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FORESTED LANDSCAPES FOR EQUITYIII.2 THEORY OF CHANGE

APPLICATION FORM “DIALOGUE AND DISSENT” FOR STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS IN THE AREA OF LOBBYING AND ADVOCACY

A strong CIVIL SOCIETY for INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTGREEN LIVELIHOODS ALLIANCE

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FORESTED LANDSCAPES FOR EQUITY – THEORY OF CHANGEClean water, fertile soil and a stable climate are crucial to inclusive and sustainable development. These natural services are provided by healthy ecosystems, particularly by forested landscapes. If governed well, forested landscapes enable rural economies to flourish, sustaining local communities as well as local and international commodity chains.

Good governance is founded on informed joint decisions by all stakeholders – governments, the private sector and local communities – and ensures equal access to natural resources and their benefits. With our matching networks, knowledge and experience, Milieudefensie, IUCN NL and Tropenbos International work with and strengthen civil society organisations (CSOs) to represent and empower local communities in multi-stakeholder dialogues. Where necessary, we empower CSOs to press public and private stakeholders for change.

As the Green Livelihoods Alliance we support the ambitious Dutch policy agenda that aims to foster equality by integrating trade and aid. Both trade and aid rely on international public goods,(IPG’s) such as water, food security and climate stability , which in turn are critically dependent on well-governed forested landscapes. We therefore propose a partnership for inclusive and sustainable governance of forested landscapes to collaborate with the Ministry.

A strong CIVIL SOCIETY for INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTGREEN LIVELIHOODS ALLIANCE

COLLABORATIONCONFRONTATION

reliable and verified evidence strong CSO coalitionseffective communication

CSOs organisational and financial sustainability, and securing safe operational space

mobilize organised

public support

use grievance

mechanisms

participate in multi-

stakeholder processes

Increased public awareness, political and corporate will to change policies

participatory methods

for communities

alternative

solutions

legal knowledge of rights

and grievance mechanisms

new monitoring

technologies

CSO relations

South-South and

South -North

multi-stakeholder

processesmedia and

communication

skills

media

relations

CHALLENGES

Inclusive and sustainable governance of forested landscapes

International publicgoods safeguarded

compliance with legislation

policies and sustainability

standards

ecological and social

standards are integrated in

corporate and

government policies

viable innovative

alternatives for

sustainable management

local actors adopt

sustainable

practices

foodsecurity

water

sustainabledevelopment

improvedlivelihoods

climatestability

international bodies hold

states and private sector

accountable

CSOs voice concerns

local communities

grassroot

leadership

knowledge

policy cycle

and timing

GREEN LIVELIHOODS ALLIANCE THEORY OF CHANGE

deforestation community rights inequality ecosystem degradation weak governance agro expansion

national and international

multi-stakeholder networks

MONITORED DETECTED

Landuse change, rights and drivers

ANALYSED

joint evidence-based actions

improvement and coherent

implementation of Dutch

aid and trade policies

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FORESTED LANDSCAPES PROVIDE

FOOD SECURITY, WATER AND CLIMATE

STABILITY AND SUSTAIN LIVELIHOODS

Forested landscapes provide ecosystem services crucial to resilient rural livelihoods and food security. More than three quarters of the world’s accessible freshwater supply comes from forested catchments¹. Forested landscapes also play a pivotal role in both climate miti-gation and climate adaptation.

Forested landscapes form the cornerstone of the livelihoods of about 1.2 billion people – almost 20% of the world’s population. These local communities are generally among the poorest in the world, including at least 60 million indigenous peoples ².

CHALLENGES

In many low- and lower-middle-income countries there is insufficient political and private will to safeguard the critical services of forested landscapes. Legislation and the policies and practices of public and private actors do not take the interests and rights of local communi-ties sufficiently into account.

Although local communities are the main stewards of natural resources, they generally only obtain a small share of the benefits (e.g. food, wood, energy, medicines, other ecosystem services) and bear the full cost of overexploitation and ecosystem degradation. Communities lack secure land tenure rights and political power in a setting of weak governance. Other actors are able to seize forest resources for (large-scale) exploitation without local people’s free prior and informed consent (FPIC) and adequate benefit sharing.

Surging global demand for land, water, timber, minerals and energy fuels continuing defo-restation and land degradation. Between 2000 and 2012 about 1.5 million km2 of natural forest was lost, an area roughly the size of Mongolia³. The annual societal costs of benefits foregone are estimated at about $5 trillion .

Reduced access to land and forest resources puts a disproportionate burden on women, who often have to collect fuel wood and water. And as the livelihood options of local communities become increasingly limited, they are pressured into a downward spiral of unsustainable practices. But with the right incentives communities can become key landscape stewards, turning harmful developments into positive drivers of change and securing, and even resto-ring, forested landscapes and their services.

GOAL: INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE GOVERNANCE OF FORESTED LANDSCAPES

The partnership works for the inclusive and sustainable governance of forested landscapes in which local communities enjoy inclusive and secured access to ecosystem services. Strong civil society coalitions can effectively (help to) voice community concerns and influence cor-porate and governmental stakeholders to comply with binding and non-binding regulations, integrating social and ecological standards into their policies and practices and introduce alternative forest governance solutions. The partnership focuses on the following areas:

1 influencing national and international legislation, and public and Corporate Social Responsibility and practices;

2 bilateral agreements, such as the EU FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) for the sourcing of legally obtained timber;

¹See: http://www.cbd.int/undb/media/factsheets/undb-factsheet-forests-en.pdf²World Bank. 2006. Global issues for global citizens: an introduction to key development challenges, Bhargava V.K. (Ed.) World Bank Publications, Washington DC.³ Hansen et al. 2014. High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science 342, 850. TEEB. 2008. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodi-versity. Interim Report4

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3 intergovernmental mechanisms, such as the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land (VGGT) and the UN Commission in support of rights of indigenous peoples, gender equality and safeguar- ding of ecosystems;

4 the development and implementation of binding and soft international and indus- try-specific regulations and standards, such OECD guidelines, commodity certification schemes, and voluntary sustainability initiatives like the Tropical Forest Alliance 2020;

5 innovative incentive mechanisms, such as Payments for Environmental Services, REDD+, and agroecology that are adapted to local realities to fulfil social and environ- mental outcomes.

MID-TERM OUTCOME: STRONG CSOS INFLUENCE POLICY AND PRACTICE

In the mid-term, Southern and Northern CSOs work together in a joint overarching strategy for change, using an array of complementary interventions. Recognising each other’s in-terests and capacities, they assume different roles, ranging from watchdog to innovative change agent. A mixture of influencing strategies from collaboration to confrontation will be used to in-crease public awareness and create the political and corporate will to adopt inclusive, and sustainable policies and put these into practice. Reliable and verified evidence obtained through participatory (see TR Great Lakes case) monitoring provides the legitimate basis for this lobby and advocacy.

COLLABORATION

Equipped with reliable and verified evidence, CSO coalitions effectively collaborate with governments and frontrunner companies in multi-stakeholder dialogues on policy change. They engage in co-creation and implementation of viable innovative alternatives that pro-mote sustainable and inclusive and sustainable management with benefit sharing models for forested landscapes (see TR Bolivia and Ghana case).

CONFRONTATION CSO coalitions use confrontation strategies to pressure governments and ‘laggard’ compa-nies into complying with legislation or changing unsustainable practices. This pressure will be increased by gaining broader public support through public awareness campaigns based on reliable and verified evidence (see TR Niger Delta case) or through grievance mechanisms.

SHORT-TERM OUTCOME: INCREASED CSO CAPACITY FOR LOBBY AND ADVOCACY

The Alliance will provide support to CSOs to: (i) create a validated evidence base; (ii) build strong coalitions; and (iii) develop clear and strategic communication. A prerequisite is se-curing political and operational space and strengthening the organisational and financial capacity of CSOs to sustain programme activities beyond 2020.

1 To be seen as trustworthy and legitimate representatives and to provide meaningful input to policy dialogues, CSOs must have verifiable and reliable evidence to support their recommendations. They therefore need access to appropriate tools and skills to effectively monitor, analyse and detect opportunities for the implementation of national policies, legislation and standards, validated with comparative research. With fact-based and validated information on land-use change and (potential) social and economic impacts (especially for communities), they can effectively confront actors and develop viable alternatives based on local knowledge.

BUILDING RELIABLE

AND VERIFIED EVIDENCE

The Alliance regards monitoring as the iterative process of gathering, analysing and communicating information about: (i) the extent of deforestation, land-use change and restoration; (ii) social and governance dynamics where these chan-ges occur; (iii) implementation of and compliance with existing corporate and government policies and regulations; and (iv) alternative solutions. Monitoring covers a wide range of technological and participatory methods for detecting acti-vities on the ground, and the analysis of plans, policies, investments and supply chains. The Alliance emphasise the im-portance of involving local communities and joint learning.

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2 CSOs are important players, but have limited influence and legitimacy when they act alone. To legitimately voice the concerns of the least powerful stakeholders, CSOs need to build coalitions embedded in grassroots local, national and internatio- nal networks that are diverse and include both environmental and developmental CSOs. This allows them to draw upon local, national and international agreements and effectively engage in lobby and advocacy at all levels.

3 CSO coalitions can be most effective when they frame and communicate clear messages on land-use change, rights, and the drivers and effects of forested land degradation. They need state-of-the-art communication skills and knowledge of the policy cycle to develop campaign strategies and get attention for their cause in the national and international media.

MAIN STAKEHOLDERS FOR CHANGE

The Alliance gives a voice to local communities through legitimised CSOs working for inclu-sive and sustainable governance of forested landscapes. These CSOs include environmental and social NGOs (women’s organisations, indigenous peoples groups and human rights or-ganisations), community-based organisations, workers and farmers unions, producer coope-ratives and legal aid organisations. CSOs often have a tense relationship with local and nati-onal governments and little access to the governments of rich countries, whose consumption patterns affect forest resources.

Governments at all levels are key as they make laws and policies that govern decision making on forested landscapes as well as implement and enforce them.

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Forested landscape in Ethiopia

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THEORY OF CHANGE

The private including finance institutions have various forest-related interests, from multi-nationals claiming natural resources for economic growth that affect the livelihoods of local communities to small local enterprises that have an interest in sustaining the forest.

Global, multilateral and bilateral bodies like the EU, OECD, the CFS and the UN have strong interests in safeguarding forested landscapes, but need support in their quest for stronger public and private policies.

National and international donors supporting CSOs also have a strong influence on execu-tive and legislature powers and on multinationals.

Public opinion in the North and the South move governments and businesses. The Alliance therefore sees traditional and social media at all scales as key stakeholders.

INTERVENTIONSThe Alliance enables an array of capacity-building activities, ranging from workshops and training to expert coaching on the job and particularly through joint activities (“learning together by doing together”), as well as knowledge building through speaker tours, joint studies and monitoring, and e-platforms for South–South–North exchange of best practices. Based on context and needs assessments, the Alliance will strengthen basic organisational capacity (1) and can deliver complementary interventions to underpin effective lobby and advocacy (2,3,4):

1. Strengthen capacity to sustain a solid financial base and secure operational space: · North–South–South knowledge sharing on transparent and sustainable finance strategies and alternative finance mechanisms; · exchange best practices for security, further strengthen security networks and engage with Dutch embassies to advocate the protection of human rights defenders.

2. Strengthen capacity to build reliable and verified evidence: · facilitation of knowledge sharing and joint learning on innovative (participatory) methods for monitoring land-use change (e.g. early warning, monitoring and ground verification); · participatory research approaches and tools for generating and incorporating local realities, knowledge and insights; · building on open source mechanisms for data collection through knowledge sharing between experts, CSOs, local and indigenous communities; · building a toolkit of instruments to determine compliance with legislation, (corporate) policies and standards; · build legal knowledge of rights and capacity to file complaints / use grievance mechanisms; · support with identifying, and underpinning alternative options for inclusive and sustainable forested landscape management and benefit sharing models;

3. Strengthen CSO capacity to build coalitions: · to form effective coalitions around a shared agenda and further build South–South and South–North networks for support (legitimacy, legal advice, linking and learning) and joint action; · to represent constituencies, strengthen community leadership and stakeholder trust; · to analyse, facilitate and participate in multi-stakeholder processes for coordinated action.

4. Strengthen capacity to communicate validated knowledge and insights: · knowledge sharing and training on framing evidence-based messages; · helping to set up well-timed communication strategies and (social) marketing, media campaigns and press releases for public awareness and policy influencing; · joint communication within South–South and North–South coalitions and networks through public awareness campaigns, (social) media and other forms of public outreach; · coaching to establish access to local, national and international media to obtain legitimacy and acceptance from other stakeholders.

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ASSUMPTIONS · Halting deforestation and restoring degraded forested landscapes ensures continued provision of international public goods (IPGs). · Local communities, entrepreneurs and governments are sensitive to incentives to change their practices. · Government and corporate policies influence drivers of deforestation and forested landscape degradation. · Practices change when politicians and corporates can no longer ignore the demands of CSOs representing large groups of citizens. · CSOs can lobby governments more effectively when they work together. · CSO are effective when they use reliable and verified evidence to underpin their actions. · CSOs actively participate in networks and coalitions and share knowledge. · CSOs are effective in driving policy change when they have legitimacy and voice the concerns of local communities.

KEY EXTERNAL FACTORS FOR SUCCESS

· Dutch aid and trade policies are coherent and coordinated. · Governments and corporations increasingly recognise the importance of good governance (Corporate Social Responsibility,) and the rights of local communities (FPIC). · The public have a strong interest in social justice and environmental sustainability. · New technologies facilitate further inclusion of communities in monitoring.

THE PROPOSED ALLIANCE

THE ORGANISATIONS IN THE ALLIANCE

The Netherlands has a unique and internationally recognised position as a global hub of forest-and landscape related expertise and networks. The three applicants are firmly embed-ded in this tradition and have a long history as brokers between CSOs, research organisa-tions, the private sector and policymakers.

Milieudefensie is part of a strong international grassroots network (Friends of the Earth,

Government actors unwilling to change policies or implement effective compliance programmesGovernment actors repressing CSO activities

Competition for donor money has a negative impact on collabo-ration between CSOsDifferences of opinion within the CSO coalitions networks

Lack of CSO support from local communities

Shortage of experienced and sustainable CSOs

Achieving outcomes beyond the funding cycle

Coalitions mobilise their networks (including Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and engage frontrunner stakeholders to increase pressureStrengthen security networks to secure a safe operational space; diplomacy in the area of freedom of association and speech and protection of human rights defendersBuilding joint strategies, joint grant applications and discussing niches and complementarityOrganise around shared agenda with joint goals; use differences productively through a clever combination of confrontation and collaborationCSO track record of working with local communities is key selection criterionWorking with partner CSOs with whom we have long-standing re-lationships; supporting network development in LLMIC countriesJoint fundraising and establishing long-term trust-based relations with stakeholders; investing in long-term financial support from international funders, such as the Gates Foundation and NPL

RISKS MITIGATION STRATEGIES

RISKS AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES

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active in 74 countries with 2 million members) and helps local, national and international CSOs to monitor and report on social and environmental threats and cooperatively develop lobby and advocacy campaigns.

IUCN NL is part of a global network of 1,200 member organisations, including many govern-ments and 11,000 scientists. It has extensive experience in the development of monitoring tools, training local CSOs, lobbying and advocacy, and conducting dialogues.

Tropenbos International has a large network of knowledge institutions in the global South and has 25 years of experience in making knowledge work for forests, building bridges be-tween scientists, communities, the private sector and policymakers, often through multi-sta-keholder dialogues.

The three partners have complementary expertise, networks and approaches. Having dia-logue and dissent embedded in the alliance unshackles new perspectives on solutions and advice to partners on the best mix of influencing strategies and innovate alternatives.

NETHERLANDS MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

As a strategic partnership, the Alliance will help the Ministry and its embassies to effective-ly develop, implement and scale up Dutch policies on landscape governance. The reliable, country specific and up-to-date information and CSO networks mobilised by the Alliance will directly contribute to the Ministry’s dialogues with partner countries on (i) trade and CSR, (ii) fostering equality of access to water, food security and climate resilience, and (iii) adherence to international treaties and frameworks, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The information and insights obtained can also be used to improve the design, coherence and implementation of Dutch policies (i.e. Aid and Trade, FLEGT, Green Deals, VGGT), and its programmes as IDH, SLWP and VGGT and influence EU regulations as EU RED.

By mobilising its diplomatic channels and competences, the Ministry and the Dutch em-bassies play a critical role in creating the space and trust for initiating and facilitating

Forested landscape in Vietnam

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dialogues and liaisons with governmental and private actors necessary for the effective functioning of the Alliance.

To increase its effectiveness and impact, the Alliance will actively seek collaboration with com-plementary national and international initiatives, including those initiated and/or supported by the Netherlands Government, e.g. the Land Governance Multi-stakeholder Dialogue, the Sustainable Trade Initiative, the Tropical Forest Alliance and WRI’s Global Forest Watch.

INDICATORS

To monitor and evaluate progress, the following indicators will be defined:

1. Process indicators to measure the development of CSO lobby and advocacy capacity, including indicators for: · capacity improvement of CSOs (some indicators will be specific to the content of our programme, others refer to endogenous capacities; the 5 Capabilities (ECDPM) and Civicus frameworks will be an important source of indicators ); · partnership performance (including networks and platforms; example indicator: Number of training events organised, number of publications in local, national and international media).

2. Impact indicators for the key elements at the programme impact level: sustainable practices, good governance and how the two support each other in forested landscape governance: · agenda setting (example indicator: Number of lobby targets which react to positions taken by the CSOs · policy change (example indicator: Number of proposals introduced by CSO’s integrated into policies and regulations); · change in practice (example indicator: Number of practices according to relevant sustainability standards).

The formulation of these indicators reflects the Theory of Change at the programme level and should be generic enough to allow for the aggregation of information from specific pro-ject indicators, such as a lobby campaigns in a particular country. The Partos-Wotro evalu-ation of the MFS-II programme provides useful guidance for the monitoring and evaluation of policy influencing.

5C capacities relevant for lobbying include ‘to relate’ and ‘to act and commit’ (example of indicator Day-to-day operations are in line with strategic plans). Relevant Civicus dimensions are ‘civic engagement’ and ‘level of organisation’ (example of indicator Degree of participation of target groups in analysis and planning of the partner CSO).

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1. Adolph, B & M. Grieg-Gran. 2013. Agriculture and food systems for a sustainable future: an integrated approach. IIED Briefing Paper. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/88917157IIED_Agricultu- re%20and%20food%20systems_post-2015.pdf2. Aragão. L.E.O.C. 2012. Environmental science: The rainforest’s water pump. Journal name:Nature Volume:489, Pages:217–218.3. Bonell, M. & Bruijnzeel, L.A. (Eds). 2005. Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 925 pp. Unesco. International Hydrology Series.4. Brink, P. ten, Mazza L., Badura T., Kettunen M., and Withana S. 2012. Nature and its Role in the Transition to a Green Economy. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Nature-and-Green-Economy-Exec-Sum.pdf5. Broekhoven, G., Savenije, H. & S. von Scheliha (Eds). 2012. Moving Forward with Forest Governance. Tropenbos International, Wageningen, the Netherlands. xvi + 272 pp. www.tropenbos.org/file.php/7866. Chao, S. 2012. Forest peoples: Numbers across the world. Moreton-in-Marsh, United Kingdom, Forest Peoples Programme. www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publicati- on/2012/05/forest-peoples-numbers-across-world-final_0.pdf7. Colfer, C.J.P.; Pfund, J.L. (Eds). 2011. Collaborative governance of tropical landscapes. Earthscan, London, UK.8. Court, J. et al. 2006. Policy Engagement: How Can Civil Society be More Effective, London: ODI. www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications- opinion-files/200.pdf9. DeMarsh et al. 2014. Making Change Happen. What can governments do to strengthen forest producer organizations? Rome: FAO, FFF, TBI, FFA. www.tropenbos.org/publica- tions/making+change+happen.+what+can+governments+do+to+strengthen+fo- rest+producer+organizations%3f?language=fr10. Equator Principles. 2013. The Equator Principles III. www.equator-principles.com11. FAO. 2004. Voluntary guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. FAO, Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/009/y7937e/y7937e00.htm12. FAO. 2012. Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security. FAO, Rome. www.fao.org/nr/tenure/voluntary-guidelines/en/13. FAO. 2013. Towards food security and improved nutrition: increasing the contribution of forests and trees. Policy brief. www.fao.org/docrep/018/i2969e/i2969e.pdf14. FAO. 2014. State of the World‘s Forests. Enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests. FAO, Rome, 2014. www.fao.org/3/a-i3710e.pdf15. GPFLR. 2014. The Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration. Website: www.forestlandscaperestoration.org16. Hansen et al. 2014. High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science 342, 850. www.yadvindermalhi.org/uploads/1/8/7/6/18767612/hansen_science-2013.pdf17. IFAD. 2011. Rural Poverty Report 2011. New realities, new challenges: new opportunities for tomorrow’s generation. www.ifad.org/rpr2011/report/e/rpr2011.pdf18. Istanbul Principles. 2010. Open Forum for CSO Development Effectiveness. See www.cso-effectiveness.org19. Jones, H. 2011. A guide to monitoring and evaluating policy influence. ODI Background Note. www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6453.pdf20. Landscapes for People, Food and Nature. 2014. An international Initiative for dialogue, learning and action Website: http://landscapes.ecoagriculture.org/21. Meinzen-Dick, R.& A. Quisumbing. 2012. Closing the Gender Gap. In: IFPRI. 2012. 2012 Global Food Policy Report. International Food Policy Research Institute. www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/gfpr2012_ch04.pdf22. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 2011. Beleidsnota. De ontwikkelingsdimensie van prioritaire internationale publieke goederen (IPGs). Een praktische agenda.23. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 2013. Beleidsnota. Wat de wereld verdient: Een nieuwe agenda voor hulp, handel en investeringen

INFORMATION

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24. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 2014. Dialogue and Dissent; Strategic Partnerships for Lobbying and Advocacy. 25. Ministerie van Economische Zaken. 2013.Uitvoeringsagenda Natuurlijk Kapitaal: behoud en duurzaam gebruik van biodiversiteit. 26. OECD. 2011. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264115415-en27. OECD. 2011. Towards Green Growth. OECD, Paris. www.oecd.org/greengrowth/towardsgreengrowth.htm28. Reytar, K. and Springer, J. 2014. Securing Rights, Combating Climate Change. How Strengthening Community Forest Rights Mitigates Climate Change. Rights and Resources Initiative. www.wri.org/securingrights29. Rights and Resources Initiative. 2014. Annual Review of the State of Rights and Resources 2013 -2014. www.rightsandresources.org/annual-report/2013/30. Sayer, J. et al. 2013. Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation and other competing land uses. PNAS 110(21):8349-8356. www.pnas.org/content/110/21/8349.full31. Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R. & C. M. Taylor. 2012. Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests. Nature 489, 282–285. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/nature11390.html32. Stevens, C., R. Winterbottom, J. Springer, and K. Reytar. 2014. “Securing Rights, Combating Climate Change: How Strengthening Community Forest Rights Mitigates Climate Change.” Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Accessible at www.wri.org/securingrights.33. TEEB. 2008. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Interim Report, www.teebweb.org/Portals/25/Documents/TEEB-InterimReportEnglish.pdf34. Touza Montero, J. & C. Perrings. 2011. The Provision of International Environmental Public Goods. UNEP Ecosystem Services Economics. Working Paper Series, N° 16. www.unep.org/ecosystemmanagement/Portals/7/Documents/WP16_Provision%20international%20env_UNEP.pdf35. UNDP, UNEP, World Bank & WRI. 2005. World Resources 2005 - The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty. www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-2005-wealth-poor

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