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- of. the Royal University held on July 27th the followingregulations were adopted for the holding of the M.B., B.Ch.,B.A.O. degrees examination, to come into force at the’October examinations :—

1. That the examinations in medical palhologyand surgical pathologybe separated, 25 marks being assigned to each.

2. That the pass examination shall be held in all respects in the same’manner as heretofore.

3. That the further examination for honours shall be exclusively awritten examination and only those candidates can be admitted to itwho, upon their answering at the pass examination, are specially re-’commended for admission by the examiners.

4. That honours shall be awarded not on the examination as a whole,as heretofore, but in the following groups:-(a) medicine, theoreticaland clinical, including therapeutics, mental diseases, medical juris-prudence, sanitary science, and medical pathology; (b) surgery,theoretical, clinical, and operative, including the use of instrumentsand appliances : ophthalmologv and otology, surgical anatomy, surgicalpathology ; (c) midwifery and diseases of women and ehildren.

5. The candidates qualified to present themselves for honours mayselect one or more of the foregoing groups.

6. The honour papers shall be set on the day following the announce-ment of the results of the pass examination. They shall consist of(a) a paper on medicine and medical pathology ; (b) a paper on surgeryand surgical pathology; (c) a paper on midwifery and diseases of womenand children, each paper to be of two hours’ duration and 100 marks tobe assigned to each.

7. The honours in each group shall be awarded taking into accountthe entire of the marks obtained by the candidate at the pass examina-tion in that group, together with the marks obtained on the honourpaper.

8. The exhibitions shall be awarded having regard to all the marksobtained both at the pass and the honour examinations.

Scarcity of Watcr.Owing to the warm dry summer many places in the north

of Ireland, especially the seaside resorts, are experiencing adrought. In Larne the water-supply is cut off from 4 P.M.until 6 A.M. There is also a scarcity in Bangor, Whitehead,and Portstewart-that is, the supply is intermittent.

Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, Belfast.At the annual meeting of the supporters of this hospital

held on July 29th it was reported that 932 patients had beentreated during the past year, of whom 35 were admitted asintern cases. A Finsen lamp of the newest type has beenpurchased and special thanks were given to Dr. J. C. Rankin(who has charge of the electrical department in the RoyalVictoria Hospital) for the help that he gave in the matter ofthe selection of this lamp. Financially there is a balanceto the credit of the hospital of £246 6s. 3d.August 1st.

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PARIS.

(FEOM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

Treatment of Hydatid Cysts of the Llver.AT a meeting of the Surgical Society held on July 19th

M. Guinard said that in his opinion the best method oftreating hydatid cysts of the liver was incision preceded by.an injection of formol of 1 per cent. strength and followed byextraction of the germinal membrane and suture of the cystwithout packing. Since adopting this method he has had-uniformly good results. In one of his cases, however, thepatient several months after the operation, when he appearedto have completely recovered, returned, having an abundant- effusion of bile into the cavity. This effusion was evacuatedby puncture and did not recur. This complication wouldseem to be an argument in favour of packing but theseeffusions of bile were so rare and could be so easily treatedthat simple suture without packing must be considered thebest treatment.

Removal of the Mammary Glands of Animals in Milk.At a meeting of the Academy of Sciences held on June 17th

M. Porcher stated that removal of the mammary glands of.animals in full milk produced marked glycosuria in them

during the first few hours after the operation. This glyco-suria was at its height in about four or five hours and wasaccompanied by distinct hyperglykasmia. The glycosuriathen declined rapidly and in less than 48 hours after theremoval of the glands the urine showed no reducing pro-perty. From these researches M. Porcher concluded that thetransformation of glucose into lactose (a process necessarilyaccompanied by the formation of galastose which was foundin the excreted lactose) was an intra-mammary function andthat lactose could not be formed, as has been alleged, fromthe union of glucose derived from the blood and galactose.derived from the food.

Treatment of Cancer of the Tongue.At a meeting of the Surgical Society held on July 12th

M. Poirier said that in a communication made in 1902 hehad recommended for the treatment of cancer of the tonguean operation based on sound logical and anatomical prin-ciples. He proposed the systematic and simultaneous re-

moval of the cervical glands and the lingual neoplasm. In1904 he showed two male patients, one of whom had beenoperated on 22 months previously and the other 33 monthspreviously, both of them remaining free from any trace ofrelapse. These operations now dated three or four yearsback without any appearance of relapse. M. Poirier thenconsidered the question in its histological aspect. Histo-

logical data showed that 12 times out of 20 the cervical.glands were affected at the onset of cancer of the tongueand their removal in every instance was plainly indicated.As a matter of detail he mentioned that at the beginning ofthe operation he placed the cannula of a trocar between thecricoid and thyroid cartilages. In conclusion, he expressedregret that many patients suffering from cancer of the tonguesought surgical aid too late, having been buoyed up vithfalse hopes or deceived by the treacherous illusions of radio-therapy or other methods of treatment.

The Use of Movement in the Treatment of Fractures.Acting on the principle that the bones, like all the parts

of the body, require to be freely moved in order that theymay attain the full degree of vitality essential for repair,M. Lucas-Championniere, instead of adhering to the classicaltreatment of fractures by fixation, has replaced it by earlymobilisation and massage. During the last 25 years he hastreated a very large number of fractures in this way andat a meeting of the Academy of Sciences held on July 10thhe described (without entering into specific details) those towhich the method was applicable. Among those heenumerated fractures of the upper and lower ends of thehumerus ; some fractures of the body of this bone; allthose of the elbow, including those of the olecranon ; manyoccurring in the two bones of the forearm ; fractures of thevarious bones of the hand and foot and of the scapula;almost all those of the fibula ; many bimalleolar fractures;fractures involving the knee and the neck of the femur ; andseveral fractures of the middle of the diaphysis of the longbones of the leg and arm. The principal advantages of

massage and early mobilisation were that pain soon dis-

appeared and that the duration of the process of repair wasconsiderably shortened.

Yenozes Bruit de Souffle at the Level of the Femoral Veins.At a meeting of the Academy of Medicine held on

July 18th M. Molle described some observations which hehad made on the occurrence of certain venous blowingmurmurs (bruit de souffle). He said that at the period ofpuberty young men might exhibit special symptomsanalogous to chlorosis in girls. The condition in questionpresented, together with numerous indefinite subjectivesigns, an objective sign of very frequent occurrence, con-sisting in the presence of blowing murmurs, sometimes ofconsiderable intensity, situated almost exclusively on a levelwith the femoral veins. In 22 per cent. of the cases

observed by him general bad health and overwork (especiallythe overwork of military service) had induced tuberculosis,which ran a rapid course. He considered that these venousmurmurs on a level with the femoral veins ought to be care-fully looked for at inspections (au cours de toitrnies derévision) in certain apparently normal individuals. This sym-ptom coexisting with other familiar signs, such as palpitation,breathlessness, indigestion, and asthenia, frequently simu-lated by malingerers, should be kept in mind with a view tothe rejection of persons thus affected.

Villeanite Tontlz Plates.At a recent meeting of the Société de Médecine Publique

M. Eilersten, a dentist in Paris, drew attention to thedangers of vulcanite tooth plates coloured red or pink inimitation of the mucous membrane. He said that wearersof these dentures frequently suffered from buccal inflamma-tion, a sensation of heat or burning, and a spongy state ofthe gums-conditions which might end in suppuration andinflammation extending as far as the pharynx and larynx,with concomitant salivation and foetid breath. The sym-ptoms closely resembled those of mercurial stomatitis anddental vulcanite was coloured by a large addition of vermilion,amounting to as much as 30 per cent. of its weight.Vermilion was a sulphide of mercury and was usually con-sidered to be physiologically inert on account of its

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insolubility, but when it was in prolonged contact with thmicrobes existing in the mouth the indiarubber was attacke(and the vermilion was transformed into soluble salts o

mercury which produced mercurial stomatitis and inflammation of the gums. These views naturally did not meet witlunanimous approval at the meeting, and it was pointed outin reply, that persons who did not use artificial teeth werliable to the symptoms described quite as often as, if nooftener than, the wearers of such teeth. The question wain reality one of personal cleanliness and care of the mouthJuly 31st.

________

VIENNA.(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

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MEDICAL circles in Vienna have now the opportunity ofwitnessing some very remarkable examples of muscularaction which a man aged about 30 years is showing in ahospital. His power over his muscles is so great that he canperform feats that would usually be deemed incredible. Hecan contract his abdominal muscles so as to show an

undulating movement passing upward and downward ; hislarynx goes up and down without the aid of the tongue ; andhe can even cause his pupils either to contract or to dilate,thus showing the influence of the will over so-called in-

voluntary muscular actions. Furthermore, the man, who isa joiner by trade, can contract his subclavius muscle and bythus approximating the clavicle to the first rib he compresseshis subclavian artery until the radial pulse disappears. Bycontracting the diaphragm he is able to displace his heartby four inches. One of his marvellous feats is the " trans-position" of the intestines into the space occupied usuallyby the lungs. By contraction of the abdominal muscles andrelaxation of the diaphragm the lungs are compressed to abouthalf of their volume and the intestines are pressed upwardsin their place ; the transference of the viscera is proved byperistaltic movements visible in the thoracic region and bythe x rays. The man trained his muscles under medicalsupervision for several years until he attained control overalmost every muscle of his body.

Advertising by Medical Practitioners.The condition of the profession in several districts is

growing so bad, especially since the laws against unqualifiedpractice are not enforced to any great extent, that somemedical men have resorted to advertising and two medicalcouncils have found it necessary to hold discussions on thesubject. In Salzburg the dental surgeons (fully qualifiedand holding the degree of M.D.) who have to meet the

competition of the unqualified dentists have been permittedby the council to advertise their consulting rooms and hoursof attendance in the ordinary newspapers and the exampleset by them has induced practitioners in a few other citiesto do the same, especially as the council has no actual powerto prevent them from doing so. In the Vienna MedicalCouncil on July 8th there was a very lively debate on thesubject and it is significant of the prevailing opinion thatonly a small majority defeated the motion to permit moderateadvertising. Meanwhile the Government continues to turn adeaf ear to the wishes of the profession.

Medical Statistics from Lower Austria.One of the most pleasing results of improved sanitation is

the constant decrease of epidemics and infectious disease inVienna. Thus in 1873 there were 630 cases of small-pox ina population of nearly 2,500,000, but since 1895 the numberhas never exceeded 20 a year, and fell to two in 1902. In1904 there were five cases, all of which were imported, andone terminated fatally. This is no doubt the result of com-pulsory vaccination. The mortality from diphtheria has beenfalling steadily from 33 per cent. in 1883 to less than 12 percent. in 1902. In 1902 there were 2280 medical practitionersin Vienna-i.e., one for every 735 inhabitants -whilst the flatcountry had only one practitioner for every 2000 inhabitants.Lnqualified practitioners abounded. These figures havebeen taken from the" Statistical Year-book for Vienna andLower Austria, 1904," which comprises a period of 20 years(1884-1904). The only increase of infectious disease is inthe case of puerperal fever which shows a constant upwaidtendency in spite of all measures to check it ; 152 deathswere attributed to it in 1904 as compared with 131 in 1900.

Spirochæta Pallida in the Circulating Blood.At a recent meeting of the Vienna Clinical Society Dr.

Raubitschek showed blood films from a patient who suffered"from syphilitic erythema maculo-papulatum over his wholebody and also from anal condylomata. Dr. Raubitschekpressed the condylomata between two fingers and the exudingliquid was stained by the method of Giemsa. All films showedthe spirochæta pallida (Schaudinn). On the same day a drop.of blood was obtained in the usual manner from the finger-tip and stained as above mentioned. These preparations’gave also clear and definite proof of the presence of thespirochasta. This is the first time that living spirochætæ havebeen seen in the circulating blood.

A Min1lte Neuro-fibroma or Suprarenal Adenoma.At a recent meeting of the Neurological Society Dr. A.

Fuchs showed a man who had complained of constant painunder the left costal arch. The pain was increased bypressure or by walking. During the six years of its durationhe had noticed that the seat of the pain was at a certainspot from which it radiated. Careful examination revealedthe existence of a small hard nodule at this painful point.The nodule, which was of the size of a large pinhead, wasexcised with a portion of the skin of the abdomen. The

pain has since disappeared. Microscopic examination of the ,

nodule, which was supposed to be a simple neuro-fibroma,.showed structures which were nearly identical with those of’the suprarenal gland. As hitherto it has never been observedthat suprarenal formative elements appeared in the ecto-derma (skin of the abdomen) this account must be received.with the greatest reserve. Several histologists who saw themicroscopic preparations concurred with the diagnosis ofadenoma suprarenale subcutaneum.

Echinococcus of the Spleen.Dr. von Schmarda showed at a recent meeting of the

Surgical Society a case in which he had performed splen-ectomy and resection of the left lobe of the liver on account ofechinococcus. The patient, who had been suffering for threeyears from a swelling in the left hypochondrium, wasoperated upon under local anaesthesia. The bleeding fromthe liver was controlled by nine deep sutures and a Mikulicztampon filled the gap made by the splenectomy. The afterhistory was uneventful. There are only 26 cases of splen-ectomy recorded and this is the first one where operations onthe liver and the spleen were simultaneously performed.Echinococcus of the spleen is a very rare disease, only t percent. of the attacks being located in this viscus.July 22nd.

___

CANADA.

(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

Ontario Medical Association : : Annual Meeting.THE twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Ontario Medical!

Association was held in Toronto on June 6th, 7th, and8th, under the presidency of Dr. William Burt of Paris,Ontario, the general secretary being Dr. Charles P. Luskof Toronto. It was the second largest meeting of theassociation during its quarter of a century of life. Theaddress in medicine was delivered by Dr. W. B. Pritchard ofNew York city, the title of the address being " TheAmerican Disease : an Interpretation." Dr. A. J. Ochsner,the distinguished Chicago surgeon, delivered the addressin surgery, which had for its title "Surgery of theStomach from the Standpoint of the Clinician." Through-out the meeting the contributions were above the usual

level, the discussions being keen, interesting, and

profitable. Dr. H. B. Anderson of Toronto communicateda valuable paper on Diseases of the Myocardium from aClinical Standpoint. Dr. George A. Bingham of Torontocontributed an interesting paper on Exophthalmic Goitre-and exhibited some patients upon whom he had recentlyoperated. Dr. H. A. Bruce of Toronto reported 500 operationsfor appendicitis in the past seven years and advocated thecalling in of a surgeon at once by the physician as soon as thelatter diagnosed the disease. Dr. Graham Chambers of Torontoread some interesting notes on the cutaneous effects observedin hysterical patients. Dr. W. B. Thistle of Toronto read’a paper on the Treatment of Intestinal Lesions in TyphoidFever, in which he remarked that the last 100 cases of typhoidfever under the care of Dr. W. P. Caven and himself in theToronto General Hospital had been carried successfullythrough without a single death, and in all the eliminativetreatment, of which Dr. Thistle is an ardent advocate, was.employed. Dr. Edward Ryan of Kingston, Ontario, showed