Respiratory SystemChapter 7

Pathology

PathologyCOPD

Asthma Allergic disorder characterized by episodes of

wheezingBronchiectasisEmphysema

The progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveroli, and the progressive destruction of their walls

Smoker’s respiratory syndrome (SRS)

PathologyUpper Respiratory Diseases

Diphtheria – acute infectious disease of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the presence of diphtheria bacteria. It can be prevented through immunization.

Influenza – also known as the flu. Is an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection, spread by respiratory droplets, that occurs most commonly during the colder months. Some strains of influenza can be prevented by annual immunization.

Pertussis – also known as whooping cough. A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by a paroxysmal cough. Can be prevented through immunization.

PathologyEpistaxis

Commonly know as a nosebleedRhinorrheaSinusitis Upper Respiratory InfectionsAllergic rhinitisCroup an acute respiratory syndrome in

children and infants characterized by a seal-like barking cough

PathologyPharynx & Larynx

Pharyngitis – also known as a sore throat, is an inflammation of the pharynx

Pharyngorrhea – a discharge of mucus from the pharynx

Laryngospasm – a sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx

Pharyngorrhagia - bleeding from the pharynx

Laryngoplegia – paralysis of the larynx

PathologyLungs

ARDSPneumorrhagiaPulmonary edemaAtelectasis

collapsed lung Incomplete expansion of the lung

TB

PathologyVoice disorders

Aphonia – loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds Laryngoplegia?

Dysphonia – any voice impairment including hoarseness, weakness, or loss of voice

Laryngitis – an inflammation of the larynx. Commonly used to describe voice loss caused by the inflammation.

PathologyTrachea & Bronchi

TracheitisBronchitis – an inflammation of the

bronchial walls. Usually caused by an infection. May also be caused by irritants such as smoking

Bronchorrhea – an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi

Tracheorrhagia – bleeding from the tracheaBronchorrhagia – bleeding from the

bronchi

PathologyPleural cavity

Pleurisy – an inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity

Pneumothorax – an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse. This may have an external cause such as a stab wound that perforates the chest wall. May also be caused internally by a perforation in the pleura surrounding the lung that allowed air to leak into the pleural space.

Hemothorax

PathologyPleural cavity

Empyema – also known as pyothorax, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. This is usually the result of a primary infection of the lungs. Can also be used to describe pus in other body cavities.

Hemoptysis Coughing up blood

PleuralgiaPleural effusion – abnormal escape of fluid into the

pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding. (Effusion is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or a cavity.)

PathologyLungs

Pneumonia – an inflammation of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid. This fluid is known as an exudate, which means accumulated fluid in a cavity that has penetrated through vessel walls into the adjoining tissue. Bacterial pneumonia – commonly caused by Streptococcus

pneumoniae, is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination.

Viral pneumonia Lobar pneumonia Bronchopneumonia Double pneumonia Aspiration pneumonia occurs when a foreign substance, such

as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs Mycoplasma pneumonia Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

PathologyLungs

Pulmonary FibrosisCystic Fibrosis

a genetic disorder in which the lungs are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus. Antibiotics are administered to control lung infections but DO NOT cure the disease , and daily physical therapy, known as postural drainage, is performed to remove excess mucus from the lungs

The digestive system is also impaired by thick gluelike mucus that interferes with digestive juices. Digestive enzymes are administered to aid the digestive system.

PathologyBreathing Disorders

Eupnea – easy normal breathingBradypneaSleep apneaDyspnea – shortness of breath, difficult or

labored breathingTachypnea abnormally rapid respirationsApnea – the absence of spontaneous

respiration

PathologyBreathing Disorders

Cheyne-Stokes – (CSR) a pattern of alternating periods of hyperpnea (rapid breathing), hypopnea (slow breathing), and apnea.

Hypopnea is shallow or slow respirationHyperpnea an abnormal increase in

depth and rate of respirationsHyperventilation

PathologyLack of O2

Airway obstructionAnoxia – absence of oxygen from inspired gases. If

anoxia continues for more than four to six minutes, irreversible brain damage may occur.

Asphyxia – also known as suffocation, is any interruption of breathing resulting in the loss of consciousness or death. May be caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering, choking, or inhaling gases such as carbon monoxide.

Asphyxiation also known as suffocationCyanosis – bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of

adequate oxygen.HypoxiaRespiratory Failure

TreatmentsMedications

Bronchoconstrictor?Bronchodilator?

Nose & ThroatSeptoplastySinusotomyFunctional endoscopic sinus surgery (FSS)Pharyngoplasty?

TreatmentsNose & Throat continued

PharyngostomyPharyngotomy?Laryngectomy – surgical removal of the larynxLaryngoplastyEndotracheal intubation

TreatmentTrachea & Bronchi

TracheoplastyTracheorraphyTracheotomyTracheostomy

An incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the

Airway below a blockage Emergency procedure

Stoma

TreatmentLungs, Pleura, & Thorax

Pneumonectomy – the surgical removal of all or part of a lung

Lobectomy – the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung. This term also is used to describe the removal of a lobe of the liver, brain, or thyroid gland

Thoracotomy – a surgical incision into the wall of the chest

Pleurectomy – surgical removal of part of the pleura

TreatmentLungs, Pleura, & Thorax

Thoracentesis – the puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic purposes, to drain pleural effusions, or to reexpand a collapsed lung

Thoracostomy – the surgical creation of an opening into the chest

TreatmentRespiratory therapy

Supplemental oxygen – may be administered through a nasal canula or rebreather mask to add more oxygen to the air taken in as the patient breathes

Postural drainage

TreatmentRespiratory therapy

Ventilator – a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function. The goal is to wean the patient from the ventilator and to resume breathing on his own

Respirator – a machine used for prolonged artificial respiration. For example, when a spinal cord injury destroys the natural breathing mechanism, the patient can continue to breathe through the use of a respirator.