s t h e b a la n c i n g c o m p o n e n t o f d ry d i e ts . T h e b o d ys iz e o f t h e b r i n e s h r i m p , t h e h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f f e r ti le i n d i v id u a l s int h e n a t u r a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d i t s n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e a s a w h o l e h e l p t oe x p l a in t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e su l t s. B e y o n d t h e c a p a c i t y o f M a r g h e r it a diS a v o i a A . s a l i n a t o p r o m o t e g o o d P e n a e i d g r o w t h t h e r e i s t h e e v a l u a t i o no f t h e e c o n o m i c f e a s i b i li t y o f th e p r o j e c t . I n M a r g h e r i t a d i S av o i as a l t w o r k s i t is p o s s i b l e t o c a t c h a d u l t b r i n e s h r i m p q u i t e e a s il y ( u s in g as i m p le n y l o n n e t ) o n t h e m a i n o u t f l o w c a n a l. T h e h a r v e s ti n g t e s t s s h o wa n a v e r a g e v a lu e o f 2 5 0 g r a in -~ in t h e c o u r s e o f a d a y - n i g h t c y c l e . W i t ha h a r v e s ti n g p e r i o d o f 6 m o n t h s ( a ve r a ge p e r i o d o f sa lt p r o d u c t i o n f o rM a r g h e r i ta d i S a v o ia s a l t w o r k s ) i t is t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t o h a r v e s t5 0 t o n n e s ( w e t w e i g h t ) a d u l t b r i n e s h r i m p .

C O N C L U S I O N ST h e A . s a l i n a o f M a r g h e r i ta d i S a v o ia a r e a f o o d w e l l a p p r e c i a t e d b yP e n a e i d s c o m p a r e d t o c o n v e n t i o n a l f o o d s o u r c e s . H a r v e s t i n g is s im p l e .A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , t h e u s e o f w il d b r in e s h r im p b i o m a s s is r e c o m -m e n d e d f o r f e e d i n g i n te n s i v e o r s e m i - i n t e n s iv e s h r i m p c u l t u r e . F i f t yt o n n e s o f A . s a l i n a b i o m a s s c o u l d b e u s e d , a c c o r d in g t o t h e r e su l tsa c h i e v e d , t o p r o d u c e 3 t o n n e s o f P e n a e i d s w h e n t h e b r in e s h r im p isu s e d a s s o le f o o d . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , 9 t o n n e s o f s h r i m p c a n b e a c h i e v e d i fA . s a l i n a is u s e d a s s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e s e l f - m a d e d r y d i e t .

R E F E R E N C E SBarigozzi, C. (1939). La biologia di Ar temia sa l i na in acquario. A t t i d e l l a S o c i e t d

I ta l iana d i Sc i enze na tura li , 78 (2) , 136-64.D ella Sala, P. & Palme giano, G. B. (19 78 ). Esperienze suU 'identificazione delfabbisogno proteico di P e n a e u s k e r a t h u r u s Forsk~l (rnazzancolla). Anna l i de l l aFaco l t~ d i Med ic ina Ve t e rinaria , 3 1 , 2 4 % 5 7 .D eshimaru, O. & Shigueno, K. (19 72). Introd uctio n to the arti ficial diet for praw nP. ]apon icus . A qua cu l tu r e , 1, 115-53.News, M. B. (1976). A review of dietary studies with shrimp and prawn. A q u a -cu l tu re , 9 , 101-4 .