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Ass. Prof. Dr. Katrin Kaufmann & Dr. Elisabeth Reichart Freie Universität Berlin German Institute for Adult Education
Participation in vocational adult education and training (AET)
in international comparison: Patterns of investment & providers
Presentation at ECER-Conference „The Past, Present and Future
of Educational Research in Europe“
Porto, 02.09.-05.09.2014
Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
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Outline
• State of research – participation & investment patterns in AET
• Theoretical approach: Varieties of Capitalism
• Research questions & assumptions
• Data base
• Analytical Results
• Discussion & Outlook
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
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State of research – Participation in AET Nordic countries • High participation rates
Anglo-Saxon countries • Medium participation rates
Continental Europe • Medium to low participation rates
Southern European Countries • Low Participation Rates
Post-socialists Central & Eastern European (CEE) countries
• Medium to low participation rates
• general participation pattern homogenous • extent of inequality in access to adult education heterogeneous • employers main source of funding for training
- different patterns and determinants of participation in employer-sponsored vs. non-employer-sponsored AET
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Varieties of capitalism approach I
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
• Originally: explaining country specific constitutions of political economies • Interaction & mutual dependency of diverse actors, regulations & institutions • Emphasizing role of private sector (Hall/Soskice 2001; Estevez-Abé et al. 2001)
Skill formation system • available skills of the
workforce
Labour market • existence of legitimized & institutionalized
warranties for cooperation & alliances
‘institutional complementarities’
configurations of political economies ‘welfare production regimes’
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Varieties of capitalism approach II
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
LME = ‘liberal market economies’ (here: UK)
CME = ‘coordinated market economies’ (here: Austria/Germany & Nordic Countries)
‘Mediterranean countries’ = characteristics of LME & CME (here: France & Spain) DME = ‘dependent market economies’ (here: Baltic States)
CME
LME
DME
‘Medit. countries’
industry specific skills
firm specific skills high security in employment or
unemployment protection
firm-specific skills
general skills rather weak employment & unemployment protection
Labour market Skill formation system
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Research Questions Overall theoretical framework: Varieties of capitalism approach • Special focus:
• cross-country variation of AET investment-patterns as an indicator for different welfare production regimes and corresponding employer and state investment
• cross-country variation of provider structure as an indicator for institutional complementarities within the country groups
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
Research questions 1. Exist systematic differences of participation structures in diverse investment-segments that
can theoretically be related to LME, CME, DME & mediterranean countries?
2. How is the relation between investment-patterns and provider structures in LME, CME, DME & mediterranean countries?
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Assumptions
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
Assumptions concerning…
LME CME Mediterranean DME
Investment structure
employers likely to invest in on the job- training employer financed employees likely to invest in general training individual financed
employers & employees likely to invest in (specific) training co-financed
employers likely to invest in on the job-training employer financed
similar as LME’s
Provider structure
High share of • employers (firm-
specific skills) • education
institutions (general skills)
High share of • labour market-
related providers (industry-specific skills)
High share of • employers • labour-market
related providers (funding pools esp. in France)
similar as LME’s
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Data base & sample restrictions Adult Education Survey (AES) 2011 (Eurostat, scientific-use-file)
• Sample restrictions - gainfully employed persons; - no family workers; no participants in FED - valid information on all relevant characteristics
• Participation in non-formal education (during the last 12 months) - NFE activities (courses, workshops and seminars, guided on the job training, private lessons) - job related reasons
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
CME CME DME Medit. Countries
Medit. Country LME
Nordic Countries
(Finland, Norway, Sweden)
Austria &
Germany
Baltic States (Estonia, Lithuania,
Latvia)
Spain France UK (incl.
Gibraltar)
N 1 (individuals) 6625 7368 8171 8906 8328 1802
N 2 (activities; 1st and 2nd NFE activity) 5829 5393 4451 4252 6167 665
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Definitions & Categories of Analysis
Provider structure • FED/NFE education/training
institution
• Employer
• Labor-market-related providers Commercial institutions; employers‘ organizations, Chambers of Commerce; Trade Unions
• Others Non-profit associations; Individuals; Non-commercial institutions; Other)
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
Investment structure company-sponsored • company financed OR free of cost • AND only during working hours
self-financed • self-financed • AND only outside working hours
co-financed: employer – individual • company and individual financed • AND/OR partly during/outside working hours
co-finance mix: employer – public – individual • company and individual and public
employment services or other public institutions financed
• AND/OR partly during/outside working hours
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Participation rates in AET investment-segments for 1st NFE activity (job related) in pooled countries
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
AES 2011, own calculations; N= 19042 ; 1st NFE-activity, undertaken by employed persons
NordicCountries
Germany& Austria
BalticStates Spain France UK
participation rate overall 56,2 48,1 36,2 35,5 48,1 28,4company-sponsored 38,5 30,7 22,4 24,3 37,5 24,4self-financed 1,7 3,7 2,2 1,9 0,8 0co-financed employer-individual 7 9,2 5,6 4,3 5,3 1co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual
1,7 3,1 3,6 4,6 2,6 0,1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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Distribution of investment-segments for job-related NFE activities in pooled countries – activity-based-data-set
79,0
66,8 68,0 68,2
82,3
96,5
3,5
8,2 6,0 5,8
1,6
13,8 18,9
15,8 12,5
11,0
3,3 3,6 6,2 10,1 13,5 5,1
,2
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
NordicCountries
Germany &Austria
Baltic States Spain France UK
company-sponsored self-financed co-financed employer-individual co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
AES 2011, own calculations; N=23749 NFE-activities (1st & 2nd) undertaken by employed persons
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Mean volume of job related NFE (in hours) distinguished by investment segments – activity-based-data-set
0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0
Nordic Countries
Germany & Austria
Baltic States
Spain
France
UK
Nordic Countries Germany &Austria Baltic States Spain France UK
mean volume co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual 41,9 82,2 62,8 54,9 67,0 2,0
mean volume co-financed employer-individual 32,1 34,4 36,7 40,8 28,7 127,7mean volume self-financed 46,7 58,9 45,0 78,3 66,3 0,0mean volume company-sponsored 21,4 29,3 20,2 57,8 20,7 48,5
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Mean volume of job related NFE (in hours) distinguished by investment segments – activity-based-data-set
0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0
Nordic Countries
Germany & Austria
Baltic States
Spain
France
UK
Nordic Countries Germany &Austria Baltic States Spain France UK
mean volume co-finance-mix: employer-public-individual 41,9 82,2 62,8 54,9 67,0 2,0
mean volume co-financed employer-individual 32,1 34,4 36,7 40,8 28,7 127,7mean volume self-financed 46,7 58,9 45,0 78,3 66,3 0,0mean volume company-sponsored 21,4 29,3 20,2 57,8 20,7 48,5
• How is the relation between investment-patterns and provider structures
in LME, CME, DME & Mediterranean countries?
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Distribution of providers among job-related NFE activities in pooled countries – activity-based-data-set
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014 AES 2011, own calculations; N=26,289 NFE-activities (1st & 2nd) undertaken by employed persons
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Distribution of providers among job-related NFE activities in pooled countries – activity-based-data-set
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014 AES 2011, own calculations; N=26,289 NFE-activities (1st & 2nd) undertaken by employed persons
• Significant but weak correlation between investment & provider structure • over all 11 countries (Cramer‘s V = .17, p<.001) • in single countries ranging
from Cramer‘s V =.10 in Norway to .34 in Latvia (p<.001)
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DV= participation in company sponsored NFE-activities
Finland, Norway, Sweden
Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
Austria, Germany Spain France UK
Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B)
Age
RC: 35-44 25-34 ,029 ,788 45-54 ,000 ,684 55-64 ,001 ,668
Sex RC: Male ,000 ,671 ,000 ,609 ,021 ,826 ,000 ,610
Formal qualification
RC: higher Education Low Education ,048 1,513 Medium Education ,012 1,311 ,005 1,322 ,025 1,259
Occupational classification
RC: high skilled non-manual (ISCO1-2)
elementary occupations (ISCO 9) ,014 1,856 ,025 1,628 ,001 1,928
low skilled nonmanual (ISCO 3-5) ,000 1,950 ,000 1,506 ,000 1,989
skilled manual (ISCO 6-8) ,006 1,456 ,000 2,034 ,001 1,786
Contract
Reference Unlimited contract Limited contract ,000 ,395 ,002 ,649 ,001 ,685 ,000 ,265 Self-employed ,000 ,358 ,000 ,426 ,000 ,173 ,001 ,560 ,000 ,072
Full-time Reference Yes ,048 ,828 ,000 ,648
Company Size
RC: 1-10 persons ,000 11-19 persons ,001 1,705 Don't know, but more than 10 p. ,030 ,529 20-49 persons ,001 1,446 ,314 1,129 ,405 1,101 ,000 1,968 50 persons & more ,000 2,122 ,000 1,795 ,000 1,828 ,000 2,654
Provider
Provider - Reference - FED/NFE education institution
Provider - employer ,000 3,373 ,000 3,542 ,000 5,111 ,000 2,930 ,000 2,528 Provider - labor-market related providers ,000 1,753 ,008 1,294 ,000 2,012 ,001 1,423 Provider - other ,014 1,382 ,000 ,554
Reasons for NFE-
participation
Reasons - Reference adjustment/improvement Reasons - change ,010 ,332 ,000 ,289 ,008 ,570 ,016 ,270 Reasons - obligation/certification Reasons - interest ,017 ,730 ,000 ,483 ,000 ,483 ,000 ,711 Constant ,000 2,064 ,000 2,860 ,000 2,155 ,001 1,683 ,000 2,650 R-Square ,126 ,149 ,275 ,123 ,234
Determinants of company-sponsored NFE – activity-data-set
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DV= participation in co-financed mixed NFE-activities
Finland, Norway, Sweden
Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
Austria, Germany Spain France UK
Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B) Sig. Exp(B)
Age
RC: 35-44 25-34 45-54 ,023 1,425 ,041 1,426 ,033 1,313 55-64
Sex RC: Male ,000 1,898
Formal qualification
RC: higher Education Low Education ,015 2,112 ,017 ,650 Medium Education
Occupational classification
RC: high skilled non-manual (ISCO1-2)
elementary occupations (ISCO 9)
low skilled nonmanual (ISCO 3-5) ,014 ,679 ,000 ,600
skilled manual (ISCO 6-8) ,001 ,501
Contract
Reference Unlimited contract Limited contract ,000 3,062 ,023 2,144 ,001 2,074 ,000 1,687 ,000 5,470 Self-employed ,010 2,419 ,035 1,821 ,000 3,124
Full-time Reference Yes ,013 1,734 ,007 1,685
Company Size
RC: 1-10 persons 11-19 persons ,019 ,554 Don't know, but more than 10 p. ,035 2,459 20-49 persons ,001 ,480 50 persons & more ,000 ,295
Provider
Provider - Reference - FED/NFE education institution
Provider - employer ,000 ,287 ,000 ,165 ,000 ,177 ,000 ,399 ,000 ,134 Provider - labor-market related providers ,000 ,418 ,032 ,672 Provider - other ,000 2,104 ,015 1,524
Reasons for NFE-
participation
Reasons - Reference adjustment/improvement Reasons - change ,043 3,552 ,000 5,209 Reasons - obligation/certification ,002 ,334 Reasons - interest ,009 ,558 ,000 3,063 ,008 1,986 ,001 1,525 Constant ,000 ,060 ,000 ,036 ,000 ,033 ,000 ,109 ,000 ,144 R-Square ,089 ,141 ,109 ,133 ,217
Determinants of co-financed-mixed NFE – activity-data-set
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Results Exploratory investigation of participation structures in an interntational comparative perspective
• different patterns of investment segments
employer-sponsored most prominent in all countries/country groups
differential share of other segments (especially co-finance mix)
• weak correlation between investment & provider structure
differences in provider structures in different countries/country groups
• determinants of activities in investment segments
partly consistent with theoretical assumptions & partly contradictory
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
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Discussion & Outlook Potential • Differentiation of investment-segments & analyses based on activities
deeper insight in structures; especially in international comparison hints on analysing dynamics of supply and demand patterns
Drawbacks & limitations • Results correspond only partly with theoretical assumptions
grouping countries country-specific constellations not reflected macro-level indicators not included categories partly not specific enough
Further research • Deeper analyses of investment segments (e.g. relation of outcomes & duration) • Multilevel analyses (requires adequate macrolevel indicators) • Country-specific analyses ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
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References Bassanini, A./Booth, A./Brunello, G./Paola, M./ Leuven, E. (2005): Workplace Training in Europe. URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp1640.pdf [Last update: 09.09.2014]. Bohle, D./ Greskovits, B. (2007): Neoliberalism, Embedded Neoliberalism and Neocorporatism: Towards Transnational Capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe. In: West-European Politics, 3, pp. 443–466. Desjardins, R./ Rubenson, K./ Milana, M. (2006): Unequal chances to participate in lifelong learning: International perspectives. Paris. Desjardins, R./ Rubenson, K. (2011): An Analysis of Skill Mismatch Using Direct Measures of Skills. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg3nh9h52g5-en [Last update: 20.02.2014]. Dieckhoff, M./Jungblut Jean-Marie/ O'Connell Philip (2007): Job-Related Training in Europe: Do Institutions Matter? In: Gallie, D. (Eds.): Employment Regimes and the Quality of Work. Oxford, pp. 77-103. Estevez-Abé, M./Iversen, T./Soskice, D. W./ Social Protection and the Formation of Skilss: A Reinterpretation of the Welfare State (2001). In: Hall, P. A./Soskice, D. W. (Eds.): Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford, pp. 145–186. Hall, P. A./ Soskice, D. W. (2001): An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism. In: Hall, P. A./Soskice, D. W. (Eds.): Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford, pp. 1–68. Leuven, E./ Oosterbeek, H. (1999): The demand and supply in work-related training: evidence from four countries. In: Research in Labor Economics, Volume 18, pp. 303-330. Nölke, A./ Vliegenthart, A. (2009): Enlarging the Varieties of Capitalism. The Emergence of Dependent Market Economies in East Central Europe. In: World Politics, 4, pp. 670–702.
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions & Comments are welcome!
Contact: [email protected] [email protected]
ECER 2014 Katrin Kaufmann & Elisabeth Reichart, 04.09.2014