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8/14/2019 Paper- Ethanol Blend Fuel Performance on Evaporative Emission of Motorcycle in Thailand (Thummarat-Thai Spea
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8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 1
ETHANOL BLEND FUEL PERFORMANCE ON EVAPORATIVE EMISSION OF
MOTORCYCLE IN THAILAND
Thummarat ThummadetsakPadol Sukajit
Somchai Siangsanorh
PTT Research & Technology Institute
PTT Public Company Limited
ABSTRACT
The ethanol blended fuel performance evaluation are performed on
motorcycles in Thailand. The evaporative emission from four models of four-stroke
motorcycle fuel with E0 , E10 and E20 are tested in this study. The are totally 8motorcycles; two motorcycles from each selected models, are use for performing
the tests. The evaporative emission and tailpipe emission are measured in
difference legislation. The emissions from MC model A and C (fuel injection) are
measured according to TIS 2350- 2551 (equivalent to 97/24/EC , Euro 3). MC
model B and D (carburetor) are tested according to TIS 2130- 2545 (combination
of 97/24/EC & JASO T 902-95, Taiwan). The evaporative emission, hydrocarbon
emitted from SHED (Sealed Housing Evaporative Determination) chamber are
quantified. Evaporative emission testing consists of a hot soak losses (HSL) test
and tank breathing losses (TBL) test. Only MC model A can be used ethanol
blended gasoline up to 20%. The three test fuels; E0, E10 and E20 were tested with
all vehicles operating both of tailpipe emission and evaporative emission. E0 (RON
91) is use as a baseline fuel for this study.
The total evaporative emission, (HSL + TBL) results from all models of
motorcycle fuel with E10, E20 in comparison to E0 show the same tendency. It
was found that baseline fuel (E0,RON91) show the highest evaporative emission.
Considering the fuel properties RVP and T50 which are effect to the variation of
evaporative emission, E0 give the highest RVP and T50 compared to E10 and E20.
With this reason the evaporative emission from E0 is highest one. The evaporative
emission from E10 and E20 are not difference. TBL is the majority of total
evaporative emission from motorcycle cause by the permeation of HCs through the
rubber seal of the fuel tank. E0 show the highest of TBL for all MC model.Fuel distribution to the engine system is also one of the factors that effect to
evaporative emission. The test result show MC model B and D, carburetor system,
show the higher evaporative emission than MC model A and C which are fuel
injection system and still in the range of 2 6 g/test which may meet TIS 2130-
2545 legislation. However MC model A and C is meet Euro 3 limit (less than 2
g/test) for all kind of test fuel (E0, E10 and E20). The carburetor system is more
influence to HSL contribution than injection system.
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8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 2
INTORDUCTION
The motorcycle population in Thailand up to 2008 is 15-16 million unit
approximately. Especially, it is expected that there are 3 million units in Bangkokcity. The 2 stroke motorcycle is a major cause of hydrocarbon emission and white
smoke emitted to the atmosphere which is concern on health effect. However since
2002, the motorcycle release in Thai market must be 4 stroke engine because of the
more stringent of MC emission legislation (TIS 2130-2545). Before 2002, the 80%
of motorcycle in Thailand is 2 stroke engine. Now a day the ratio of 2 stroke and 4
stroke MC in Bangkok city is very close.
Almost of motorcycle required the fuel of RON 91. Most of them can used
the gasoline fuel only (E0). However after the oil crisis , the alternative fuel such as
ethanol blended fuel so called Gasohol become a key play role of alternative fuel
in Thailand because of its produce from agriculture. An the tax except of Thai
government for gasohol fuels led to the lower price compared to the fossils fuels.Ethanol blended fuel, E10 RON 95 have been introduced to Thai market
since 2002. In present day there are E10 RON 95, E10 RON 91, E20 and E85 are
commercialized in Thailand. Almost of motorcycle produce since 2005 can used
the ethanol blended fuel up to 10% (E10). And some motorcycle produce in 2008
onward can used ethanol fuel up to 20%. Most of motorcycle manufacture use
material for carburetor system and fuel hose of motorcycle are compatible to
ethanol. However the majority of motorcycle in Thailand is carburetor motorcycle
and if it use E10 , the emission come out from such kind of MC are changed.
Especially the higher HCs evaporative emission can be assumed.
The vehicle evaporative emission control (EVAP) system is a key play role
the reduce the hydrocarbon emitted from fuel system of the vehicle which is use the
ethanol blended fuel. However, it is the fact that the EVAP is not equipped in
motorcycle in Thailand.
The propose of this study is to evaluate the effect of E0, E10 and E20 on
evaporative emission from the new motorcycle model with is meet TIS 2130-2545
and TIS 2350-2551 (Euro 3) introduce in Thailand.
EVAPORATIVE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM
The evaporative emission is hydrocarbons vapors loss from the fuel system
of a vehicle other than those from exhaust emission. The emission control system
of vehicle mostly equipped with carbon canister as shown in Figure 1.The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store
evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used
to trap the fuel vapors. The fuel vapors adhere to the charcoal, until the engine is
started, and engine vacuum can be used to draw the vapors into the engine, so that
they can be burned along with the fuel/air mixture.
The tank has to have the space for the vapors to collect so that they can then
be vented to the charcoal canister. A purge valve is used to control the vapor flow
into the engine. The purge valve is operated by engine vacuum. One common
problem with this system is that the purge valve goes bad and engine vacuum draws
fuel directly into the intake system. Most charcoal canisters have a filter that should
be replaced periodically. This system should be checked when fuel mileage drops.
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Figure 1. The Evaporative Emission Control System in Gasoline Vehicle
(Orbital Engine Company , 2002)
However, for motorcycle in Thailand which is now conform to emission
legislation TIS 2350-2551 (equivalent to Euro 3) mostly is not equipped with
evaporative emission control system. Because of the new motorcycle is injection
system the HCs emitted from engine is trend to be less compared to the carburetor
system. But the carbureted motorcycle is a majority of MC population in Thailand
so the evaporative emission from MC may come from HCs emitted from carbureted
system , the permeation from fuel hose and tank breathing loss (from fuel tank lid).
EFFECT OF ETHANOL CONTENT ON EVAPORATIVE EMSSION
Evaporative emission are influenced by the volatility of fuel. An increase in
RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure measure of the fuel volatility) due to the presence of
oxygenates such as ethanol, will give a corresponding increase in evaporative
emissions (Orbital Engine Company , 2002)
When the small amounts of ethanol are added to gasoline, the vapor
pressure of the mixture is greater than the vapor pressure of either the gasoline or
alcohol alone. The molecules of pure alcohol are strongly hydrogen-bonded, but
with small amounts of alcohol in a non-polar material (gasoline) the hydrogen
bonding is much less extensive and the alcohol molecules behave in a manner more
in keeping with their low molecular weight.Thus the alcohol become more volatile.
8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 3
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The graphical show the behavior of RVP from various ethanol content in fuel as
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.The effect of ethanol blend fuel on RVP.
Solid line : Experiment data from Furey & Jackson (1997)
Dashed line : Experiment data from Guerrieri et,al (1995)
Automotive emission handbook (1995) have the conclusion of effect of
ethanol blended in fuel on RVP and evaporative emission. The RVP of fueldecrease by 10 kPa results in decreasing of evaporative emission by 23%.
T50 is also the fuel properties which is effect by adding ethanol into fuel as
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.The effect of ethanol blended into fuel on T50.
8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 4
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8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 5
TEST FUELS
The test fuels for this test program are consist of 3 kind of fuels, E0 RON91
is a commercial gasohol fuel use for baseline, E10 and E20 are also a commercialgasohol fuel. All kind of test fuels are meet the Thailand fuel specification.
-Gasoline E0 RON 91
-Gasohol E10 RON 91 (10% vol. of ethanol blended)
-Gasohol E20 RON95 , (20% vol. of ethanol blended)
The current Thailand gasoline and gasohol fuel specification and the test
fuels E0, E10 and E20 fuels properties are shown in Table 1
Table 1 Gasohol Fuel Specification and E0, E10, E20 Fuels Compositions and
Properties .Properties Gasoline
RON91
Gasohol
E10 Spec.
E20 Spec. E0
RON91
E10
RON91
E20
RON95RON 91.0 Min 91.0 Min 95.0 Min 91.1 94.2 98.6MON 80.0 Min 80.0 Min 84.0 Min 83.0 83.5 85.3RVP @ 37.8 oC, kPa 62 Max 62 Max 64 Max 61.4 59.0 58.8Sulfur Content ,%wt.
Before Jan1,2012
From Jan1,2012
0.05 Max.
0.005 Max.
0.05 Max.
0.005 Max.
0.05 Max
0.005 Max
0.0047 0.0076 0.0069
Density @ 15.6oC , g/cm
3- - - 0.7340 0.7487 0.7487
Sp.Gr. @ 15.6oC, g/cm3 - - - 0.7348 0.7495 0.7495Distillation
IBP,oC
10% Evaporated,oC
50% Evaporated,o
C90% Evaporated,
oC
End point,oC
-
70 Max.
70-110170 Max
200 Max
-
70 Max.
70-110170 Max
200 Max
-
65 Max.
65-110170 Max
200 Max
35.651.6
78.3156.5186.1
39.552.5
73.0157.5185.5
39.754.2
71.1153.1185.0
Denatured Ethanol ,% vol - 9-10 19-20 0 10.2 20.2Oxygenate Content, % vol 0-11.0 -
Benzene Content, % vol.
Before Jan1,2012
From Jan1,20123.5 Max
1.0 Max
3.5 Max
1.0 Max
3.5 Max
1.0 Max
1.93 1.73 1.84
Aromatic Content, %vol.
Before Jan1,2012
From Jan1,201235 Max
35 Max
35 Max
35 Max
35 Max
35 Max
30.0 28.4 29.3
Olefins Content, %vol.
Before Jan1,2012From Jan1,2012
-18 Max
-18 Max
-18 Max
N.D. N.D. N.D.
Residue ,%vol. 2.0 Max 2.0 Max 2.0 Max 1.0 1.0 0.9Water content, %wt. 0.7 max 0.7 max 0.7 max 0.014 0.039 0.048Gross heating value, J/g - - - 45,975 44,136 42,238Silver strip corrosion,
Number
No.1 Max. No.1 Max. No.1 Max. No.1 No.1 No.1
Oxidation stability, min 360 Min 360 Min 360 Min >360 >360 >360Solvent washed gum,
mg/100 mL
4 Max 4 Max 4 Max 1.0 0.9 0.5
Carbon Content, %wt. - - - 86.20 82.94 79.66Hydrogen Content, %wt. - - - 13.53 13.32 12.94
Oxygen Content, %wt. - - - 0.27 3.74 7.40Note : Selected Properties Only
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8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 6
TEST VEHICLES
There are total number of 8 motorcycles were selected and used to test on
evaporative emission in this research work. The motorcycles were selected to cover
the range of difference manufacturer, fuel distribution system, and emission controltechnology. From 8 motorcycles, consist of 4 models (each of 2 MC) most of them
are 4 stroke engine which are engine capacity less than 150 cc. Model A and C are
injection system but Model B and D are carburetor system. Technical data are
given in Table 2.
MC model A (A1, A2) which is meet Thailand emission legislation TIS 2350-2551
(equivalent to 97/24/EC , Euro 3) can be use with ethanol blended fuel up to 20%
(E20). MC model C (C1 ,C2) are also meet TIS 2350-2551 but can be use with
ethanol blended fuel up to 10% (E10). MC model B (B1,B2) and model D (D1,D2)
which is meet Thailand emission legislation TIS 2130-2545 (combination of
97/24/EC & JASO T 902-95, Taiwan), can be use with ethanol blended fuel up to
10% (E10).
Table 2 Technical data and characteristic of test vehicle.
Description A1 , A2 B1, B2 C1, C2 D1 , D2
Model year 2009 2008 2009 2008
Odometer (km) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Engine Type 4T Overhead
camshaft
4T Overhead
camshaft
4T SOHC 4T SOHC
Displacement (cc.) 109.1 124.9 134.4 113.0
Transmission 4-M/T 4-M/T 4-M/T A/T
Vehicle weight (kg) 95.0 98.0 105 91Number of cylinder 1 1 1 1
Bore/Stroke (mm) 50.0 / 55.6 52.4/ 57.9 54.0/ 58.7 50/ 57.9
Compression ratio 9: 1 9.3: 1 10.9: 1 8.8: 1
Injection system PGM-FI Carburetor Single cylinder
equipped with
FI
Carburetor
Cooling system Air cooled Air cooled Water cooled Air cooled
Fuel tank capacity (liter) 3.7 4.0 3.6 4.1
Catalyzer Metal
honeycomb
N/A Air induction
system
N/A
Fuel Specification E20 E10 E10 E10
Emission Legislation TIS.2350-
2551 (level 6)
TIS.2130-
2545 (level 5)
TIS.2350-2551
(level 6)
TIS.2130-2545
(level 5)
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8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 7
PROTOCOL FOR MOTORCYCLE TESTING
Before starting the evaporative emission test, all of test MC were running
on chassis dynamometer with E0 RON91 for engine break in until mileage reach to1000 km. The engine oil were drained and replace with a new engine oil.
The 4 stroke motorcycles were concocted on evaporative emission test with
E0 RON91, E10 RON91 and E20 RON95 test fuels. The evaporative emission
were measured in VT-SHED (Variable Temperature- Sealed House Evaporative
Determination). All the test work was carried out at PTT Research & Technology
Institute, PTT public company limited, Thailand. Each MC was test on a series of 3
test fuels (E0, E10 and E20 respectively) with a single test.
MC were preconditioned prior to the first test on any new fuel by driving on the
chassis dynamometer at constant speed of 100 km/h for one hour to reduce the
carry over effect from one fuel to another.
EVAPORATIVE EMISSION TEST PROCEDURE
The definitions of evaporative emission, which is specified in Thailand
emission legist ration TIS. 2130-2545 and TIS 2350-2551, is hydrocarbons vapors
loss from the fuel system of a motorcycle other than those from exhaust emission.
The evaporative emission measured from motorcycle composed of HCs vapors loss
from two sources.
1. Tank breathing loss (TBL) ; The hydrocarbons emission caused by
temperature changes in the fuel tank.
2. Hot soak loss (HSL) ; The hydrocarbons emission from the fuel system
of a stationary vehicle after a period of driving.
The total evaporative emission is the sum of tank breathing evaporative
emission loss and hot soak evaporative emission loss.
The Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination (SHED) is used to
capture hydrocarbon evaporative emissions as the sequence of diurnal temperatures
fluctuation, hot soaks during parking, and urban driving.
SHED, a fully equipped variable-volume, variable-temperature (VV/TT),
consists of a computer control system, a climate control system, a mixing fan, a
volume compensation system and a flame ionization detector (FID) analyzer for
measuring total hydrocarbon concentration. The SHED chamber at PTT RTI test
laboratory is shown in Figure 4The eight tested MC are a new motorcycle which is driving on chassis
dynamometer for run in of 1000 km by E0 RON 91 fuel.
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Figure 4SHED Chamber at PTT RTI, Thailand
Test Motorcycle Preparation
After fuel in the fuel tank was drained, the fuel tank was equipped with
temperature sensor to enable to measured the fuel temperature at the midpoint when
filled to the level 50 + 5 % of its capacity and measured the evaporated gas
temperature at the middle of its volume. The heating pieces are installed at outside
of fuel tank to cover at least 10% of area which is contact to test fuel. The sensors
are set away from the heating pieces installation point for at least 25.4 mm. The
photo of heating pieces and the fuel tank preparation as show in Figure 5 andFigure 6 respectively.
Figure 5 Heating pieces for heat up the fuel tank
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Figure 6The architecture of the fuel tank preparation
Evaporative Emission Test Preparation
The test fuel is poured into the fuel tank to the level of 50 + 5 % of fuel
capacity. Then the motorcycle was preconditioning by running on chassis
dynamometer at constant speed of 50 km/h for 12 minute to get the mileage for 10
km. Within 5 minute after preconditioning , the test motorcycle was parked in
soaking area at least 6 hours.
Evaporative Emission Test Method
The measurement of the tank breathing and the hot soak evaporative
emission are as following.
1. Tank Breathing Loss (TBL) Test
The brief of tank breathing loss test procedure are following
1.1 With in 5 minute before conducting the test, the air inside the SHED
chamber was cleaned and removed by the blower until the hydrocarbon
concentration is equal to the atmosphere.
1.2 The test motorcycle was taken in to the draining room to drain out the
fuel and fill it back with the test fuel of 50 + 2.5 % of its capacity. The temperatureof the test fuels should be less than 8 degree C.
1.3 The test motorcycle will take into the SHED chamber, at that time the
led of fuel tank is still kept removed. The temperature sensor was connected to the
temperature recorder ant the temperature controller.
1.4 The blower is on at the same time of the fuel was heating up and reach
to temperature of 13.5 degree C. then close the led of fuel tank and switch off the
blower. The SHED chamber was closed and seal immediately.
1.5 When the fuel temperature reach 16.5 + 0.5 degree C (For non-exposed
type fuel tank), the hydrocarbon concentration , barometric pressure and
temperature in SHED chamber were record as initial value.
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1.6 Continue heating the fuel so that the temperature is raised by 13.3degree C (For non-exposed type fuel tank) with in 60 minutes, the hydrocarbon was
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measured at the same time. The temperature of the fuel during heating was conform
to the following equation (1) and shall be within the tolerance of + 1.7 degree C
--------------------- (1)(2 / 9) 16fT t= +
Where ; Tfis the required temperature of fuel, degree Ctis elapsed time, min
The final temperature shall be 29.3 + 0.5 degree C for non-exposed type
fuel tank.
1.7 The hydrocarbon concentration, barometric pressure, and temperature in
the chamber were record as the final values.
1.8 The evaporative emission from tank breathing loss was calculated by
using the following formula (2)
MHC = K *V * 10-4*( CHC,f * Pf - CHC,i * Pi ) ----------------- (2)
Tf Ti
Where ; MHC= Mass of hydrocarbons measured over the test phase, g
CHC = Measured hydrocarbons concentration I the chamber, ppm
V = Net volume of chamber , m3(corrected for the volume of
motorcycle)
T = Ambient temperature in chamber , degree C
P = Barometric pressure , kPa
H/C = Hydrocarbon to Carbon ratio
K = 1.2*(1.2 + H/C)
When ; i is the initial value
f is the final valueH/C is taken to be 2.33 for tank breathing loss and 2.20 for hot soak loss
The tank breathing loss test procedure is shown in Figure 6.
2. Hot Soak Loss (HSL) Test
The brief of hot soak loss test procedure are following
2.1 The test was continued after TBL test was completed. The test
motorcycle was preconditioning by running on the chassis dynamometer at the
constant speed of 50 km/h for 12 minute to get the mileage of 10 km.
2.2 The air inside the SHED chamber was cleaned and removed by the
blower until the hydrocarbon concentration is equal to the atmosphere.
2.3 Within 7 minute after preconditioning, the test motorcycle are pushedinto the SHED chamber and seal immediately.
2.4 The hydrocarbon concentration , barometric pressure and temperature in
SHED chamber were record as initial value.
2.5 The motorcycle was kept in the chamber for 60 minute. The
hydrocarbon concentration, barometric pressure, and temperature in the chamber
were record as the final values.
2.6 The evaporative emission from hot soak loss was calculated by using
the following formula (2)
The hot soak loss test procedure is shown in Figure 7.
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Figure 7The Tank breathing loss and Hot soak loss evaporative emission
test procedure
EVAPORATIVE EMISSION EVALUATIONThe total evaporative emission is sum of tank breathing evaporative
emission loss (TBL) and hot soak evaporative emission loss (HSL). For TIS.
2350-2551 the limit of the total evaporative emission is 2 g/test. However in this
study, the engine capacity of all 8 test motorcycles are less than 150 cc. so the limit
of the total evaporative emission is 2.0 6.0 g/test (HC from tailpipe emission has
to be not more than 0.6 g/km).
The evaporative emission limit according to Thailand legislation (TIS 2130-
2545 and TIS 2350-2551) are related to the tailpipe emission measurement value as
show in Table 3 and Table 4. The tailpipe emission test cycle for TIS 2130-2545
and TIS 2350-2551 legislation , MC engine capacity less than 150 cc. as show in
Figure 8
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Table 3.Tailpipe emission limit according to Thailand MC emission legislation
Legislation Engine
capacity
CO, g/km HC, g/km NOx , g/km HC +NOx ,g/km
TIS.2130-2545
(Level 5)
All capacity 3.5 - - 2.0
< 150 cm3 2.0 0.8 0.15 -TIS.2350-2551
(Level 6) 150 cm3 2.0 0.3 0.15 -
< 150 cm3 2.0 0.8 0.15 -Euro 3
Directive
2003/77/EC
150 cm3 2.0 0.3 0.15 -
Table 4.Evaporative emission limit according to Thailand MC emission legislation
Legislation Engine
capacity
Limit of Total Evaporative Emission (HC) ,g : Tank
breathing losses + Hot Soak loss
TIS.2130-2545
(Level 5)
All capacity < 2 g / test or
2 - 6 g / test (CO < 3.5 g/km and HC+NOx < 1.8 g/km)
< 150 cm3 < 2 g / test or
2 - 6 g / test (HC < 0.6 g/km)
TIS.2350-2551
(Level 6)
150 cm3 < 2 g/test
< 150 cm3 < 2 g / test or
2 - 6 g / test (HC < 0.6 g/km)
Euro 3
Directive
2003/77/EC 150 cm3 < 2 g/test
Figure 8. ECE-40 Test Cycle according to TIS 2130-2545 and
TIS 2350-2551 for MC engine capacity less than 150 cc
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8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All of 8 test motorcycles were test on evaporative emission with E0 ,E10
and E20. The results were reported in to 2 groups; the motorcycle which is fuel
with injection system (MC mode A and C) and the second group is motorcycle withcarburetor (MC model B and D).
Evaporative emission test result for Injection system MC (Model A and C)
Model A test results
The evaporative emission test result for E0, E10 and E20 and percent
change of those relative to baseline E0 for motorcycle which are injection system
(MC model A and C) as shown in Table 5 and Table 6 respectively. All these
results are shown graphically in Figure 9, 10 and Figure 11
The MC A-1 and A-2 show the same tendency in evaporative emission test
results for E0, E10 and E20 that is TBL is higher than that of HSL. It was foundthat HSL is increase when adding more ethanol in fuel. That means E20 show the
highest HSL (0.14-0.17 g/test) which is contributing 15% of total evaporative
emission.
For TBL in overall results, It was found that E0 result in the highest TBL
range of 1.34 1.39 g/test. E10 and E20 show a close TBL which is range of 0.75
0.78 g/test for E10 and 0.83 0.91 g/test for E20.
In term of total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL), E0 give the highest
total evaporative emission (1.38 1.42 g/test) where as E20 and E10 show a closer
evaporative emission which are 1.05 and 0.83 g/test respectively. However, total
evaporative emission for MC model A is within TIS 2350-2551 (Euro 3 limit) 2.0
g/test
Table 5. Evaporative Emission Test Results Test MC:Model A,Injection system
THC Mass Emission (g) % ChangeMotorcycle Evaporative
Emission
EURO 3
Limit E0 E10 E20 E0 vs
E10
E0 vs
E20
E10 vs
E20
TBL - 1.3399 0.7820 0.8385 41.64 37.42 -7.23
HSL - 0.0453 0.0542 0.1742 -19.65 -284.55 -221.40
Total 2 g/test 1.3852 0.8362 1.0127 39.63 26.89 -21.11
Model A-1
HLS/TBL(%) - 3 / 97 6 / 94 17 / 83 - - -
TBL - 1.3782 0.7530 0.9137 45.36 33.70 -21.34
HSL - 0.0438 0.0802 0.1436 -83.11 -227.85 -79.05
Total 2 g/test 1.4220 0.8332 1.0573 41.41 25.65 -26.90
Model A-2
HLS/TBL(%) - 3 / 97 10 / 90 14 / 86 - - -
A-1 & A-2 HLS/TBL(%)
(avg) - 3 / 97 8 / 92 15 / 85
Model C test results
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The MC C-1 and C-2 show the same tendency in evaporative emission test
results for E0, E10 and E20 that is TBL is higher than that of HSL. It was found
that ethanol content in fuel is not effect to HSL mass emission; by the way E0 , E10
and E20 show the close of HSL (range of 0.04-0.07 g/test). However, E10 show thehighest HSL (0.06 0.07 g/test) which is contribute 8% of total evaporative
emission.
For TBL in overall results, It was found that E0 result in the highest TBL
range of 1.05 1.21 g/test. E10 and E20 show a close TBL which is range of 0.75
0.76 g/test for E10 and 0.71 0.85 g/test for E20.
In term of total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL), E0 give the highest
total evaporative emission (1.10 1.25 g/test) where as E20 and E10 show the same
total evaporative emission which are 0.82 g/test in average. However, total
evaporative emission for MC model C is within TIS 2350-2551 (Euro 3 limit) 2.0
g/test
Table 6. Evaporative Emission Test Results Test MC:Model C,Injection system
THC Mass Emission (g) % ChangeMotorcycle Evaporative
Emission
EURO 3
Limit E0 E10 E20 E0 vs
E10
E0 vs
E20
E10 vs
E20
TBL - 1.0478 0.7649 0.7151 27.00 31.75 6.51
HSL - 0.0506 0.0674 0.0463 -33.20 8.50 31.31
Total 2 g/test 1.0984 0.8323 0.7614 24.23 30.68 8.52
Model C-1
HLS/TBL(%) - 5 / 95 8 / 92 6 / 94 - - -
TBL - 1.2102 0.7552 0.8466 37.60 30.04 -12.10
HSL - 0.0402 0.0601 0.0420 -49.50 -4.48 30.12
Total 2 g/test 1.2504 0.8153 0.8886 34.80 28.93 -8.99
Model C-2
HLS/TBL(%) - 3 / 97 8 / 92 5 / 95 - - -
C-1 & C-2 HLS/TBL(%)
(avg) - 4 / 96 8 / 92 5 / 95
Evaporative Emission : Hot soak Loss
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
THC
(g)
E0 E10 E20
E0 0.0453 0.0438 0.0506 0.0402
E10 0.0542 0.0802 0.0674 0.0601
E20 0.1742 0.1436 0.0463 0.0420
MC A-1 MC A-2 MC C-1 MC C-2
MC - Injection System
Figure 9. Hot soak loss evaporative emission for MC model A ,C (Injection system)
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Evaporative Emission : Tank B reathing Loss
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
THC(
g)
E0 E10 E20
E0 1.3399 1.3782 1.0478 1.2102
E10 0.7820 0.7530 0.7649 0.7552
E20 0.8385 0.9137 0.7151 0.8466
MC A-1 MC A-2 MC C-1 MC C-2
MC - Injection System
Figure 10. Tank breathing loss evaporative emission for MC model A ,C
(Injection system)
Evaporative Emission : HSL + TBL
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
THC
(g)
E0 E10 E20
E0 1.3852 1.4220 1.0984 1.2504
E10 0.8362 0.8332 0.8323 0.8153
E20 1.0127 1.0573 0.7614 0.8886
MC A-1 MC A-2 MC C-1 MC C-2
TIS 2350-2551 Level6 Limit < 2.0 g
MC - Injection System
Figure 11. HSL + TBL evaporative emission for MC model A ,C
(Injection system)
Evaporative emission test result for Carburetor system MC (Model B and D)
The evaporative emission test result for E0, E10 and E20 and percent
change of those relative to baseline E0 for motorcycle which are carburetor system
(MC model B and D) are presented in Table 7 and Table 8 respectively. All these
results are shown graphically in Figure 12, 13 and Figure 14.
Model B test results
The MC B-1 and B-2 show the same tendency in evaporative emission test
results for E0, E10 and E20 that is TBL is higher than that of HSL. It was found
that ethanol content in fuel effect to HSL; E0 show the lowest HSL 0.37 0.40
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g/test, E10 result in the highest HSL of 1.30 1.40 g/test which are contribute 50%
of total evaporative emission.
For TBL results, It was found that E0, E10 and E20 show the same level of
TBL (range of 1.34 1.62 g/test). However, E0 provide the highest TSL of 1.50 1.62 g/test.
In term of total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL), MC B-1 and B-2 show
the same tendency. E10 give the highest total evaporative emission (2.70 2.74
g/test) where as E20 and E10 show a closer evaporative emission which are 2.12
and 1.94 g/test respectively.
However, total evaporative emission for MC model B according to TIS
2130-2545 is higher than limit of 2.0 g/test for E10 and E20. It would not say that
MC model B are meet TIS 2130-2545 if the tailpipe emission test results are not be
considerate.(evaporative emission 2-6 g/test is accepted if CO from tailpipe
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Evaporative Emission : Tank Breathing Loss
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
THC(
g)
E0 E10 E20
E0 1.4950 1.6221 1.5093 1.5982
E10 1.4020 1.3415 1.3271 1.1692
E20 1.3382 1.3358 1.1835 1.0781
MC B-1 MC B-2 MC D-1 MC D-2
MC - Carburetor System
Figure 13. Tank breathing loss evaporative emission for MC model B ,D
(Carburetor system)
Evaporative Emission : HSL + TBL
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
THC
(g)
E0 E10 E20
E0 1.8613 2.0256 2.7154 2.9628
E10 2.7052 2.7382 1.8077 1.7615
E20 2.1003 2.2497 1.6551 1.6144
MC B-1 MC B-2 MC D-1 MC D-2
TIS 2130-2545 Level 5 Limit 2.0 - 6.0 g
(CO < 3.5 g/km and HC+NOx
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Evaporative Emission : HSL + TBL
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
THC
(g)
E0 E10 E20
E0 1.3852 1.4220 1.0984 1.2504 1.8613 2.0256 2.7154 2.9628
E10 0.8362 0.8332 0.8323 0.8153 2.7052 2.7382 1.8077 1.7615
E20 1.0127 1.0573 0.7614 0.8886 2.1003 2.2497 1.6551 1.6144
MC A -1 MC A -2 MC C-1 MC C-2 MC B-1 MC B-2 MC D-1 MC D-2
TIS 2130-2545 Level 5 Limit 2.0 - 6.0 g
(CO < 3.5 g/km and HC+NOx
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Effect of RVP and T50 on Evaporative Emission
The test fuel properties as seen in Table 2 are plot in order to the more
understanding of effect of ethanol content in fuel on RVP and T50 as shown inFigure 15
Effect of Ethanol Content on RVP and T50
57.5
58.0
58.5
59.0
59.5
60.0
60.5
61.0
61.5
62.0
E0 E10 E20
Ethanol Content (%vol)
RVP
(kPa)
66.0
68.070.0
72.0
74.0
76.0
78.0
80.0
T50(C)
RVP T50
Figure 15The effect of ethanol in fuel on RVP and T50
As seen in figure 15, it was clear that because of the test fuels (E0, E10,
E20) use for this study are commercial fuel which are from various base fuel so it
can see that E0 show the highest RVP and T50. The evaporative emission come out
from E0 testing may the highest compare to E10 and E20.From test results, it was found that evaporative emission from injected
motorcycle (MC model A and C) tested with E0 show the highest evaporative
emission. The assumption of RVP and T50 which is effect to evaporative emission
are confirmed.
CONCLUSSIONS
The study on effect of E0, E10 and E20 on evaporative emission was
conducted on MC model A and C which is an injection system and on MC model B
and D which is a carburetor system.
The results in this study lead to the following conclusions:
1. All test fuels (E0, E10 and E20) show tank breathing loss (TBL) ishigher than hot soak loss (HSL) according to the test condition.
2. MC with injection system, E0 shows a highest TBL because the RVPand T50 of E0 is higher than that of E10 and E20.
3. MC with carburetor system, E0 , E10 ,E20 did not show significantdifference in HSL. E0 shows the highest TBL.
4. The carburetor system is more influence to HSL contribution thaninjection system.
5. The total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL) test results with E0 forinjected MC is highest level (1.10-1.42 g/test) however, still within Euro
3 limit. (< 2 g/test).
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6. The total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL) test results for carburetedMC are various among E0 , E10 and E20 depend on vehicle technology.
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However, total evaporative emission from all fuel are still within TIS
2130-2545 limit (2 6 g/test)
7. The ethanol content in gasoline fuel greater than 10 % (>E10) may notresult in the increasing of evaporative emission. RVP and T50 is acritical properties that effect to evaporative emission.
8. Permeation of ethanol fraction in gasoline fuel through the fuel systemwhich made of rubber may a key play role of increasing of evaporative
emission
9. The differences in evaporative emission control technology among MCmanufacturer results in independent of evaporative emission.
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REFFERENCES
1. Orbital Engine Company, A Literature Review Based Assessment on the Impactsof a 20% Ethanol Gasoline Fuel Blend on the Australian Vehicle Fleet .November,2002
2. Keith Owen , Trevor Coley. Automotive Fuels Reference Book 2nd Edition,1995