Patrick BASTIAENSEN
Laboratory infrastructure
and biological security challenges,
from an African perspective
Programme Officer
Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa
World Organisation for Animal Health
Patrick BASTIAENSEN
Jennifer LASLEY
Tianna BRAND World Organisation for Animal Health
Raphael PRENAT United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, Group of Experts
Laboratory infrastructure
and biological security challenges,
from an African perspective
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The environment
AUC support to UNSCR 1540
Laboratory performance
OIE support to UNSCR 1540
Conclusions
Agenda
Source : Pinterest
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Stamping out of bird flu affected poultry farms in Nigeria (2006)
Photo credit : public domain (2006)
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Chapter 1
The security challenges and biological
threats environment in Africa
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa is important
Source : se.dreamstime.com
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : arms trafficking UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : drugs trafficking UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : human trafficking
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : terrorism
Maps kindly supplied
by Raphael Prenat
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : health, wildlife
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : terrorism
Source : independent.co.uk
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The Nominal Lethality of Different Biological Weapons, Part One
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WHO (1970) OIE
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
Numbers of casualties from the delivery of 1,000 kg Numbers of casualties from the delivery of 50 kg
The Nominal Lethality of Different Biological Weapons, Part One
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WHO (1970) OIE*
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
Numbers of casualties from the delivery of 50 kg
(*) Listed diseases in 2017
The Nominal Lethality of Different Biological Weapons, Part One
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WHO (1970) OIE*
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
(*) Listed diseases in 2017
WAHIS (2016)
28
0
3
23
24
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WHO (1970)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
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WHO (1970)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
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WHO (1970)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
World Organisation for Animal Health · Protecting animals, Preserving our future | 19
WHO (1970)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
World Organisation for Animal Health · Protecting animals, Preserving our future | 20
WHO (1970)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus,
melitensis,…)
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
Rift Valley fever (RVF)
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Chapter 2
PVS critical competencies, pertaining to
laboratory services and performance
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The OIE PVS Pathway (established 2007)
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(access to) Veterinary laboratory diagnosis
Revised in 2012 (introducing 1.A and 1.B)
The authority and capability of the VS (to have access to laboratory diagnosis in order)
to identify and record pathogenic agents,
including those relevant for public health,
that can adversely affect animals and animal
products.
Five (5) levels of advancement (LoA)
CC. II. 1. (A)
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0 5 10 15 20 25
Level of advancement 5
Level of advancement 4
Level of advancement 3
Level of advancement 2
Level of advancement 1
(access to) Veterinary laboratory diagnosis CC. II. 1. (A)
N = 44
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Laboratory quality assurance
Introduced in 2008
The quality of laboratories (that conduct
diagnostic testing or analysis for chemical
residues, antimicrobial residues, toxins,
or tests for, biological efficacy, etc.) as
measured by the use of formal QA systems
including, but not limited to, participation in
relevant proficiency testing programmes.
CC. II. 2.
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0 5 10 15 20 25
Level of advancement 5
Level of advancement 4
Level of advancement 3
Level of advancement 2
Level of advancement 1
Laboratory quality assurance CC. II. 2.
N = 30
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : Ebola crisis
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : Ebola crisis
II. 1. (access to) Veterinary laboratory diagnosis
“the authority and capability of the VS to
have access to laboratory diagnosis in
order to identify and record pathogenic
agents, including those relevant for public
health, that can adversely affect animals
and animal products”.
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : Ebola crisis
II. 1. (access to) Veterinary laboratory diagnosis
For major zoonoses and diseases of
national economic importance, the VS
have access to and use a laboratory to
obtain a correct diagnosis.
2 / 5
> one country
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UNSCR 1540 : Why Africa : Ebola crisis
II. 1. (access to) Veterinary laboratory diagnosis
Disease diagnosis is almost always
conducted by clinical means only, with no
access to and use of a laboratory to
obtain a correct diagnosis.
1 / 5
> two countries
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Chapter 3
OIE Support
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The OIE PVS Pathway
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C/Ivoire : Dec. 2015
Sudan : Nov. 2015
Uganda : Oct. 2015
Tunisia : Mar. 2014
Libya : Dec. 2013
Tanzania : May 2013
PVS Laboratory Support Missions
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The OIE PVS Pathway
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As per September 2017
Completed : 16
Ongoing : 10
Approved: 3
Worldwide : 82 (Africa 35%)
OIE facilitated lab twinning agreements (29)
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OIE facilitated lab twinning agreements (18)
OIE listed diseases of the
List of human and animal
pathogens and toxins
for export control
(Australia Group, 2016)
Completed : 10
Ongoing : 7
Approved: 1
AU-PANVAC
Debre-Zeit
Ethiopia
« biosafety and biosecurity »
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Chapter 4
African Union support .
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UNSCR 1540 African Union
The African Union Commission oversees the
implementation of UNSCR 1540 at African level
and this task is entrusted to its
Department of Peace and Security
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UNSCR 1540 African Union
Algeria Benin Burundi Cabo Verde Congo (Rep)
Congo (Dem. Republic) Ethiopia Ghana
Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi
Niger Togo Uganda Zambia
Algeria Benin Burundi Cabo Verde Congo (Rep)
Congo (Dem. Republic) Ethiopia Ghana
Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi
Niger Togo Uganda Zambia
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Chapter 5
Conclusions
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The challenges
Many diseases of relevance to biological
threats are widespread on the continent;
Rapidly changing environmental, political and
economic environment, emergence of new
diseases and of terrorism;
Laboratories in many countries don’t keep
pace with these changes and lag behind in
quality assurance, including proper biosafety
and biosecurity.
Africa
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The response
Many OIE and FAO (and joint FAO-IAEA)
tools are available to help;
UNSCR 1540 and the African Union
Commission are available to help;
Many veterinary laboratory managers in
Africa need to become aware of the risks and
set-up containment plans and security plans,
including appropriate BSL infrastructures and
stringent access control.
Africa
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In conclusion…
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In conclusion…
Thank you for
your attention 12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France
www.oie.int
[email protected] - [email protected]
Rabies diagnostic
Training at ARC-OVI
Photo credit : OVI
SEARG (2009)