PC and FBC Boilers

PC and FBC Boilers1

October, 2019

PC and FBC Boilers

2

Contents

1. Fuel characteristics and classification

2. Boiler types

3. Boiler design basis

4. Fuel and ash handling systems

5. Heating surface arrangements & soot blowing

6. Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bedcombustion (FBC) boiler

7. Reference plants

3

Fuel Characteristics and ClassificationSolid Fuel Classification

H = HydrogenC = Carbon

Source: International Flame Research Foundation

4

Fuel Characteristics and ClassificationTypical PC and CFB Boiler Fuel Properties

Anthracite Bituminouscoal

Subbitu-minous coal

Lignite Milled Peat Oil Shale

LHVWAF MJ/kg 30 – 43 28 – 32 27 – 30 <26 21 – 26 31

LHVAR MJ/kg 27 – 34 20 – 30 16 – 24 <17 6 – 15 8

Moisture % <1.0 2 – 15 1) 15 – 30 >30 1) 20 – 60 12

AshAR % 8 – 19 1) 5 – 11 1) 4 – 7 1) 6 – 7 1) 2 – 12 61

FixedCarbonWAF

% 86 – 98 69 – 86 46 – 71 - - -

VolatilesAR % 2 – 13 10 – 29 26 – 41 <70 26 – 56 -

SulphurWAF % 0.3 – 2.1 0.9 – 5.1 0.4 – 2.2 1.4 <1.4 6.7

5

Fuel Characteristics and ClassificationBituminous Coal

• Classification/Source: Fossil• Net calorific value: 28-32 MJ/kg (daf)• Moisture content: 2-15 %• Ash: 5-11 % (ar)• Sulphur: 1-5 % (daf)• Volatiles: 10-30 % (ar)• Fixed Carbon: 69-86 % (daf)

• Quality-wise between anthracite and lignite.• Volatile matter (VM) and fixed carbon content varies so that both arch and wall firing may be suitable

in pulverized fired boilers.• Often used in circulating fluidized bed boilers, too.

6

Fuel Characteristics and ClassificationLignite

• Classification/Source: Fossil• Net calorific value: <26 MJ/kg (daf)• Moisture content: >30 %• Ash: 6-7 % (ar)• Sulphur: 1,4 % (daf)• Volatiles: <70 % (ar)• Fixed Carbon: - % (daf)

• Lowest quality coal in terms of heat value.• High volatile matter content à suitable for wall firing in pulverized combustion boilers.

7

Fuel Characteristics and ClassificationMilled Peat

• Classification/Source: Fossil• Net calorific value: 21-26 MJ/kg (daf)• Moisture content: 20-60 %• Ash: 2-12 % (ar)• Sulphur: 0,05-0,3 % (daf)• Volatiles: 26-56 % (ar)• Fixed Carbon: - % (daf)

• Lowest quality fossil fuel.• Classification is country specific.• Suitable for wall firing in pulverized combustion boilers.• Most typically used in circulating fluidized bed combustion nowadays.

8

Contents

1. Fuel characteristics & classifications,

2. Boiler types





7. Reference plants

9

Boiler TypesDivision of Boiler Types

• Combustion technology– Grate (travelling, reciprocating, vibrating...)– Pulverised combustion– Fluidised bed combustion– ”Package” boilers (oil and gas)– (Heat recovery steam generator)

• Evaporation system– Natural circulation– Forced circulation– Once-through

• Steam parameters– Subcritical– Supercritical

• Other classification– Water-tube– Fire-tube

10

ASH

Boiler TypesTypical Solid Fuel Boiler Types by Combustion Technology

Source: Foster Wheeler

Velocity: 2,5-3 m/sec 4,5-9 m/sec 1-3 m/sec 4,5-7 m/secFuel feed size: 12-25 mm 0,25 mm 12 mm 12 mmFurnace Temp.: 1100-1300oC 1200-1550oC 800-900oC 800-900oC

FUEL &SORBENT

GAS

AIR ASH

FUEL &SORBENT

GAS

AIR ASH

AIR

PULVERIZED FIRING

FUELAIR

GAS

ASH

BFB CFB

FLUIDIZED-BED FIRING

FUEL

GAS

AIR ASH

GRATE FIRING(FIXED BED) (ENTRAINED BED)

GAS

FUELAIR

WALL-FIRED ARCH-FIRED

11

Boiler TypesDivision of Boiler Types by the Evaporation System

Drum boiler Once-through boiler

Forced circulation

Feed water pump

Pump

Steamdrum

Steam (p<170bar)

Natural circulation

Steamdrum

Steam (p<190bar) Steam (p>221bar)

12

Boiler TypesBubbling Fluidized Bed Boiler - BFB

Source: Metso Power

13

Boiler TypesCirculating Fluidized Bed Boiler – CFB (1/2)


14

Boiler TypesCirculating Fluidized Bed Boiler – CFB (2/2)

Source: Metso Power

15

Boiler TypesWall-fired PC boiler (Once-through)

Source: Siemens, E.ON Source: Foster Wheeler

16

Boiler TypesArch-fired PC Boiler


Double Cyclone Burner

17

Contents

1. Fuel characteristics & classifications

2. Boiler types





7. Reference plants

18

Boiler Design BasisImportant Fuel Properties

For boiler design:• Element analysis: C, H, N, O, S, Cl• Ash, wt.%• Moisture, wt.%• Net Caloric Value, MJ/kg dry basis• Net Caloric Value, MJ/kg wet basis• Density and size distribution• Volatile Matter content (VM), %• Fixed Carbon content (FC), %• Reactivity Index (RI), (deg C)• Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Moreover, with problematic fuels:• Ash forming elements:(Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Si, P)• Trace elements (Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Cd, Hg, Zn)• Halogens (especially Cl, in some cases also F)• Ash melting behaviour (sintering, softening, melting and flow temperatures)

19

Boiler Design BasisHow Fuel Properties Affect Boiler Concept?

• Steam parameters (temperature and, in some cases, pressure)• Fuel feed arrangements• Furnace dimensions• Combustion air distribution• Slag/bottom ash removal• Bed material recycling (fluidized bed boilers)• Boiler ash removal• Cleaning of heat transfer surfaces (which method to use)• Back-pass design (empty pass, horizontal pass)• Location of heat transfer surfaces (radiation, convection)• Type of heat transfer surfaces• Dimensions of heat transfer surfaces• Selection of steel• Selection of refractory• Selection of flue gas cleaning concept

20

Boiler Design BasisHow Incorrect Design May Affect Boiler Plant Operation?

• Corrosion and erosion (wear)

• Slagging and fouling

• Blocking

• Bed sintering (fluidized bed boilers)

• Emissions to air

• Unstable combustion

• Reduced capacity due to limited equipment capacity (fans, fuel feed, ashextraction)

21

Boiler Design BasisFuel Combustion Characteristics• Heating value

– Key item when selecting between FBC technologies• Volatile matter content (VM)

– Large impact on the ignitability and burnout characteristics– Fuel becomes harder to ignite and burns more slowly as the VM decreases

• Fixed carbon content (FC)– Fuel becomes harder to burn as the FC/VM ratio increases

• Fuel reactivity index (RI) (Developed by Foster Wheeler)– The temperature at which a fuel sample achieves a 15°C per minute temperature

rise rate when being heated in a special oxygen supplied, adiabatic furnace.– The lower the RI is, the easier it is to ignite the fuel.

• Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)– Measures the weight loss of a sample as a function of time and steadily rising

temperature.– Good quality bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite coals with relatively high

heating values and high VM prefer wall-firing• Ash content

– High ash content waste fuels are more suitable for fluidized bed combustion

22

Boiler Design BasisCombustion Process Selection Based on Fuel Quality


23

Boiler Design BasisReactivity Index

• Reactivity Index increases significantlywhen the volatile matter content is lowerthan 18 %.

• Therefore, fuels with the VM <18 % canbe considered as hard to burn.

• RI > 275°C requires usually an arch-firedboiler to ensure stable combustion.


24

Boiler Design BasisHow Fuel Quality Affects Furnace Cross-sectional Area?

W1

D1

PLANAREA= 1.00

H1

MediumVolatile

Bituminous

D1

1.04 H1

PLANAREA= 1.05

High VolatileBituminous or

Sub-Bituminous

1.05W1

1.08 H1

D1

PLANAREA= 1.20

Lignite

1.20W1

Similar capacity and steam output conditionsSource: Foster Wheeler

25

Boiler Design BasisHow Boiler Type Affects Furnace Cross-sectional Area?

Similar capacity and steam output conditionsSource: Foster Wheeler

26

Boiler Design BasisSimplified Summary for Selection of Boiler Technology• Heating value (of fuel mixture)

– Lowà Bubbling fluidized bed or grate fired boiler– MediumàCirculating fluidized bed, pulverized or grate firing– Highà Circulating fluidized bed or pulverized firing

• Fixed carbon / volatile matter ratio– LowàFluidized bed (, grate) or wall firing (PC)– Highà Fluidized bed, grate or arch firing (PC)

• Fuel reactivity index– Lowà Fluidized bed (, grate) or wall firing (PC)– Highà Fluidized bed, grate or arch firing (PC)

• Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)– Lowà Fluidized bed (, grate) or wall firing (PC)– Highà Fluidized bed, grate or arch firing (PC)

• Ash content and quality– High total ash contentà Fluidized bed or grate combustion most suitable– High alkaline contentà Pulverized or grate firing most suitable– High concentration of impurities (chlorine)à Typically grate or CFB incinerator

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Contents


2. Boiler types





7. Reference plants

28

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsTypical PC Boiler Fuel Handling and Feed System

Boiler

Pulverizer

Boiler storage bunker

Crushing and screening house

Bunker

Coal storage pile Burner

Boiler house

• In the crushing and screening house coal is reduced and screened to suitable sizefor the pulverizers.

• Pulverizers must be designed or selected to suit the specific burners.• HGI (Hardgrove Grindability Index) provides a measure of the ease of pulverizing

specific coal.

29

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsCoal Pulverizers

Ring-roll and ball racepulverizer

Source: Basu et al., Boilers and burners, Design and Theory, 2000

Hammer pulverizer

30

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsTypical PC Firing System

Source: Hitachi Power Europe

31

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsTypical Wall Mounted PC Burner

Source: Hitachi Power Europe

32

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsTypical multi-fuel CFB boiler fuel handling system

33

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsTypical CFB boiler fuel feeding system

Front wallfeed system

Front and rear wall feed systems


34

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsBubbling Fluidized Bed

Source: Metso Power

35

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsCFB Boiler Fuel Feeding System 1/2


Fuel feeding

Boiler fuel silos

Bottom ash container

• A CFB boiler does not require coal to bepulverized to very a very fine size.

• Still, the size distribution of the crushed coalhas a very important role in the CFB boilerhydrodynamics.

• Typically the crusher size distribution is arequirement for the boiler performanceguarantee.

36

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsCFB Boiler Fuel Feeding System 2/2


Boiler fuel silos

Fuel feeding

37

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerPC Boiler Fuel Feeding System 1/2

Source: Kvaerner Pulping (Metso Power)

Coal mills

Burners

• A PC boiler requires coal to be pulverized to avery fine size.

• The size distribution of the pulverized coal hasa very important role in combustion.

• Typically the pulverizer size distribution is arequirement for the boiler performanceguarantee.

38

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerPC Boiler Fuel Feeding System 2/2


Furnace andcorner burners

(tangential firing)

Coal bunkers

39

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsCFB Boiler Fuel, Sand and Limestone Feeding System

Source: AE&E

Coal bunkers

Combustionchamber

Biomass silo Sludge silo

Bed material, sand and limestone silos

Rejects and sludge

40

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsSimplified PC Boiler Ash Handling System

Boilerbottom ash:

10-40 %

ECO hopperfly ash:~5 %

Air heater hopperfly ash:~5 % ESP/FF

fly ash:50-80 %

Quenching conveyor(water quench)Bottom ash container

Pneumatic conveyor

Fly ash silo

41

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsCFB Boiler Ash Handling System (Exemplary)

Source: AE&E

Bag filter

Boiler 2nd pass ECO pass

Furnace,open nozzle

grid

Ash silo

Bed ashcontainers

42

Fuel and Ash Handling SystemsBFB Boiler Bottom Ash Removal

Source: Metso Power

43

Contents


2. Boiler types





7. Reference plants in Europe

44

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingBFB Boiler

Source: Metso Power

Convective superheaters

Air-preheater(LUVO)

Radiating and convective superheatersSteam drum

EvaporatorEconomiser

45

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingCFB Boiler

Source: Metso Power

Evaporator

Convective superheaters

Feed water preheater(Economizer)

Air-preheater(LUVO)

Steam drum

46

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingOnce-through PC Boiler

47

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingSand bed material superheater (CFB Boiler)

INTREXÔ-superheater by Foster Wheeler

• Final superheater is located in the cyclonereturn leg (loop seal) for protect superheatersurface against chlorine corrosion and/or in acase of high steam parameter requirement

• Heat transfer from circulation material (sand)to the tube surface

• High heat transfer coefficient ® less heattransfer surface compared to theconventional heat transfer

• Simple structure (no moving parts)• Low fluidizing velocity (small particle size of

circulated sand) ® low erosion rate• Superheater tubes in chlorine free condition® low corrosion rate

• Special superheater materials such as– X7CrNiNb18-10 (EN-material)– TP347HFG (ASME-material)

• Not “permanent” ® requires replacement thatis taken into account in constructional designand layout

48

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingSoot Blowing

Source: Metso Power

Water-jet blowers-Lances-CannonsGas explosionSteam blowers

Shot cleaning

Sonic hornsGas explosion

Steam blowers,various types e.g.- Rotating (oscillating)- full retractable

49

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingSoot Blowing – Gas explosion

50

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingSoot Blowing – Acoustic

Source: Nirafon Oy

51

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingSoot Blowing – Steam for Convective Passes

Source: Clyde Bergemann

Retractable Rake

52

Heating Surface Arrangements & Soot BlowingSoot Blowing – Steam Sootblowers for Walls

Source: Clyde Bergemann

Wall deslagger Water cannon

53

Contents

1. Coal characteristics & classifications

2. Boiler types





7. Reference plants

54

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerTypical Fuels

Pulverised Coal(PC)

Bubbling Fluidized Bed(BFB)

Circulating Fluidized Bed(CFB)

Fuels: •Anthracite•Bituminous and sub-bituminouscoal•Lignite•Milled peat•Oil shale

•Wood biomass (chips,bark, sawdust, forestresidues, crops)•Recycled wood•Peat•Agricultural biomass(limited amount)•Sludges•Refuse-derived fuels(RDF)•Coal (max. 30 % of fuelinput without in-bedcoolers)

•Bituminous and sub-bituminouscoal•Anthracite•Lignite•Coal waste such as coal slurryand gob•Petroleum coke•Wood biomass (chips, bark,sawdust, forest residues, crops)•Recycled and demolition wood•Peat•Oil shale•Agricultural biomass (rice huskand bagasse)•Sludges•Refuse-derived fuels (RDF)•Natural gas

55

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerFuel Flexibility

Pulverised Coal(PC)



Fuel flexibility: Boiler does not tolerate largevariation in fuel quality once built.

Typically, maximum heat value offuel mixture is limited reducinglevel of utilization of fuels withhigh heat value (<20 – 30-% of

thermal input).

Boiler can be designed foroperation with large heat value

variation (e.g. from 100%biomass to 100% coal).

Limited capability for co-firing ofbiomass (max. 5 – 10%-thermal).

In-bed cooling may be applied toenable 100% coal firing.

CFB boiler can be designed totolerate fuel with higher chlorine

and alkali content than a BFBand PC boiler (sand bed

superheater).

Heat value(net, as fired)

Operating range:> 1430 kcal/kg

> 6 MJ/kg

Operating range (without in-bedcooling):

1315 – 3100…3345 kcal/kg5.5 – 13…14 MJ/kg

Operating range:> 1790…1910 kcal/kg

> 7.5...8 MJ/kg

Fuel particle size Biomass: < 1-8 mm Biomass: < 40-100 mm

Coal: < 300 μm Coal: < 50 mm Coal: < 3 – 7 mm

56

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerOperation and maintenance

Pulverised Coal(PC)



Operation:

Combustion control Flame stabilisation is of utmostimportance (fuel preparation and

combustion air distribution).

Combustion is controlled by following bed temperature and pressureloss over the bed.

Typical problems arise due tomalfunctioning of fuel mills and

fouling.

Normally greatest problems arise at fuel feed and bottom ashremoval systems, and fouling.

Maintenance: Fuel mills and burner equipmentrequire constant maintenance.

BFB boiler maintenance is ratherlimited due to small number of

moving parts.

CFB technology involves someadditional equipment (such as

cyclone system with highpressure blowers), which

complicates operation (andmaintenance) to some extent incomparison with a BFB boiler.

57

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerBoiler Performance (1/2)

Pulverised Coal(PC)



Boilerperformance:

Boiler performance is highly dependant on fuel quality. Direct comparison between differenttechnologies is not fully reliable as they typically utilise different fuels or fuel mixtures.

Boiler efficiency Slightly worse than in case offluidised bed combustion, if

similar fuels are used.

No significant difference when similar fuels are used. A CFB boilercan be designed to slightly lower flue gas exit temperature than a

BFB or PC boiler with high sulfur fuels.

Carbon conversion Typical share of unburned carbonin fly ash 5-8%

No significant differences. Typical share of unburned carbon (TOC):<0.1% in bottom ash and <0.5% in fly ash.

- Loss on injection (LOI) values (especially if analyzed at 1500°F) arehigher when limestone injection is applied.

Auxiliary power Auxiliary power consumption is dependant on boiler operating point and fuels utilized.

A PC boiler has approximatelysame auxiliary power

consumption than a CFB boiler.

A CFB boiler consumes some 20 - 30% more auxiliary power whenoperating at optimal BFB boiler range in terms of fuel heat value

(excluding flue gas cleaning and feed water systems).

Largest consumers:-Combustion air fan(s)

-Flue gas fan(s)-Coal mills

Largest consumers:-Fluidising air fan(s)-Secondary air fan(s)

-Recirculation gas fan(s)-Flue gas fan(s)

Largest consumers:-Fluidising air fan(s)-Secondary air fan(s)

-Recirculation gas fan(s)-Sealing air compressors

-Flue gas fan(s)

58

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerBoiler Performance (2/2)

Pulverised Coal(PC)



Boilerperformance:Flue gas cleaningchemicals

Typically higher consumptionthan in case of FBC (sulfur

abatement).

Typically lower consumption of chemicals for sulfur abatement.

Make-up sand No consumption Consumption of make-up sand is more a function of fuel and sandquality than combustion technology.

- BFB boiler may consume moremake-up sand if it is operated

near to maximum allowable fuelheat value.

-

Number ofoperators

No difference in number of operators.

The volume (man-hours) ofrequired maintenance resourcesmay be little higher than in case

of a BFB.

- The volume (man-hours) ofrequired maintenance resources

is similar to a PC boiler.

Ash (sand)disposal

Most of ash is extracted as flyash.

The ratio of ash (bottom ash / fly ash) is different to a PC boiler(bottom ash extraction from BFB may be little higher).

Cleaning Requires more cleaning thanFBC technology.

No significant difference in heat surface cleaning requirementsbetween FBC technologies (in case of conventional design).

59

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerTypical Flue Gas Treatment Technologies

Pulverised Coal(PC)



Flue gastreatment:

Selection of flue gas treatment concept(s) is based on fuel quality and emission limits.

Particulates Bag house filter (BHF) or electrostatic precipitator (ESP).

Nitrogen oxides(NOx)

Low-NOx burners, combustion airstaging, flue gas recirculation

and, if needed, selective catalyticreactor (SCR).

Combustion air staging, flue gas recirculation and, if needed, SNCR(sometimes SCR reservation for large units).

Sulphur oxides(SO2)

BHF or wet scrubber. Limestone injection to furnace or BHF with absorbent injection.

Emissions fromcombustion

Limited or no sulfur abatement Good sulfur abatement(residence time and limestone

injection to some extent)

Excellent sulfur abatement(residence time and limestone

injection).

Limited NOx and CO control Good NOx and CO control Excellent NOx and CO control.

Typical NOx emission level with coal firing (without SNCR or SCR):

260-300 mg/m3n - 150 mg/m3n

60

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerReliability

Pulverised Coal(PC)



Reliability:

Forced outages Risk of forced outages is higherin comparison to a BFB or CFBboiler due to more complicated

combustion concept and greaternumber of wear parts.

- Risk of forced outages is higherin comparison to a BFB boiler

due to more complicated conceptand greater number of wear

parts.

Scheduled outages Scheduled outage may be fewdays longer in comparison to aBFB boiler (more wear parts).

- Scheduled outage may be longerin comparison to a PC boiler

(longer cooling/start-up period).

Availability (relative to8760 h/a)

89-94 % 91 – 94 % 89 – 93%

•Typical level of manufacturer guarantee, realized availabilities are normally few percentage units higher.

Availability is heavily dependant on fuel quality and level of pretreatment.

- Availability of a CFB boiler may become better than that of a BFBboiler when more challenging fuel are introduced.

61

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerCapital Costs and Size Range

Pulverised Coal(PC)



Capital costs: (Indexes shown below are general indications only. Project specific indexes shall be studiedseparately.)

Equipment costindex

105 – 110 100 110 – 115

•Boiler plant, excluding: foundations, flue gas treatment, feed water system and erection.

Requires typically morecomplicated flue gas treatmentsystem, which increases total

boiler plant cost.

Erection cost index 110 – 115 100 115 – 120

•Including: flue gas cleaning, stack, boiler building wall and roof elements, feed water system, spareparts and erection.

Size range (steamoutput):

Delivered:Subcritical:700-1600 MWth

Supercritical:1600-2000 MWth

Delivered:20 – 300 MW th

Delivered:50 – 900 MW th

Most typical:>1000 MW th

Most typical:< 100 MW th

Most typical:>150 MW th

62

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerCFB Boiler Elevation View

Source: AE&E

Bed material-heat exchanger

Cyclone

Bag filter

Superheating, economiser and airpreheating surfaces

63

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerPC Boiler Elevation View


SCR-catalyst

Coal mills

Rotary air-preheater

Superheating and economiser surfaces

64

Soot blowers

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerCFB Boiler Plan View

Source: AE&E

FurnaceCyclone

65

Pulverised coal (PC) boiler vs. Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) boilerPC Boiler Plan View


Furnace(tangential firing) Sootblowers

66

Contents


2. Boiler types





7. Reference plants

67

Client: Oy Alholmens Kraft Ab, PietarsaariPerformance of the plant:Electric power output, max. 240 MWProcess steam, max. 100 MWthDistrict heat, max. 60 MWthFuels: Bark, sawdust, wood waste,

commercial biofuel, peat (andcoal and REF)

Boiler: Circulating fluidized bed boiler withnatural circulation and preheating

Steam Turbine:Three-casing extraction condensingturbine with district heating andprocess steam supply

Services providedEconomic studies, conceptual design,pre-engineering of BOP and procurementservices for steam turbine and auxiliaryequipment and systems, plant layout design(3D model), HVAC engineering, general andprocess engineering, piping design andprocurement services, services forautomation system procurement

Services for automation system procurementexpediting audit of the steam turbine plant deliveryand supervision of steam turbine plant designDuration: 1999-2001

Reference PlantsAlholmens Kraft Extraction Condensing Power Plant, Finland

68

Performance of power plant• 200 MW th CHP plant CFB boiler• 74 MWe/148 MW th (steam),

72 MW th (DH)

Fuels• Peat, biofuels, REF, coal

Scope of Services• Pre-engineering• Complete basic and implemen-

tation engineering• Procurement services

Duration• Pre-engineering phase: 2006• Implementation phase: 2006-2008

Reference PlantsPorin Prosessivoima Oy

69

CFB

GT 4

PYRO-FLOW

GT 3

KEMIRA40MW

KEMIRA98MW

ACIDPLANT

PIHLAVA10MW

K4OIL

72MW

DH-1DH-2DH-3

NEW POWER PLANT OLD POWER PLANT

80 bar(g), 520°C

15 bar(g), 280°C

2,5 bar(g), 141…150°C

74MW

Reference PlantsPorin Prosessivoima Oy, simplified flow diagram

October 12 2009PC and FBC Boilers / Jarno Kaskela70

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