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SAMPLESURVEY

Research Questions

1. What kind of computer do people prefer to own?2. What color do people prefer for their computer?

3. Is computer color preference different between genders?

Survey Questions

1. What is your name? _____________________________

2. What is your gender? _____________________________

3. What is your G..!.? _____________________________

". What is your age?

1. 1# or younger 2. 2$%23 3. 2"%2& ". 2'%31 (. 32 or o)er

(. *ow much do you make in a month?

1. +ess than ,1$$$ 2. ,1$$$-,1"## 3. ,1($$-,1### ". ,2$$$-,2"## (. )er ,2($$

/. What is your class standing?

1. 0reshman 2. ophomore 3. unior ". enior (. Graduate

&. What kind of computer do you own?

1. oshiba 2. !pple 3. I45 or 6ompatible ". ther (. 7one

'. What kind of computer ha)e you used?

1. I45 or 6ompatible 2. !pple 3. oshiba ". ther (. 7one

#. What color do you like to ha)e for your computer?

1. 4eige 2. 4lack 3. Gray ". White (. ther

For additional SPSS help, visit http://www.youtube.com/mycsula

http://www.youtube.com/mycsulahttp://www.youtube.com/mycsula

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Introduction Part 1PASWstands for Predictive Analytics Software. his program can be used to analy8e datacollected from sur)eys9 tests9 obser)ations9 etc.It can perform a )ariety of data analyses andpresentation functions9 including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data. !mongits features are modules for statistical data analysis. hese include 1: descripti)e statistics9 suchas fre;uencies9 central tendency9 plots9 charts9 and lists< and 2: sophisticated inferential and

multi)ariate statistical procedures9 such as analysis of )ariance =!7>!:9 factor analysis9cluster analysis9 and categorical data analysis. !W tatistics is particularly well%suited forsur)ey research9 though by no means is it limited to ust this topic of e@ploration.

his handout =Aescripti)e tatistics: introduces basic skills necessary to run !W tatistics. Itincludes how to create a data fileand run descripti)e statistics. It is especially tailored to answerthree research ;uestions formulated in the sample sur)ey ;uestionnaire9 e)entually gi)ing usersan o)er)iew of how !W tatistics can be used for sur)ey research. he three research;uestions formulated in the sample sur)ey are as followsB

1. What kind of computer do people prefer to own?2. What color do people prefer for their computer?3. Is computer color preference different between genders?

Downoadin! the Data "ieshis handout includes sample data files that can be used for hands%on practice. he data files arestored in a self%e@tracting archi)e. he archi)e must be downloaded and e@ecuted in order toe@tract the data files. he data files used with this handout are a)ailable for download at

httpBCCwww.calstatela.eduCitsCtrainingCdatafilesCpasw1&p1.e@e. Instructions on how to download and e@tract the data files are a)ailable at

httpBCCwww.calstatela.eduCitsCdocsCdownload.php.

Startin! PAS# Statisticshe following steps are for starting !Wtatistics 1& using the computers in the pen!ccess +abs =!+s:. he steps for startingthe program at home or on other computersmay be slightly different.

o start !W tatistics 1&B1. 6lick the Startbutton9 point to All

Programs9 point to Course Work9

point to SPSS Inc9 point to PASWStatistics 179 and select PASWStatistics 17. hePASW Statistics 17dialog bo@ opens =see 0igure 1).

2. 6lick the Cancelbutton to create anew data file.

"i!ure 1 $ PAS# Statistics 1% Diao! &o'

http://www.calstatela.edu/its/training/datafiles/pasw17p1.exehttp://www.calstatela.edu/its/docs/download.phphttp://www.calstatela.edu/its/docs/download.phphttp://www.calstatela.edu/its/training/datafiles/pasw17p1.exehttp://www.calstatela.edu/its/docs/download.php

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VARIA&LEVIE#Variable Viewis where )ariables are defined by assigning )ariable names and specifying theattributes9 such as data type =FString9 FDate9 FNumeric9 etc.:9 )alue labels9 and measurementscales =FNominal9 FOrdinal, or FScale:. Hsers can think of VariableViewas the backbonestructure for theDataView< data cannot be entered nor )iewed without first defining )ariables inVariableView=seeable 2:.

(a*e ) $ Ee+ents in Varia*e View

lement Descri%tion>ariable 7ame !W tatistics will initially gi)e a default )ariable name =)ar$$$$1: that

users can change. It is recommended to assign a brief and meaningfulname to )ariables =e.g.9 FName9 FGender, and FGPA:.

>ariable ype he )ariable type determines how the cases are entered. Generally9 te@t%based characters are of FString type and number%based characters are ofFNumeric type. 0or e@ample9 if a user has a )ariable called FName9then its )ariable type should be FString. imilarly9 a )ariable namedFGPA should be a FNumeric type with =normally two: decimal places.

>alue +abels >alue labels allow users to describe what the )ariable name stands for.

0or e@ample9 if a )ariable has been defined as FFav9 most likely othersmay not know what it stands for. o a)oid misinterpretation9 )alue labelscan be utili8ed to clearly define )ariable names.

,reatin! a Data "ie6reating a new !W tatistics data file consists of two stagesB =1: defining )ariables and =2:entering the data. Aefining the )ariables in)ol)es multiple processes and re;uires carefulplanning. nce the )ariables ha)e been defined9 the data can then be added.

DE"I-I-.VARIA&LES

0irst9 )ariable names based on your research ;uestionnaire need to be assigned. If )ariable namesare not assigned9 !W tatistics will assign default names that may not be recogni8able.econd9 the Typeattribute should be specified for each )ariable. If necessary9 assign labels to)alues to help all users of the file understand the data better.

o define )ariables =e@ample:B1. 6lick the Variable Viewtab at the lower left corner of the Data ditorwindow =see

0igure 3:.2. ype &'ame(in the first cell under theNamecolumn and press the &nter(key.

3. Hnder the Typecolumn9 click the ellipses button . he Variable Typedialog bo@ opens=see 0igure ":.

". elect theStringoption.(. 6lick the *button.

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"i!ure / $ Varia*e View (a*

"i!ure 0 $ Varia*e (ye Diao! &o'

/. ype &+ender(in row two under theNamecolumn.&. !cti)ate the cell in row two under theDecimalscolumn and change the entry to F,

using the spin bo@.

'. ype &W-atisyourgender( in row two under theLabelcolumn.#. 6lick the ellipses button in row two under the Valuescolumn. he Value Labelsdialog

bo@ opens =see 0igure (:.1$. ype &1(in the Valuebo@.11. ype &female(in theLabelbo@.12. 6lick the Addbutton.13. Eepeat steps 1$%12 using a )alue of &/(and a label of &male(.

"i!ure 2 $ Vaue La*es Diao! &o' 3.ender4

1". 6lick the *button.

1(. ype &+PA(in row three under theNamecolumn and press the &nter(key.1/. ype &Age(in row four under theNamecolumn.1&. 6lick row four under theDecimalscolumn and change the entry to F, using the spin

bo@.1'. ype &W-atisyourage(in row four under theLabelcolumn.1#. In row four under the Valuescolumn9 click the ellipses button. he Value Labelsdialog

bo@ opens =see 0igure /:.2$. ype &1(in the Valuebo@.21. ype &10 or younger(in theLabelB bo@.22. 6lick the Addbutton.

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23. Eepeat steps 2$%22 for )alues &/( through&(and label them as shown inable 3=youmay also refer back to the sample ;uestionnaire:. ee 0igure /for the results.

2". 6lick the *button.

(a*e / $ Vaue La*es

Value Label

2 20-23

3 24-27

4 28-31

5 32 or over

"i!ure 5 $ Vaue La*es Diao! &o' 3A!e4

DA(AE-(RY!fter defining the )ariables9 users can enter data for each case. If )ariables are defined as ha)inga FNumeric data type9 then numeric data should be entered. !W tatistics will only acceptnumeric digits =$%#: for a FNumeric data type. If )ariables are defined as FString data9 anykeyboard character can be entered.

o enter dataB1. 6lick theData Viewtab at the lower left corner of the Data ditorwindow =see 0igure

&:.2. 6lick in a cell and type the corresponding data. he entry will also appear in the !ell

"ditor=see 0igure ':.

"i!ure % $ Data View (a*

Cell EditorCell Editor

"i!ure 6 $ Data Entry

Descritive Statistics!fter data has been entered9 users may begin analy8ing the data by using descriptive statistics.Aescripti)e statistics are the most commonly used statistics for summari8ing data fre;uency ormeasures of central tendency =mean9median9and mode:.

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2esearc- 3uestion 4 1

W-at kind of com%uter do %eo%le %refer to own

"REQUE-,YA-ALYSISWe can use#re$uency analysisto answer the first research ;uestion. 0re;uency analysis is adescripti)e statistical method that shows the number of occurrences of each response chosen bythe respondents. When using fre;uency analysis9 !W tatistics can also calculate the mean9

median9 and mode to help users analy8e the results and draw conclusions. he followinge@ample will use a fre;uency analysis to answer FEesearch uestion J 1B What kind of computerdo people prefer to own? using the data collected from our sample sur)ey =see !ppendi@:.

o perform fre;uency analysisB

1. 6lick the %enbutton on the Data ditortoolbar. he Open Datadialog bo@opens.

2. +ocate and open the FPart %&sav file.3. 6lick the Analy5emenu9 point to Descri%tive Statistics9 and select 6reuencies8 =see

0igure #:. heFrequenciesdialog bo@ opens =see0igure 1$:.". elect the )ariable=s: desired to beanaly8ed. In this case9 select the )ariable F!omputer

Owned from the list bo@ on the left.

(. 6lick the transfer arrow button . he selected )ariable is mo)ed to the Variable's(listbo@.

/. elect theDisplay #re$uency tablescheck bo@ if necessary.

"i!ure 7 $ "re8uency Anaysis 9ro+ Anay:e Menu

"i!ure 1; $ "re8uencies Diao! &o'

&. 6lick the Statistics8button. heFrequencies: Statisticsdialog bo@ opens =see :.'. elect the)ean9)edian,and)odecheck bo@es in the Central Tenencysection< select

theStd& deviationcheck bo@ in theDispersi!nsection.

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"i!ure 11 $ "re8uencies< Statistics Diao! &o'

#. 6lick the Continuebutton. his returns you to theFrequenciesdialog bo@.1$. 6lick the *button. !n ut%ut 9iewerwindow opens and displays the statistics and

fre;uency table =see0igure 12:. he columns of the table F!omputer Owned display theFFre$uency9 FPercent9 FValidPercent9 and F!umulativePercent for each differenttype of computer owned.

"i!ure 1) $ "re8uencies =utut

he measures of central tendency =mean9 median9 and mode: can be used to summari8e )arioustypes of data. 5ode can be used for nominal data9 such as computer type9 computer color9ethnicity9 etc. 5ean or median can be usedfor inter)alCratio data9 such as test scores9 age9 etc.he mean is also useful for data with a skewed distribution.

Answer to 2esearc- 3uestion 4 1

W-at kind of com%uter do %eo%le %refer to own

!nswerB I:" or Com%ati#le

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D@planationB +ook at ;uestion J & in theSample Survey.7otice that option J 3 is F*+) or!ompatible. In the output FStatistics table9 the mode for F!omputer Owned is F,9 which isF*+) or !ompatible. In addition9 the fre;uency analysis results for F!omputer Ownedindicates that "# out of '$ people own an F*+) or !ompatible computer. his can beconsidered their preference.

2esearc- 3uestion 4 /

W-at color do %eo%le %refer for t-eir com%uter

,R=SS(A&S6rosstabs are used to e@amine the relationship between two )ariables. o answer the secondresearch ;uestion9 users will need to analy8e two )ariablesB F!omputerOwned and F!olor=which indicates color preference:. Hsing crosstabs will show the intersection between these two)ariables and re)eal the computer type and color preferred by mostpeople.

o perform a crosstabs analysisB1. InData View9 click the Analy5emenu9 point to Descri%tive Statistics9 and select

Crossta#s8 =see 0igure 13:. he Cr!sstabsdialog bo@ opens.2. elect the )ariable F!omputer Ownedfrom the list bo@ on the left.

3. 6lick the transfer arrow button to mo)e it to the-ow's(list bo@.". elect the )ariable Fcolor =see 0igure 1":.

(. 6lick the transfer arrow button to mo)e it to the !olumn's(list bo@./. 6lick the *button. !n ut%ut 9iewerwindow opens and displays two tablesB F!ase

ProcessingSummary and the F!rosstabulation matri@ =see 0igure 1(:.

"i!ure 1/ $ ,rossta* Anaysis 9ro+ Anay:e Menu

"i!ure 10 $ ,rossta*s Diao! &o'

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"i!ure 12 $ ,rossta*s =utut

Answer to 2esearc- 3uestion 4 /

W-at color do %eo%le %refer for t-eir com%uter

!nswerB I:" or Com%ati#le in #eige colorD@planationB !s shown in the F!rosstabulation matri@ abo)e9 F*+) or !ompatible is the

most preferred computer type from the row )ariable =F!omputerOwned:. 0rom the column)ariable =Fcolor:9 Fbeige is shown as the most preferred color. herefore9 you can concludethat most people prefer F*+) or !ompatible computers that are in Fbeige color.

Data ManiuationAata files are not always ideally organi8ed in a form to meet specific needs. 0or e@ample9 usersmay wish to select a specific subect or split the data file into separate groups for analysis.

SELE,(,ASESIf you ha)e two or more subect groups in your data and you want to analy8e each subect in

isolation9 you can use the select casesoption. 0or e@ample9 the data we are currently analy8inghas both male and female participants. *owe)er9 if you wish to analy8e only female cases9 thenyou select FGender cases and set the condition for female cases only.

o select cases for analysisB1. 6lick the Datamenu and select Select Cases8=see 0igure 1/:. he Select Casesdialog

bo@ opens =see 0igure 1&:.2. 6lick the*# condition is satis#iedoption.3. 6lick the If8button. he Select Cases: "#dialog bo@ opens.". elect the )ariable FGender in the left list bo@.

(. 6lick the transfer arrow button to mo)e it to the right te@t bo@.

/. 6lick the ;button .&. 6lick the 1button .'. 6lick the Continuebutton. his takes you back to theSelect Casesdialog bo@.#. 6lick the *button. his takes you back toData View.!ll males will be e@cluded from

the statistical analysis.1$. Eerunthe crosstabs analysis by following steps 1%/ of the 6rosstabssection of this

handout.11. 6lick the *button. he ut%ut 9iewerwindow updates =see 0igure 1':.

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"i!ure 15 $ Seect ,ases 9ro+ Data Menu

"i!ure 1% $ Seect ,ases Diao! &o'

0rom the cross tabulation in the utput >iewer window in below9 look at the column for themost preferredcolor and the row for the computer types. ince we selected only female cases9what is the computer color most preferred by women? en women chose F*+) or !ompatiblewith color option F.. hus9 you may conclude that most female participants prefer the color F.for F*+) or !ompatible computers. *owe)er9 what does F. represent? his problem arose bynot labeling the )ariable )alue F. as FOt/er. 5oreo)er9 e)en if it were labeled FOt/er9 it doesnot indicate any particular color9 making it difficult to draw a conclusion. In order to a)oid suchproblems9 it is suggested that you pro)ide a blank space where participants can specify FOt/ercolor preferences besides the ones specified in the sur)ey ;uestionnaire.

"i!ure 16 $ Seect ,ases =utut

D@ampleBWhat kind of color do you like to ha)e for your computer?

1. 4eige 2.4lack 3.Gray ".White (.ther __________

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2esearc- 3uestion 4