[Part 2: Physical Sciences] || Front Matter

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JANUARY 1984

VOLUME 81

NUMBER 2

Proceedings. OF THE

National Academy of Sciences

r ? X~~~~~~~~~.

I 1C

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PHYSICAL SCIENCES



Proceedings OF THE

National Academy of Sciences OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Officers FRANK PRESS, President of the JAMES D. EBERT, Vice President Academy BRYCE CRAWFORD, JR., Home Secretary

WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary ELKAN R. BLOUT, Treasurer

Editorial Board DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR., Chairman of the ROBERT A. ALBERTY PETER D. LAX J. EDWIN SEEGMILLER Proceedings K. FRANK AUSTEN ROBERT E. MARSHAK ROBERT L. SINSHEIMER

PAUL BERG PETER H. RAVEN CHARLES H. TOWNES JOHN R. BORCHERT JOHN RODGERS FRANK H. WESTHEIMER JOHN E. DOWLING NEVIN S. SCRIMSHAW JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN

Managing Editor: FRANCES R. ZWANZIG Senior Associate Editor: GARY T. COCKS Associate Editor: CAY BUTLER Associate Editor: TERRY W. PEARSON Associate Editor: DOROTHY P. SMITH Assistant Managing Editor: JOANNE D'AMICO

Senior Copy Editor: LYNN A. BROWN

Copy Editors: BARBARA A. BACON, MARYANNE CUNNINGHAM-AGNEW, RUTH E. ESCH, P. J. GROFF, JANET L. OVERTON, ERIC R. WASSYNG

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Editorial correspondence: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washing- ton, DC 20418.

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Information for Contributors: See issue Number 1, January 1984.

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Second class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing offices. PRINTED IN THE USA

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (ISSN-0027-8424) is published semimonthly by THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418.

? 1984 by THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PROCEEDINGS, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418.



Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 81, January 1984

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

(Revised 1984)

Purpose and Scope

The PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCI- ENCES USA publishes reports that describe the results of original theoretical or experimental research of exceptional importance and broad interest to diverse groups of scientists. Reports are accepted only if written by a member or foreign associate of the Academy or communicated by an Academy member or foreign associate on behalf of a nonmember and if they are not being submitted for publication nor been published elsewhere. The papers should be of a high scientific quality such as to place them in the top 10th percentile of their field.

Because the PROCEEDINGS publishes papers in all branches of science represented in the Academy, articles should be of interest and intelligible to a broad scientific au- dience.

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i



Information for Contributors

Manuscript Preparation

The specifications that follow have been developed from our experience and represent what is needed to provide a final printed article of high quality. At the discretion of the PRO- CEEDINGS Office, manuscripts that do not meet these specifications will be returned for correction or, in the case of illustrations, may be corrected by us.

Format. Manuscripts must be-typed legibly on only one side of each page, on standard paper (not "erasable" or on- ion skin). The entire manuscript must be double-spaced (blank space between lines ?6 mm) and margins should be generous (at least 4 cm, sides, top, and bottom). One ribbon copy is requested for editing; a xerographic copy will be accepted if it is clean. The pages must be numbered.

Length. Articles should be as brief as full documentation allows. They may not exceed five printed pages (approximately 5000 words)'. (Review articles may be longer.) The title, key terms, nameg of authors and their affiliation(s), and statement of communication or contribution usually occupy space equal to about 250 words. Appropriate allowance must be made for the space occupied by footnotes, references, tables, and figures with their legends. Final size of figures is decided in the PROCEEDINGS Office to make the best use of space; authors' suggestions will be considered (see Illustra- tions, below). Instructions for calculating the length of a manuscript are available from the PROCEEDINGS Office. However, responsibility for final measurements of manuscript length is retained by the PROCEEDINGS Office.

Articles estimated to exceed five pages will be returned for shortening, without further editorial consideration.

Title Page. The title page should provide only the following information:

Classification. Any one of the sciences named in the titles of the Academy Sections may be used with these exceptions: Sections 41 (Medical Genetics, Hematology, and Oncology), 42 (Medical Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism), and 43 (Medical Microbiology and Immunology) are all listed as Medical Sciences; and Section 27 (Population Biology, Evolution, and Ecology) may be listed as Population Biolo- gy, Evolution, or Ecology. Additional headings that may be used but that are not Academy Sections are Biophysics, Im- munology, Microbiology, and Statistics.

Title. The title should be brief, specific, and rich in infor- mative words. Titles usually should not begin with such general words as "The," "A," "Results," "Study," or "Effect."

Titles should not include phrases in which more than three words modify another word (e.g., "simian virus transformed fetal mammalian heart fibroblast" should be written as "simian virus-transformed fibroblast from fetal mammalian heart"). The PROCEEDINGS does not use serial titles such as On Steroids, XIX. A serial title followed by a colon and the specific title may be used (e.g., On steroids: Metabolism of cortisone). If a paper is part of a series, this may be indicated by a footnote to the title: "This is paper no. 19 in a series. Paper no. 18 is ref. ." The preceding paper must then be included in the list of references.

Key Terms. These terms should be given below the title, enclosed within parentheses, and separated by a slash (/) mark. Up to five terms, not used in the title, can be included to alert readers and indexers to other subjects in the paper.

Author Affiliation. The department, institution, city, state, and ZIP code or country for each author should be fur- nished. If there are several authors with different affiliations, authors should be matched to their respective institutions by means of superscript symbols after the authors' names in this order: *, t, $, ?, ?, II.

If an author has moved since doing the work described, the institution at which the work was done should be indicated in the primary affiliation listing and a footnote used to

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984)

indicate the present address. If reprint requests are to be addressed to an author other

than the first one listed, this should be indicated by a footnote stating: "To whom reprint requests should be addressed."

Abbreviations Footnote. Nonstandard abbreviations that are used five or more times throughout the paper should be listed in this section. The use of acronyms is discouraged, and manuscripts will be edited so that abbreviations are consistent with recommended international nomenclature. Non- standard abbreviations should be kept to a minimum and should not be used in the title or key terms; they should be defined where first mentioned in the text after which the abbreviation only should be used.

Abstract Page. The second page should carry only the abstract. The abstract should be no longer than 250 words. It should state the subject and main conclusions of the article in generally intelligible terms. Abbreviations should be avoided unless used more than five times in the abstract. The abstract must be understandable to the reader before the paper is read, suitable for reproduction in abstract service publications without rewriting, and unambiguous without re- course to any other part of the manuscript. Only essential references should be used in the abstract, and their citations must be complete.

Text. Papers should be written to be understandable to scientists in many disciplines. American spelling and usage as in Webster's Third New International Dictionary (G. & C. Merriam, Springfield, MA) are to be followed. Avoid labora- tory slang and minimize jargon (e.g., chemicals themselves can "react," but experimenters cannot be said to "react A with B"; "counts" appear on the readout of a scintillation counter, but they are not precipitated by trichloroacetic acid).

Procedures should be described in sufficient detail so that competent scientists can repeat the work (e.g., centrifuga- tion should bedescribed in terms of relative centrifugal force or else the rotor should be named). References to other papers describing the techniques may be given. Correct chemical names should be given and strains of organisms should be specified. The names and addresses for suppliers of uncom- mon reagents or instruments should be mentioned.

The PROCEEDINGS uses units and symbols that are part of the Systeme International (SI). When such units are not used, the factor for conversion to SI units should be given in parentheses where first mentioned. Note that "kilo" is a prefix to the names of units and its abbreviation is always lowercase (e.g., kg for kilogram). The expression "273 K" indicates the temperature at which water freezes rather than molecular weight 273,000.

Footnotes in Text. The number of footnotes should be kept to a minimum and they should be indicated in text by use of a symbol. Symbols should be used in the order *, t, $, ?, , II. Each symbol is used only once in a paper, including the title page (symbols used iti tables or figures do not affect symbols used in text). If necessary, ** and tt may be used to provide up to eight footnote symbols. If more are needed, use superscript lowercase letters rather than symbols.

Acknowledgments. All acknowledgments, including those for financial support, should be cited here rather than in footnotes. Acknowledgments to people precede those for financial support, Names of grant sources should be spelled out.

References. References should be cited in numerical order as they appear in the text. Tables and figures will be inserted in the text where first cited, so references in these sections should be numbered accordingly. Arabic numerals separated by commas should be used (except for sequences of three or more when a dash is used between the first and last numeral) and the references should be enclosed in parentheses. Refer- ences may not be cited in any other order.



Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984)

Only papers that are either published or in press may be cited in the reference list. Each reference is given a separate number; multiple citations under one numeral are not used. Other citations are either "unpublished data" or "personal communication" and are shown directly in the text where first mentioned; the former implies that the data are from one or more of the authors, and no attribution by name is permit- ted. The designation "personal communication" means a source other than an author, and a name or names must be given.

The full citation is given at the end of the manuscript. The PROCEEDINGS requires inclusive pagination. If a reference is an abstract, then this should be noted in the citation, after the page number(s).

Journal articles are cited as follows: 10. Smith, A. B., Jones, C. D. & Robinson, E. F. (1969)

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64, 191-195. For the correct abbreviations of journal titles, refer to Chem- ical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI), published by the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, or the In- ternational Serials Catalogue, published by the International Council of Scientific Unions Abstracting Service.

Articles or chapters in books are cited as follows: 11. Jones, C. D. & Shapiro, L. M. (1966) in Enzyme Reac-

tions in Protozoa, eds. Smith, T. G. & Williams, H. I. (Universal, New Brunswick, NJ), Vol. 21, pp. 646-672.

12. Loeve, M. (1954) Probability Theory (Van Nostrand, Princeton), p. 474.

Authors are responsible for the accuracy of the citations. Tables. Tables should be prepared so that they are self-

explanatory. Vertical rules are not used to set columns apart, and horizontal rules are used sparingly. Each table should have a brief title. Tables are numbered (Arabic numerals) in the order in which they are referred to in the text. Each table should be on a separate page and be typed double-spaced throughout. Nonstandard abbreviations should be used sparingly and must be defined in the legend at the bottom of the table, if not defined in the abbreviations section on the title page. Each vertical column requires a heading. Reference to footnotes should be made by means of the symbols * t , ?, T, II, **, tt, in that order. If more than eight footnotes are required, then superscript lowercase letters should be used.

Tables can permit efficient display of large amounts of information in a compact space; however, if used inappropri- ately or designed incorrectly, they waste space. The presence of large amounts of empty space in the body of a table indicates poor design. Other poor features are vertical columns in which all entries are the same (incorporate information in title or legend and delete the columns); a change in column heading partway down the column (make into two tables or change the format); only a few entries in first column (convert these entries to interior center headings).

A table can carry a legend or footnotes or both below it. The legend provides information relevant to the entire table. The footnotes provide information relevant to parts or single entries, as shown by the placement of the symbol; however, the symbol should be placed to include, when possible, all of the entries affected-e.g., if a footnote applies to all of the entries in a column, the symbol should be on the heading for that column. The length of the legend and footnotes should be proportional to the length of the table; a long legend below a short table is awkward and the combination of a single- column-wide table and legend that totals more than one column in length creates a layout that is difficult for the reader.

Sometimes tables can be simplified by using powers of 10 in place of multiple zeros. The PROCEEDINGS uses the following convention: the heading shows what was done to the original data to get the numbers shown. For example, in a column headed "cpm x 10-3," the entry "3" represents the

original value "3000" (i.e., 3000 cpm x 10- = 3). Another approach, also useful in the text, is to modify the unit designation by an appropriate prefix (e.g., use "1 mM" in place of "0.001 M" or "1 ng" in place of "10-9 g").

The design of a table should take into account the relationship between the size of the heading and the size of the entries in a column. When relatively bulky headings will appear over small numbers, consider redesigning the table so that these headings become the entries in the first column.

Illustrations. Original drawings or high-quality photo- graphs are needed. Xerographic copies of illustrations are not acceptable. All illustrations should be identified on the reverse side by marking with a soft pencil. Where necessary, the orientation for the illustration should be indicated by an arrow and the word "top." Legends for the illustrations should be typed double-spaced, in numerical order, on a separate page.

Line drawings should be marked with index lines and labeled with scales on the x and y axes. Scales that involve large or small numbers should use numbers multiplied by powers of 10. The PROCEEDINGS uses the following convention: 3000 cpm is represented as 3 and the axis is labeled cpm x 10-3. For maximal clarity, both separate symbols and various lines (solid, broken, etc.) should be used. It is particu- larly important that nomenclature, abbreviations, and units used in figures agree precisely with those used in the text of the paper. For electron micrographs and similar illustrative materials, the quality of reproduction cannot exceed the quality of the submitted copy. Illustrations should not be mounted unless a composite figure is required. A composite figure carries a single figure number; the individual parts may be identified by letters. The magnification of photomi- crographs should be indicated in the legend or a bar should be included in the figure to indicate the scale (or both).

Lettering of figures requires careful attention. Illustrations may be submitted in final size or in larger size for reduction by the printer. The lettering must be such that in the printed version (after reduction) it is approximately 8 to 10 point (in 8-point type, uppercase letters are 2 mm tall). In special cir- cumstances some lettering can be 5 to 6 point when space is very limited, but this will be difficult to read (see examples). Except for single-letter locants or markers, lettering should not be larger than 10 point. Wide variation in type sizes within a single figure is undesirable. Boldface lettering is not suitable. A serif type (as used here) is preferred to sans serif (lacking feet, etc.) because of the difficulty in distinguishing among the numeral 1, the lowercase letter 1, and the uppercase letter I. Entries should use uppercase and lowercase letters just as they would be used in the text. Uppercase letters are used only as first letter of an entry, as part of a standard abbreviation or acronym, as part of a proper noun, or as a locant or symbol. This is 41/2 point type

It is too small

This is 6 point type It can be used in special cases

This is 8 point type It is our standard

This is 10 point type A It is at the large end of acceptable

This is 12 point type AH It is used only as single letters

AHNOT ahnot

AHNOT ahnot

AHNOT ahnot

HNOT ahnot

NOT ahnot

The placement and orientation of lettering are important. Lettered entries on graphs should be placed so as not to ob- scure or detract from the figure components. Axis labels should be centered along the axis and oriented to be read

iii





from the bottom or from the right-hand side of the page. For numbering scales on graphs, consider omitting alternate numbers (but keep the marker lines) to permit lettering at the required size.

Symbols and lines should be chosen to survive the degree of reduction that will be used. For example, at severe reduction, hexagons will resemble circles. If the figure is crowded, consider identifying the symbols in the legend. The best symbols to use are circles, squares, and triangles, solid or open. Use of different kinds of lines is acceptable, if the dif- ferences do not disappear upon reduction. For example, broken lines that differ only in the length of the dashes used may become hard to tell apart at severe reduction.

Color art should be submitted as prints either unmounted or mounted on a light-weight backing suitable for placement on the cylinder used in the color separation process.

The relationship between the sizes of a figure and its legend should be similar to that described for Tables.

Some examples of our style and standards for figures are reproduced on pp. vii and viii. We do not accept illustrations with excessively bold lettering or heavy lines or with uneven lettering or lines.

Abbreviations and Symbols. The PROCEEDINGS distin- guishes between standard and nonstandard abbreviations. Standard abbreviations for certain substances and for units of measure do not need to be defined. Most other abbreviations are considered to be nonstandard, should be kept to a minimum, and must be spelled out on first usage. Nonstan- dard abbreviations should be used only for terms mentioned five or more times in the paper (see Title Page), should be unambiguous, and should not simply be acronyms. Both standard and nonstandard abbreviations should conform to international standards. Authors should refer to IUPAC Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units (1970) Butterworths, London, En- gland; National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 330 (1977) United States Government Printing Office; or Pure and Applied Chemistry (1970) 21, 3-44.

Use of too many abbreviations, symbols, or acronyms

makes a paper difficult to read. Therefore, these short forms should be used with care. It is best to abbreviate units of measure after numerals to allow extra emphasis to the numeral. Very common terms sometimes are more easily recognized in this short form-e.g., DNA, ATP-and therefore these forms are preferred. However, PROCEEDINGS is a mul- tidisciplinary journal and short forms common in one field only may not be recognized by all readers.

When nonstandard abbreviations are created, established abbreviations should be used as the building blocks. Use of the same letter to mean different things in different parts of the same acronym is unacceptable. However, sometimes there are well-established acronyms that do not follow this simple logic but are acceptable in deference to tradition (SDS and SSC are not acceptable). "Established abbreviations" include the symbols for the elements, the three-letter codes for amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides, and the two-letter codes for chemical radicals.

Nomenclature. International standards on nomenclature should be used. The following guides are recommended:

Mathematics. A Manualfor Authors of Mathematical Pa- pers (1970) [reprinted with corrections (1980)]. American Mathematical Society, 321 South Main Street, P.O. Box 6248, Providence, RI 02904.

It is helpful if a list of special characters used in the paper is provided and Greek, German, Hebrew, or script letters (unless unambiguously typed) are identified in the margin at the line where they first appear.

Physics. Style Manualfor Guidance in the Preparation of Papers Published by the American Institute of Physics (1978). American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017.

Chemistry. Handbook for Authors of Papers in American Chemical Society Publications (1978). American Chemical Society Publications, 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036.

Psychology. Publication Manual (1983) 3rd Ed. American Psychological Association, 1200 17th Street, N.W., Wash- ington, DC 20036.

Some Standard Abbreviations

acetate acetyl N-acetylglucosamine adenine adenosinea,b adenosine 3',5'-cyclic

monophosphate alaninec alternating current argininec asparaginec asparagine or aspartic acidc aspartic acidc atomic weight audiofrequency before present benzoyl body-centered-cubic Bohr magneton boiling point 5-bromodeoxyuridine butyl (n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl,

tert-butyl) carbon monoxide hemoglobin carbon monoxide myoglobin

OAc Ac GlcNAc Ade A, Ado cyclic AMP or

cAMP Ala ac Arg Asn Asx Asp at.wt. af B.P. Bz bcc BM bp BrdUrd Bu (n-Bu, sec-Bu,

i-Bu, tert-Bu) HbCO MbCO

O-carboxymethylcellulose center of mass chemically pure circular dichroism coenzyme A complementary DNA Concanavalin A constant

counts per minute cysteine or /2 cystinec cytidinea.b cytosine deoxy (carbohydrates and

nucleotides) deoxyribonuclease diameter, inside or outside diethylaminoethylcellulose DNA concentration (moles of

nucleotide per liter) x time (seconds)

direct current effective dose, 50% electromotive force electron paramagnetic resonance

CM-cellulose C.M. CP CD CoA cDNA Con A const (physical sciences

only cpm Cys C, Cyd Cyt

d DNase i.d. or o.d. DEAE-cellulose

Cot dc ED50 emf EPR

iv




Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 81(1984)

electron spin resonance ESR enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay ELISA equivalent weight equiv. wt. ethyl Et ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA ethylene glycol bis(/3-aminoethyl

ether)-N,N,N' ,N'-tetraacetic acid EGTA

face-centered-cubic fcc flavin-adenine dinucleotide FAD flavin mononucleotide FMN formylmethioninec fMet freezing point fp fructose Fru fucose Fuc galactosamine GalN galactose Gal gas chromatography, gas/liquid

chromatography GC, GLC gluconic acid GlcA glucosamine GlcN glucosed G, Glc glucuronic acid GlcUA glutamic acidc Glu glutamic acid or glutaminec Glx glutaminec Gln glycinec Gly guanine Gua guanosinea,b G, Guo half-life (half-time) t/2 hemoglobin Hb hexagonal-close-packed hcp 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-

piperazineethane-H sulfonic acid Hepes high frequency hf high-pressure (performance) liquid

chromatography HPLC histidinec His hyperfine structure hfs if and only if iff immunoglobulin Ig(lgG, IgM, etc.) infective dose, 50% ID50 infrared' IR inhibitory concentration, 50% IC50 inosinea b I, no intramuscular(ly), intraperitoneal(ly),

intravenous(ly) i.m., i.p., i.v. isoelectric point pI isoleucinec Ile isotopese 14C, 3H, 32P lethal dose, median LD50 leucinec Leu limit lim (physical sciences

only) linear combination of

atomic orbitals LCAO

lysinec mannose melting point messenger RNA methioninec methyl mitochondrial DNA molecular orbital myoglobin nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide

phosphate nicotinamide mononucleotide nuclear magnetic resonance nucleoside (unknown)a,b optical rotatory dispersion oxyhemoglobin phenyl phenylalaninec phosphate (in compounds) phosphate (inorganic) 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis poly(adenylic acid)f polyethyleneimine-cellulose prolinec propyl (isopropyl, cyclopropyl) protonmotive force quantum electrodynamics radiofrequency radioimmunoassay respectively ribonuclease ribose ribosomal ribonucleic acid ribosylthymine RNA concentration (moles of

nucleotide per liter) x time (seconds)

root-mean-square serinec sodium dodecyl sulfate subcutaneous(ly) thin-layer chromatography threoninec thymidine (2'-

deoxyribosylthymine)a,b thymine transfer RNA tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine tryptophanc tyrosinec ultrahigh frequency ultraviolet uracil uridinea,b valinec

Lys Man mp mRNA Met Me mtDNA MO Mb NAD+, NADH

NADP+, NADPH NMN NMR N, Nuc ORD HbO2 Ph Phe P or p Pi Pipes PAGE poly(A) PEI-cellulose Pro Pr (i-Pr, c-Pr) pmf QED rf RIA resp (mathematics only) RNase Rib rRNA T'or Thd

Rot rms Ser NaDodSO4 s.c. TLC Thr

dT or dThd Thy tRNA Tris Trp Tyr UHF UV Ura U, Urd Val

aThe 5' mono-, di-, and triphosphate derivatives are abbreviated as AMP, ADP, ATP; other nucleoside 5'-phosphates are abbreviated similarly. bUse in abbreviations for substituted purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides. cUse only in sequence descriptions, tables, or figures. dUse three-letter abbreviation when single letter is ambiguous. eThe mass number is written as a superior prefix: 1C, not C1. Enclose the isotope symbol in square brackets immediately before the name or abbreviation of the compound: [3P]CMP; [14C]urea; [1-14C]leucine; L-[methyl-14C]methionine. Do not use brackets if the atom does not occur naturally in the compound or if the isotope is not used in a specific sense. Examples are [25I]thyroxine but 25I-labeled trypsin; [U-3H]arginine but 3H-labeled amino acids. With chemical formulas, use without brackets as 14C02, H232S04.

fSimilarly abbreviate oligo- and polynucleotides containing the purine and pyrimnidine bases listed in this table.

v





Some Abbreviations for Units of Measurement and Physical and Chemical Quantities

Prefixes to the Names of Units exa 1018 E peta 1015 P tera 1012 T giga 109 G mega 106 M kilo 103 k deci 10-1 d

centi milli micro nano pico femto atto

Units of Concentration* molar (mol/liter) parts per million

Units of Length meter micrometer (not micron) nanometer angstrom (0.1 nm)

Units of Volumet milliliter microliter

Units of Mass gram microgram dalton

Units of Time hour hr minute min second s, sec

10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18

c m

n p f a

ppm

m gum (not ,t) nm (not m,t) A

ml /ul (not X)

g Ftg (not y) Da

year month week

Units of Electricity ampere (milliampere) ohm siemens (mho) volt

yr mo wk

A (mA)

S V

Units of Energy and Work joule calorie

Units of Temperature degree Celsius thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)

Units of Radioactivity counts per minute curie(s) distintegrations per minute

Miscellaneous Units candela cycles per second (hertz) lumen lux pascal (newton/meter2) revolutions per minute Svedberg unit of sedimentation

coefficient (10-13 s)

Physical and Chemical Quantities retardation factor acceleration of gravity partial specific volume maximum velocity sedimentation coefficient equilibrium constant Michaelis constant molecular weight rate constant absorbance? optical density? density

Other Words standard deviation of series standard error of mean probability

The PROCEEDINGS uses units that are part of the Systeme International (SI). When such units are not used, the SI equivalent should be given in parentheses where first mentioned. *For units of concentration based on molecular weight, the mole is used. Weight concentrations should be given as g/ml, g/liter, ppm, etc.; mg% is not acceptable.

tLiter should not be abbreviated unless used with a prefix. tIn SI, 1 Ci = 37 GBq; 1 Bq = 60 dpm. ?Use absorbance, A, for light absorption by solution; use optical density, OD, for light transmission through turbid suspensions.

Life Sciences. Council of Biology Editors Style Manual (1983), 5th Ed. Council of Biology Editors, 9560 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents (1978) (a compendium of IUPAC-IUB documents, some of which have appeared elsewhere), Bio- chemical Society, P.O. Box 32, Commerce Way, Colches- ter, C02 8HP, Essex, England.

The second Life Sciences reference contains the Interna- tional Union of Biochemistry rules of nomenclature for amino acids, peptides, nucleic acids, polynucleotides, vitamins, coenzymes, quinones, folic acid and related compounds, corrinoids, lipids, enzymes, proteins, cyclitols, steroids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, peptide hormones, and human immunoglobulins.

Enzymes should be given the recommended name fol-

lowed in parentheses by the systematic name and Enzyme Commission (EC) number on first mention, in both the abstract and the text. For guidance refer to: Enzyme Nomen- clature: Recommendations (1978) of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry (1979), Academic Press Inc., New York.

Genetics. A guide to nomenclature in bacterial genetics may be found in Demerec, M., Adelberg, E. A., Clark, A. J. & Hartman, P. E. (1966) Genetics 54, 61-76. In this system, genotypes are italicized (underlined in typed copy), and phe- notypes are not.

Immunology. For human immunoglobulins and their ge- netic factors, the rules of the World Health Organization or the first reference book for Life Sciences above should be used.

vi

J cal

?C K

cpm Cit dpm

cd Hz lm lx Pa rpm

S

Rf g

Vmax s K Km Mr k A OD P

SD SEM P





0- I ' ' I . I _- I I I . 'II I I I _,

0- 0- 0-

0-

O 0 . 0.5I 1 I I o 0.2 0.5 1.0 3 5 10 20 50

NaCN, mM

Propranolol, mM Cytochalasin B, /,M

FIG. 1. Inhibition of the active and basal state of lipogenesis by low molecular weight agents. Lipogenesis was carried out in the ab- sence (o) or the presence (v) of insulin, with various concentrations of the compounds indicated.

Ddel PvuII I

100 150 20 Protein, pg per well

FIG. 4. Quantitation of MuLV p30 in plasma membrane frac- tions from Ramos (v) and AW-Ramos (o). Various amounts of membrane proteins from 22 to 270 tag were loaded in each of seven lanes. Immunoblotting analysis with goat anti-p30 antiserum was carried out as described. The areas on the nitrocellulose blot containing p30 reactivity in each lane were cut out. The radioactivity of 125I-labeled rabbit antibodies to goat IgG in each slice was determined. The dpm for each slice is shown as a function of the amount of protein loaded onto the gel in that lane.

Bgl/n Hncll EcoRV Avall ?

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 I o000 1100 1200 13001400 I I I I I I I ' I ! I I I 1 I 1" I ISo

I I I I H/o Ii I I I Taq

I n I i I Ms,

ru961 'f1

o71 bpI

? , _ . 0 C 0 =

F. o -

?730 C-~--------u 554 730 -e

FIG. 2. Restriction map of the pyrBI operon and the strategy for determining the nucleotide sequence. The pyrB structural gene is on the left, and numbering indicates the distance in base pairs from the A of the ATG start codon. After pyrB from 934 to 948 base pairs is the 15- base pair intercistronic region separating pyrB and pyrl (13). The pyrl structural gene is from 949 to 1410 base pairs. Recognition sites for restriction endonucleases that occur no more than twice in pyrBI are indicated above the map, while recognition sites for the enzymes Sau96I, Hinfl, Taq I, and Msp I are represented below the maps. DNA was digested with one of these four enzymes or Dde I or Bgl II and end labeled at its 5' termini (o) or 3' termini (v). The arrows below the map indicate the direction and extent of sequence determined for each fragment. The fragments utilized for sequence determination of pyrB554 and pyrB730 are also shown. e, A 5'-end labeling of an Ava II site used in the sequence determination of pyrB730.

Mr X 10-3 1

I,j?1, 's

2 3 A B

43.0

25.7 18.4

13.3 4.6 kb

6.

3

FIG. 3. Slab-gel analysis of dansylcadaverine incorporation and crosslinking assay with bovine keratolinin. Lanes: 1, molecular weight markers; 2, bovine keratolinin peak A; 3, bovine keratolinin peak B. Pure keratolinin was incubated with bovine TGase/dansylcadaverine/CaC12/dithiothreitol, pH 8.0, at 37?C for 2 hr. The assay was stopped with the addition of 500 mM EDTA.

FIG. 5. Hybridization of cloned Alu sequence at 42?C (A) and 55?C (B). Ten micrograms of human fibroblast genomic DNA (lanes 1) and human chromosome 11-containing CHO cell hybrid DNA (lanes 2) digested with EcoRI. The 42?C autoradiograph was exposed for 24 hr and shows relatively uniform deposition of radioactivity. The 55?C autoradiograph was exposed for 14 days and shows little nonspecific hybridization. The observed bands are at a molecular weight consistent with contamination by plasmid DNA.

vii

10' 84 6( 4( 2(

J) <


Bst E I Ddel Avall



Information for Contributors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984)

239 AGATCTTTAAT AATCATATGACAAGAGAAAAACTTTCATAATCTTATGACATGAGGGAAGGAATATTAAAGCCGTTCTGTGAGTTATTATCTCTAACGTTCCCAAT[AGGAATAGGCTTTG 9

CCAGC|TGGGTGCGGTGGCTCATGCCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGCGAGGCCAAGGCGGGCAAATCACGAGGTCAGGAGTCTGAGACCAGCCTGACCAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACT 239 Alu Sequence

AAAAATACAAAAATTAGCC--- GGGAGGCCGAGATTACAATGAGCTGAGATCACACCACCAACTCCAGCTTGGGCGACAGAGAAGACTCTGTCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGAA 354

AGGCTTTGCCACT|ATAACTCTCTCATATTCATTGACCTTGAATCCTCAAATGAGTGTGTCCATTAGTCAACTCCAATCTCTTGTCATATATAAGATGGTAGAGATGAGAAGAAGGTAGCT 474 CCTTTACAGCCCACTATTTCCACTAACTACTACCTGTGTTTCAA GATACAGCCTTTCACCTCCTTCTCCAGTGTTGAGAGTGTTGAACCTCAGAGTTTCTCCTCTCATTTTCTCTAAATG AG A 59 7 TACAATGCCAGCCATCCCAAGCTCTTGGCCTGAGTTGATCATCTTCAAGTCTAG GACTCAAGAAGTATGAAAAGAGCTTCTTTAGTGAAGCTATGTCCTCAGTACTGCCAAAATTCAGAC 717

Exon 1 Met Ala lie Ser Gly Val Pro Val Leu Gly Phe Phe lie lie Ala Val Leu Met Ser Ala Gin Glu Ser Trp Ala lie Lys G

AAGAAA ATG GCC ATA AGT GGA GTC CCT GTG CTA GGA TTT TTC ATC ATA GCT GTG CTG ATG AGC GCT CAG GAA TCA TGG GCT ATC AAA G GTAGGTGCTGAGGGAATGA 31 9 - Leader peptide

AATCTGGGACGAC TAGACTACGAAGC ATT GGAGAAA AGACCTAT GGACA TTTGGAAGAT AATGTGTGGAGTGAAAGAATAGTGTGACAGGTATTATGTGGTCTCGACAGAAAGTATAAC 1429 AAATTGTGGTTTGGTGGAGTTCTTCCCTCACCACAAACTGAAGTAAGTCAAATTTGGTTTAGAGGGTCAAAACTGAGTTGTGTATTGGTGAATAGCACGGTCCTGCT14ACAAGCCAAACTG CGGGGTGGGGGTGGGGGTGGGGGAGGAAGAA T ATTTTcTGGCAAGCATTAACAAGTTATATTTCTGGGCTTTAATTATTCTTCTGGAAAATTAGTAAAATTAAAA ACTAAAAACCACACA 1668 TAGTTTTGCTA GATTAATCAAAAAAAAAGTTATTAGCCCTGTTCTTATCTAATACATGATACAGTAGTTATTTTTTGGAGTGTAAATCTTCGGTATATATCAGCACATAATTTGGCCA 178 AGATTAcTAGAAGGAA AAGTCATC GAAAAGCAACAAT TTACCCCAGTGAAAA GGGAGG GAAGGCATGCTGATATGAGTTGCCTCATGGGACAGTGATAGCCATTCCCTGCCTTCCCATCT 909 CCC---AGATCTTTATATCAT GTTAACTTAGTGAAATATACCTAAGAGGTAGAAATAATGTAAGGAAT TGG TAATCTGA ATGAATAAATCTCCAGATGATTTGTGCAGTTGTA2028 AAGATGTAC TGTAGAAAAGTATTCTTCACCCAGCGTGACCCCACAGAAGGTGTCAGGTAGACTTGAAATAAGCAAAGTAATAACCCAGCTCCCATACCCATAGTGGCAATTGTAGATTT 2148 CTATTGCCCCAAAAGAGCCATACATAGGGATATACTTACCTAGAAAGACAGAGGATCTTCCCTTGGTTGTGAAGAGGCAGCTAGTATATTTGTGTGTGTTTGCATAGATGCAAAGCGTAAA2268

'AAAACCACAGCAGGACTACATAATAG GAAAACTATACATAAATAG TAGAATAATCTGCTCAGGATCACTAGGTAAGTTGCTGAATAAGAATTCAAGATTTA 2918

AAATTCCTAGGTTTATC T G C C G G TTT A A T T GG AT T CA GT G GC AA GTCAGAACAACCAAACCAAA 3 10

AACT GAAAATACTACCTATC GAAa AGAAAAAAAAAATCTC T CCACTCATCGATACACCCCGGG CAG A A CTCCAGCGCA G TTTTCT TCTC CATGTTCA TTATC 431

AcccAT TG TTGTGA cccGTcTCTccATT CAC CTGAc AGTCAcATTTGTTCAG cAGCAC GTCTGTCAAGCCACcTG I 3275 ,u

Glu PisVal lie Tr AGi'

CCTATTGGTGCTGGTTATTCTCAATT TCAATCGTAATTCAGAACATCTTCTTTAATTACATGTACAAGGAGATTGAAGATAAAAGGTGGAATTG CCAAGGTCAGTGC CAGATCGAGTAACC 2540

Exon 2

GCC GAG TTC'TAAT CTG AAT CCTT GAC CAA TCA GGC GAG TTT AGATG TTTA GAC TTT GAT GGT GAT GAG AT TTC CAT GTG GAT ATG GCA AAG AAG GAG ACG GTC TGG CGG 0

Leu Glu Giu Phe Gly Arg Phe Ala Ser Phe rGou Ala Gin Gly Aua Leu Ala Asn lie Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asn Leu Glu lie Met Thr Lys Arg Ser As Tyr CT T GA A G AA TTT GGA CGA TTT GCC AGC TTT GAG GCT CAA GGT GCA TTG GCC AAC ATA GCT TG A AAA GCC AAC CTG GAA ATC ATG ACA AAG CGC TCC AAC TAT 1

Thr Pro Pl e Thr As h V T : ACT CC G ATC ACC AAT G GTAccTcccTcT cT GcTGcAcTccTGGAcATGGGAATcc A 27 20

GCCTAA;CCTAGGTTATGCTCATTAAC AAGCCccA AATTCTcATGcCAGAGGcTGCAGAAcTTTATGGGTTTGAGGTATATTTTCCAACTTATAGA 23 6852

TTAAATAAAAAG AAGCTT ACTCTAAAATGTAAACAGTGCTTGTTAAGTCTTGTTGATATTATGAAATTACACC CACTTTTTCATTTAATTA ACAACCCACACGGATC 2799

CTCTTTAGGGGCTGCTGCTGGATTTCTAAAAAGAAAATAATTT CTCA GCT AGT AACA TGGA GOCAA ACAACAGC TTCACA AGACTCTGGG TTCTTTA GCCCTCATCTCCTT CATTC 3 1 54 CA CCCTCTTTATAACCAGTCCTTCTTGTTTTTCCCCTCCCAGCTTTGTTCAGCAGCATGCTTTCACCCAGACCTTGTCTTGTCACTCATCCCTACTCGCCATCAT TCTTTCAT1TCCTCTTGGC 3277

lu Glu His Val Ile lie Gln CC AATCTCTCTCC ACC ACTTCCTGCCTACATGTATGTA GG TT ATTC ATTTCCCTCTCTTG ATTCCCCCCACCCAACTCTCTTTCTCDC ATTTCTTG CCTTTCA G AA GAA CAT GTG ATC'ATCCAG3400

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~xExon 2 Ala Gin Phe Tyr Leo Asn Pro A G Sr Glu Val Thr Leu Th Asn PSer Pro Gsy Gliu Leu APh Gl u Pro AAsn Vl Leu la L ys PGhe Tr Vl Trp yArg CC GAG TTTATCTG AAT CT GACCCC A A TCA GGC GAG TTT GTG TTT GAC TTT GAT GGT GAT GAG ATT TTC CATGTG GAT AT CTGG AAG AAG GAG ATC GAC AAG CGG 3505

Leu GPr Gio Phe Gly Arg Phe Ala Ser Phe Glu Ala Gln Gly Ala Le Ala Asn Glye Ala Val AspT Lys Ala Asn Le Glu lie Met Thr LyVal Phe Pro Arg Gl Asp His Arg Ser Asnrg Tyr

CTT GA A GATG GGACAATT GT C ACG TTT CGAG GT CAAGG GCA TTG GC AAC ATA GCTG G TG C GA AAA GC AATTC CTG CCAGAA ATATGAC AAGC CTC AAC TAT 3610

Thr Pro l he Thr Asn Val Glu His Trp Gly Leu Asp Glu Pro Leu Leu Lys His Trp G ACT CCG ATC ACC AAT G GTACCTCA ACTCTCTGCGAC GTT TACTCCTGGACTGC AGG GTG GAG CAC TGG GGCTTG GAT GAG CCTCTTTGTGT CTC AAG CAC TGG G GTATGGATTCCAAAC 44 3730

TCCTAATCTTG CCTT TATTTC AAGGTTTCCTATCTTGTTGTGCTCAAGTCTTGTCTCTGTCATCCATGGTCTCCTATGACGAAGGCTC 4 5 2 TTGCCCTTTAATCTGTA ATT CTCT CA ATACATTGCGTCTT TT CATTAATCTA TAATAATTGTCTCTTTTTGA TCTGTCTAGAGATTGTTATCTGTC AGGATGTGAC 3 972

CCATGTATTTCTCTGCCTTATCTCCCCCA GCAG TTT GAT TCAGCT CCTTA AGC CCT CTCTTTAGAT CCA GAG ACCT ACA GAG AAC GTG GTG TGT GCC CTGAG GG GTGACT GTCTG GGT CTG GTG GGCTG ATTTC 47709 Exon 3

al Pro Pro Glu Val Thr Val Le Thr An Ser Pro Val G Le Arg Ly Ser Asn ValAla AlaLe Glu ArgCys Phe Asprg GlLys PLeu GTCACGTCTGTCATGTGTCCCCCAG TA CCT CCA GAG GTA ACT GTG CTC ACG AAC AGC CCT GTG GAA CTG AG GGGAGA GAG CCC AAC ATGGAGGCTC AT TGT TTC ATC GA AAG TT 4200

Thr Pro Pro Val Val Asn Val Thr Trp Leu Arg Asn Gly Lys Pro Val Thr Thr Gly Val Ser Glu Thr Val Phe Leu Pro Arg Glu Asp His Leu Phe Arg Lys ACC CCA CCA GTG GTCAAT GTC ACG TGGACTT GA AAT GGA AAA CCT GTC ACC ACA GGA GTG TCA GAG ACA GTC TTC CTG CCC AGG GAA GAC CAC CTT TTC CGC AAG 4305 Phe His Tyr Leu Pro Phe Leu Pro Ser Thr Glu Asp Val Tyr Asp Cys Arg Val Glu His Trp Gly Leu Asp Glu Pro Leu Leu Lys His Trp G

ATTT CAC TATCTC CCC TTCCTG CCC TCA ACT GAG GAGTT TA GA TGC AGG GTG GAG CAC TGG GGC TTG GAT GAG CCTT T AAG CAC TTGG GT ACAAA 44 13 TCAATCTTGAGGTCTAGGTCGATCT AGAAAATCGTACATTATAGTCAA TCATAGTCTACTCTACTATCCAGCTTCCTCCTTT5 236 AACTCTTGGGGC AGGTCATCCCTACATTTGATTCAG ATGAGCTGTTACATTGTTCCAGCACACTCTTA 5 660

lu Phe Asp Ala Pro Ser Pro Leu Pro Glu Thr Thr Glu Asn Val Val Cys Ala Leu Gly Leu Thr Vaol Gly Leu Val Gly Ile CCATGTACTCTGCCTAGTATCCCCCA G AG TTT GAT GT CA AGCT TCA GAG ACT ACA GAG AAC GTG GTG TGT GC CTG GG CTG ACT GTG AAAGGT CTG GTG GGC AT 4770 lie lie Gly Thr lie Phele lie Lys Gly Val Arg Lys Ser Asn Ala Ala Gilu Arg Arg Gly Pro Leu ATT ATT GGG ACC ATC TTC ATC ATC AAG GGA GTG CGC AAA AGC AAT GCA GCA GAA CGC AGG GGG CCT CTG TAAGGCACATGGAGGTGAGTTAGGTGTGGTCAGAGGAAGA 4 879

ATTGAAAGAATTTTGCAAAGTCAAAGGATTAAGAGAGAAGAGGAAGGAATCTGAAGCAAGGAGCTCAATGCGGATCTTAAATTCCTTG GTAACTATGTGTGTCTTGCTATAGGTGAT 5 596 G GTGTTTCTTAGAGAGAAGATCACTGAAGAAACTTCTGCTTTAATGACTTTACAAAGCTGGCAATATTACAATCCTTGACCTCAGTGAAAGCAGTCATCTTCAGCGTTTTCCAGCCTATA 5 7 17

Exon 5 GCC ACCCC AAGTGTGGTTATGCCTC CTCG ATTGCTCCGTACTCTAAC ATCTAGCTG GCTTCCCTGTCTATTGCCTTTTCCTGTATCTATTTTCCTCT ATTTCCTATCATTTTATTATCACC ATG 5841 CAATGCCTCTGGAATAAAACATACAGGAGTCTGTCTCTGCTATGAATGCCCCATGGGGCATCTCTTGTGTACTTATTGTTTAAGGTTTCCTCAAACTGTGATTTTTCTGAACACAATAAA 5962

.Poly (A) Signal . - Poly (A) Signal CTATTTTGATGATCTTGGGTGGAATTTTTGGTGTTTAAGCCAGTTCTTTGG GTGGCGGTG G GTGG GAGTCG GTCCTAG G GAATATATGTGATCCTTTCCCGGTAAAATATTGAAT 6 082 GTTGAATTTATCTTATAAATTCTAGAATTC 6 112

FIG. 6. DNA sequence of the 6.3-kb Bgl II-EcoRI DNA fragment of HLA-DRa gene. The amino acid sequences encoded by exons of HLA- DRca are shown above the DNA sequences. The 3' untranslated region is underlined. The region of Alu sequences, the CAT box, the TATA box (promoter), and the mRNA transcription initiation site (CAP site) are marked. ***, Stop codon; polyadenylylation signals are also indicated.

- -, Stretch of DNA for which the sequence has not been determined. Numbers on the right have not been adjusted for the estimated lengths of segments of DNA represented by dashes.

viii



Proceedings OF THE

National Academy of Sciences

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

January 1984 Volume 81, Number 2 pp. 289-648

Table of Contents

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

AUTHOR INDEX

Biological Sciences

Physical Sciences

CHEMISTRY

xi

289

Cross-polarization/magic-angle sample-spinning 13C NMR spectroscopic study of chlorophyll a in the solid state

Charles Eric Brown, Robert B. Spencer, Vern T. Burger, and Joseph J. Katz

MATHEMATICS

Laplace operators of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and theta functions Victor G. Kac

ix

641

645

i





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