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PATHOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
- is a bridging discipline involving both basic science and clinical practice and is devoted to the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.
PATHOLOGY
- molecular, - microbiologic, - immunologic, - morphologic techniques
Pathology explains the whys and wherefores ofthe signs and symptoms manifested by patients while providing a foundation for rational clinical care and therapy.
PATHOLOGY
The four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology:
PATHOLOGY
pathoMORPHOLOGY(morphology)
the structural changes
pathoPHYSIOLOGY(pathogenesis)
the functional changes
PATHOLOGY
is divided into:
- general pathology
- systemic pathology
PATHOLOGY
general pathology (morphology)
- hemodynamic disorders
- cell injury, adaptation and death
- inflammation
- tissue renewal and repair
- neoplasia
Hemodynamic disordres
Cell injury, adaptation and death
Inflammation
Tissue renewal and repair
Neoplasia
PATHOLOGY
general pathologyalso includes- genetic disorders
- diseases of immunity
- infectious diseases
- environmental and nutritional pathology
- diseases of infancy and childhood
PATHOLOGY
systemic pathology
the importance of the proper terminology
what is the difference between:
- neoplasm
- tumour
- cancer
- carcinoma
PATHOMORPHOLOGY DEPARTMENT
- element of the diagnostic and therapeutic structure of the hospital
- scientific department
- teaching department
PATHOMORPHOLOGY DEPARTMENT
- histopathology
- cytopathology
- post-mortem diagnostics
sampling approachessampling approaches
cclinical datalinical data
clinicians tend to underestimate clinicians tend to underestimate the value of the clinical datathe value of the clinical data
- - selectionselection of an appropriate site of an appropriate site and method and method for for the the biopsy biopsy
- - appropriate appropriate preservationpreservation of the specimen of the specimen
appropriate preservation of the specimenappropriate preservation of the specimen
quick-frozen sectioquick-frozen sectionsns
ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry((specific monospecific mono- and poly- and polyclonal antibodiesclonal antibodies))
determination of site of origindetermination of site of originof metastatic tumorsof metastatic tumors
detection of molecules detection of molecules that have prognostic or therapeutic that have prognostic or therapeutic significancesignificance
pathomorphological autopsiespathomorphological autopsiesvsvsforensic autopsiesforensic autopsies
CASE STUDY:
21 y.o. woman collapsed at work
clinical symptoms noticed by co-workers:
-pale, diaphoretic skin
-rapid pulse
-mental status- confused
Hemodynamic disorders
the following part of the lecture covers only chosen aspects of hemodynamic diorders
Hemodynamic disorders
- hemorrhage - hyperemia and congestion - embolism - infarction- edema- shock - pathology of hemostasis
Guidelines for learning:
- definition- etiology- pathogenesis- morphologic changes
- gross and microscopic features- classification- natural history- complications- clinical significance
- influence of the diagnosis on therapy and prognosis for the patient
Hemorrhagedefinition
Hemorrhage
etiology
Petechiae
Purpura
Ecchymoses
Hematoma (!)
Hemorrhage complications
Hyperemia
Congestion
Acute hepatic congestion
Chronic passive congestion of the liver
Acute pulmonary congestion
Chronic pulmonary congestion
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Thrombosis:
Thrombosis
pathogenesis:
Thrombi
Fate of the thrombus
Thrombus vs. blood clot
Embolism
Embolism
biologically active:
Infarction (infarct)