Pathology Exam 1

7/27/2019 Pathology Exam 1

1/42

Bulla(e)

- Is a circumscribed, elevated lesionthat is more than 5mm in diameter,

usually contains serous fluid, and

looks like a blister.


2/42

Lobule and lobulated

- Is a segment or lobe that is a partof the whole; these lobes sometimes

appear fused togueder.


3/42

Pedunculated

- attached by a stemlike or stalklikebase similar to that of a mushroom.


4/42

Sessile

- describing the base of a lesion thatis flat or broad instead of stemlike.


5/42

Nodule

- Is a palpable solid lesion up to1cm in diameter found in soft

tissue, it can occur above, level

with, or beneath the skin surface.


6/42

Pustules

- Is a variously sized circumscribedelevations containing pus.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.infoderm.com/images/las/lesions/pustule.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.infoderm.com/las/lesions/pustule.html&h=343&w=400&sz=42&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=aTliCZ7xlz0D_M:&tbnh=106&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=pustules&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4GGLR_enUS203US203&sa=N


7/42

Vesicle

- Is a small, elevated lesion less than1cm in diameter that contains

serous fluid.


8/42

Retrocuspid Papillae

- Is a sessile nodule on the gingivalmargin of the lingual aspect of the

mandibular cuspids.


9/42

Fistula

- Is


10/42

Attrition

- Is the wearing away of toothstructure during mastication. Is

normal occurrence as the

individual ages.

Involve incisal, occlusal, andproximal surfaces of deciduous and

permanent. Slow process, starts as

tooth are in contact. Influenced by

diet: fibrous food increases it. Men

more affected.

First signs: disappearance of the

mamelons.


11/42

Abrasion

- Is the pathologic wearing away oftooth structure that results from arepetitive mechanical habit.

Slow process, the dentine responds bylaying down a protective layer of

secondary dentine. Presents as anotching of the root surface in areasof gingival recession.

Cause: improper tooth brushingtechnique (back-forth scrubbing

motion, excessive pressure). Other:opening bobby pins with teeth,holding needles or pins, musicianswho play wind instruments, pipesmokers.


12/42

Abfraction

- Is an injury to the teeth. Wedge-shaped lesion at the cervical

area of teeth.

Related to fatigue, fracture,

deformation of tooth

structures. Tooth brushing may

cause it.


13/42

Erosion

- Is the lost of tooth structureresulting from chemical action.

May occur in the smooth facial

and lingual surfaces, and on

the proximal and occlusalsurfaces. Area appears smooth

and polished. Occurs in an area

where restorations exist.

Causing agents: soft drinks, acid

in air in the chemical plants,

bulimia, sucking on lemons.


14/42

Aspirin Burn (acetylsalicylic acid)

- Occurs when a patient with atoothache places an aspirin

tablet directly on the painful

tooth instead of swallowing.

Aspirin is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent, must be

ingested to be effective. The

tissue becomes necrotic and

appears white, may separates

from the underlying connectivetissue and slough off resulting in

a large ulcer. Painful. Heals

slowly.


15/42

ThermalBurn

- Occurs on the soft mucosa ofthe palate and tongue from hot

food or liquid.

Painful erythema and superficial

ulceration.


16/42

Hematoma

- A lesion that results fromaccumulation of blood within

tissue as a result from trauma.

Red-purple to bluish gray mass

most frequently on the labial orbuccal mucosa. No treatment, will

spontaneously resolve.


17/42

Mucocele

- forms when a salivary glandduct is severed and the mucoussalivary gland secretion spillsinto the adjacent connectivetissue.

Not a true cyst because it is notlined with epithelium. Swelling inthe tissue that increases anddecreases in size. Most commonon the lower lip, in children &

adoldescents. Can be clear tobluish in color. If chronic mayneed surgical excision

Causes: severed salivary gland duct.


18/42

Solar Cheilitis

- Is a degeneration of tissue ofthe lips related to thecumulative wxposure tosunlight and the amount ofskin pigmentation.

Vermillion border is affected.Color appears pale, pinkish,mottled.


19/42

Frictional Keratosis

- Chronic rubbing or frictionagainst an oral mucosal surfacethat may results in a thickeningof the keratin on the surface,called hyperkeratosis.

Looks as an opaque, whiteappearance of the tissue andrepresents a protective response likea callous on the hand.

Cause: tobacco pouch, chewing oncheeks.


20/42

Ranula

- Is a mucocele like lesion thatforms unilaterally on the floorof the mouth.

Associated with the ducts of thesublingual and submandibularglands. Resembles the outpouchingthat occurs under the jaw of the frogwhen croaking..

Treated by surgery, the cause of

obstruction (often a salivary glandstone) must be removed.


21/42

Tobacco Pouch Keratosis

- A white lesion usually in themucobuccal fold.

Caused by tobacco chewing.Epthelium has granular orwrinkled appearance(corrugated) in early lesions.Long time exposure may bemore opaquely white and have acorrugated surface. Increasedrisk for squanous cell carcinoma


22/42

Traumatic ulcer

- Occurs as a result of someform of trauma.

Causes: biting lip, tongue or

cheek; loose or tight fitting partial

or denture; sharp edges of food;the removal of a dry cotton roll

from the oral tissue after a dental

procedure.

If injury persistent it may result in

a hard (indurated), raised lesioncalled a traumatic granuloma.


23/42

Gingival Enlargement

- is an increase in the bulk of freeand attached gingiva, involvingthe interdental papillae.

No stippling is seen, gingival

margins are rounded. May be

generalized or localized. Tissue

appear red, normal, or paler.

Cause: response to chronic

inflammation, idiopathic,medications (phenytoin, calcium

channel blockers), drug reaction,

hormonal changes, genetic, local

factors.


24/42

Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis

or Pulp Polyp

- Is an excessive proliferation ofchronically inflamed dental pulptissue

Occurs in teeth with large, opencarious lesions. Asymptomatic,insensitive, appears as a red or pinknodule of tissue that fills the entirecavity of the tooth. Treat by eitherextraction or endodontic treatment.

Causes: dental caries.


25/42

Acute Necrotized Ulcerated

Gingivites (ANUG)- Brought on by stress and/or

smoking, poor nutrition, mouthinfections.

Affects ages from 15-35. Painfulinfection , if untreated leads to

destruction of tissues, undermines thesupport of the teeth leading to toothloss.

Symptoms: Painful, bleeding gingiva,irritation, reddened and swollen, grayish

film on gingiva, crater-like ulcers, foultaste in the mouth, halitosis.

Treatment: Antibiotics, possible surgery,professional cleanings, irrigation (saltwater, peroxide solution), balanced diet,

no smoking/hot/spicy food.


26/42

Fordyce Granules

- Are clusters of ectopicsebaceous glands.

Common on the buccal mucosa and

border of lips. Appear as tiny

yellow lobules in clusters.Asymptomatic. No treatment

.

Cause: variant of normal.


27/42


28/42

Lingual Varicosities

- Are prominent lingual veins.

On ventral and lateral surfaces of

the tongue. Red-to-purple

Cause: aging process.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9G_Rq2vDndFlZ8A4QOJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBjMHZkMjZyBHBvcwMxBHNlYwNzcg--/SIG=1gv8kf9a3/EXP=1165516847/**http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=Lingual+Varicosities&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-410&x=wrt&w=520&h=417&imgurl=www.dent.ualberta.ca/McGaw/hygiene-99/Resources/varices.jpg&rurl=http://www.dent.ualberta.ca/McGaw/hygiene-99/varicosities.html&size=52.8kB&name=varices.jpg&p=Lingual+Varicosities&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=6&oid=f6de7ec4e3f45cc0&ei=UTF-8


29/42

Leukoedema

- A generalized opalescenceimparted to the buccal mucosa.

Most commonly observed in blaclk

adults. Gray-white film. If the

mucosa is stretched the opalescencebecomes less prominent. More

pronounced in smokers. Cannot be

removed. Benign.


30/42

Linea Alba

- A white line that extendsanteroposteriorly on the buccal

mucosa along the occipital

plane.

Cause; clenching/bruxing habit.


31/42

Fibrous Hyperplasia

- Also known as denture inducedfibrous hyperplasia orinflammatory hyperplasia.

Located in the vestibule along thedenture border is composed of

dense, fibrous connective tissuesurfaced by stratified squamousepithelium. Appear as elongatedfolds of tissue into which thedenture flange fits. The surfaceis ulcerated. Doesnt resolvewith the removal of the denture,require surgical removal ofexcess tissue.

Cause: ill-fitting denture.


32/42

Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate

- Is a form of denture stomatitis,appear at the palatal mucosa.

Is covered by multiple erythematous

papillary projections that give

the area a granular appearance.Composed of fibrous connective

tissue usually chronically

inflamed and surfaced by

stratified squamous epithelium.

Doesnt

resolve with theremoval of the denture, require

surgical removal of excess

tissue.

Cause: ill-fitting denture.


33/42

Melanin Pigmentation

- Gives color to the skin, mucosa,gingiva.

Most commonly observed in dark

skinned individuals.

P i G l


34/42

Pyogenic Granuloma

or Pregnancy tumor- Proliferation of connective tissuecontaining numerous blood

vessels and inflammatory cells.Does not produce pus(pyogenic) and is not a truegranuloma.

Is ulcerated, soft to palpation,bleeds easily, deep red color, maybe sessile or pedunculated. Mostcommonly observed in the gingiva

but also on the lips, tongue, andbuccal mucosa. May need surgicalexcision.

Cause: response to injury, puberty,pregnancy.


35/42

Median Rhomboid Glossitis

- Appears as a flat or slightlyoval/rectangular erythematous

(red) area in the midline of the

dorsal surface of the tongue,

beginning at the junction of the

anterior and middle thirds and

extending posterior to the

circumvallate papillae.

Smooth texture.

Cause: associate with candida.

DO NOT CONFUSE WITH

GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE.

G hi T


36/42

Geographic Tongue

or Benign Migratory Glossitis- Appears as diffuse area devoid

of filiform papillae on the dorsal

and lateral borders of the tongue.

Erythematous patches

surrounded by white/yellow

perimeter. Fungiform papillae

appear distinct within the

erythematous patch.

Patient may complain of a burning

discomfort. Exacerbated by stress.

Cause: genetic.
http://www.ent-usa.com/oral_photographs/geographic_tongue.jpg


37/42

Hairy Tongue

- Elongated filiform papillae onthe dorsal midposterior tongue.

The patient has an increased

accumulation of keratin on the

filiform papillae that results in awhite hairy appearance. The

papillae are brown/black due to

chromogenic bacteria.

Cause: associated with smoking,alcohol.

Treatment: brush the tongue.


38/42

Fissure Tongue

- The distal surface of the tonguehave deep fissures or groves.

May become irritated if food debris

collects.

Treatment: brush the tongue.


39/42

Amalgam Tatoo

- Is a flat, bluish-gray lesion onthe oral mucosa.

Caused by amalgam particles under

the skin. Occur at placement or

removal of amalgam restoration.May appear on radiograph.


40/42

Angular Cheilitis

- Is a lesion on the labialcommissures.

Often caused by candida albicans

or can be from nutritional

deficiency (B-Complex Vit).


41/42

Nicotine Stomatitis

- Is a benign lesion on the hardpalate.

First sign due to heat is erythema.

Advanced sign include

increase in keratization andraised red dots are seen at the

openings of the minor salivary

gland on the palate

Cause: smoking.


42/42

Irritation Fibroma

- Is a broad-based, dense scar-like connective tissue

containing few blood vessels.

Surface of pink color is

covered by stratified squamous

epithelium which makes itappear opaque and white.

Occurs as a result of chronictrauma usually on the cheek

(buccal mucosa chewing/biting)also occurs on the tongue, lips,and palate. Is less than 1cm indiameter. Usually surgicallyremoved.

Date post:	14-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	maria-mercedes-leiva
View:	226 times
Download:	0 times

Pathology Exam 1

Documents