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P E R C E P T I O N&
C O O R D I N A T I O NBY:
APPLE G. ALVAREZ, RN,MN
Ateneo De Davao University
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POLICIES
1. Attendance will be checked 8:00 AM 8:00 -11:00 AM , 1:00PM 1:00 -4:00PM
2. Quiz will be administered after attendance is check. 3. 15 minutes late considered absent!4. Doors will be closed after 15 MINUTES.5. Nobody is allowed to talk / chat once the class has already started. .
If someone is caught - - - he/she will be asked to explain theconcept in the class.
6. Anyone caught CHEATING will be reprimanded right away and willautomatically get a zero grade in his/her quiz.
7. No loud voices during group activities . A deduction of 10 points will be the consequence.
THANK YOU!
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INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 1 June 14, 2012 15 POINTS
Brain ResumePretend your brain was going on an interview for a particular job. Why would your brain be best for the
position? What parts of your brain are best for the job?
Develop a resume (a summary of qualifications,experience and education) for your brain.
You may want to pick an occupation. For example, why is your brain best suited for a teacher?
Why is your brain best suited for a basketball player?
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WHAT KEEPS US FROM MOVING?
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WHAT MAKES US INTERPRETSENSATIONS?
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.
WHAT IS PERCEPTION &COORDINATION?
PERCEPTION mental process by which thebrain selects, organizes and
interprets these sensations
COORDINATION -movement of parts together: the
skillful and balanced movement ofdifferent parts, especially parts of
the body, at the same time
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At the end of this session, thestudents shall:
1. Enumerate the main divisionsof the nervous system with itscorresponding functions.
2. Recall the appropriatediagnostic exam given thedisorder
3. State the nursing responsibilitiesfor a particular diagnostic exam.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
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Anatomy and Physiology
of theNERVOUS SYSTEM
PART 1
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Seat of all mentalactivity
1.Consciousness2.Memory3. Thinking.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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One of the bodys major regulatory andcoordinating systems
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2 MAIN STEMS
Central Nervous SystemBrain
Spinal CordPeripheral Nervous System Nerves and Wirings
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LargestMost prominent part of the brain
Right hemisphereLeft hemisphere
A. CEREBRUM
SENSORY & MOTORFUNCTION
THOUGHT &LEARNING
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Outer gray layer
Responsible for the
conscious activities ofthe cerebrum
Four (4) lobes
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
B. CEREBRAL CORTEX
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Interpretation ofpain, touch,
temperature &pressure
2.PARIETAL LOBE
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Auditory center
Wernickes area for
sensory & speech
3.TEMPORAL LOBE
Language development
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Visual area
4.OCCIPITAL LOBE
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SUMMARY
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C. BASAL GANGLIA
smooth voluntary movements
Set /clusters of neuralstructuresInterconnectedBuried deep inside thecerebrum
Main basal ganglia are :Caudate nucleusPutamen
Globus Pallidus
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PARKINSONSDISEASE
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Located around the third ventricle
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
D. DIENCEPHALON
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Directing Sense Impulses Throughout the Body
Autonomic Function ControlEndocrine Function Control
Motor Function ControlHomeostasis
Hearing, Vision, Smell, and Taste Touch Perception
SEVERAL FUNCTIONS OFDIENCEPHALON
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Sensory integration andmotor integration
Receives sensoryinformation
Relays it to the cerebralcortex
Transmits this information
to other parts of the brain andthe brain stem.
THALAMUS
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Controls body temperature,emotions, hunger, thirst, appetite,digestion and sleep
Located at the base of the brainSize of a pea
HYPOTHALAMUS
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1. Medullaoblongata
2. Pons3. Midbrain
E. BRAINSTEM
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ANOTHER PICTURE:BRAIN STEM
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Most vital part of thebrain necessary forHUMAN LIFE
BreathingBlood pressureHeart beat among
other involuntary bodyfunctions not underconscious control
1.MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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Relay station - - fromcerebrum to cerebellum
Respiratory centerRegulates breathing
Regulates sleep
2.PONS
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Receives incoming sensorymessages, integrates them, and
transmits decisions to theappropriate motor nerves
Responsible for motorcoordination
Contains the visual reflex &auditory relay centers
3.MIDBRAIN
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Second largestdivision of the brain
Runs uninterrupted with the spinal cordCoordinates smoothmuscle movement
Coordinates posture,
equilibrium, andmuscle tone
F. CEREBELLUM
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- Protected by:MeningesCerebrospinal fluid
Adipose tissue
G. SPINAL CORD
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LEVELS OF INJURY
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Provides neuron and synapse networks to produceinvoluntary response to sensory stimulation
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Allows for control of the number of pain impulses that pass through the spinal cord in their way to the brain.
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Carries sensory information to & motor information fromthe brain
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Extends from the first cervical to second lumbar vertebra
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Protected by meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and adiposetissue
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31 segments:8 cervical12 thoracic
5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal
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DEGENERATION
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DISCS
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To protect the brain and spinal cord
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MENINGES
Provide structural support to large blood vessels that supply the CNSPhysically anchor the brain to the skull
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Is tough and fibrous membrane
DURA MATER
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Vascular membraneDelicate membrane is tightly bound to the surface of the
brain and spinal cordCannot be dissected away without damaging the surface.
PIA MATER
Subarachnoid
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Subarachnoidspace
Between arachnoidmembrane and the Piamater
Cerebral fluid flowsthrough this space
I . CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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Secreted in the ventricles
Circulates through the ventricles
Arachnoid layer of themeninges
where it isreabsorbed
I . CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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ABNORMALITY- CSF
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Circulates in thesubarachnoid space
Acts as a protective
cushion
CEROSPINAL FLUID . . .
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System of fluid-filled openspaces in the brain
4 Ventricles
Communicates between thesubarachnoid spaces
Produces and circulatescerebrospinal fluid
J. BRAIN VENTRICLES
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FUNCTIONS OF THE
BBB Protects the brain from"foreign substances" inthe blood that mayinjure the brain.Protects the brain fromhormones andneurotransmitters in therest of the body.Maintains a constantenvironment for thebrain.
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
Blood Brain Barrier
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Blood Brain Barrier
A mechanism that controls the passage of
substances from the blood into the cerebrospinalfluid and thus into the brain and spinal cord
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Chemicals whichallow thetransmission ofsignals from oneneuron to the nextacross synapses
Found at the axon
endings of motorneurons, where theystimulate the musclefibers.
J. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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Acetylcholine Amino acidsPolypeptides
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Nerve cells that transmitnerve signals to and fromthe brain
Communicates with eachother = chemical processCell body that contains thenucleus
Specialized extensions =axons and dendritesSpecialized structures =synapse &neurotransmitters
K. NEURONS / NERVE CELLS
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Take information away fromthe cell body
Smooth surfaceNerve fibers -- elongated and
slender
Transmit signals
Bring information to the cellbody
Rough SurfaceExtensions of nerve cellsOperate as conductors of
electrochemical stimuli receivedfrom neighboring cells
Receive signals Impulses they receive are
carried inwards and towards thesoma, or cell body
DENDRITES AXONS
Summary:
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y
1. Dendrites receive electrochemicalimpulses from other neurons, and carrythem inwards and towards the soma,
while axons carry the impulses awayfrom the soma.
2. Dendrites are short and heavily branchedin appearance, while axons are muchlonger
3. Generally, dendrites receive neuronsignals, and axons transmit them
4. Most neurons have a lot of dendrites and
only have one axon.
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Neurons that carries impulses to the CNS
MOTOR NEURONS
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SYNAPSE PROCESS
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Information from one neuronflows to another neuron across a
synapseSYNAPSE contains a small gapseparating neurons
The synapse consists of:
1. Presynaptic ending that containsneurotransmitters, mitochondria& other cell organelles
2. Postsynaptic ending that contains
receptor sites forneurotransmitters3. Synaptic cleft or space between
the presynaptic and postsynapticendings
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The synapse consists of:
1. Presynaptic ending
2. Postsynaptic ending(receiving like DENDRITES)
3. Synaptic cleft or space
Synaptic vesicles containsNEUROTRANSMITTERS
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For communication between neurons to occur, an electricalimpulse must travel down an axon to the synaptic
terminal.
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The axon of one neurondoesn't touch the dendritesof the next.
Nerve signals have to jumpacross a tiny gap.
To get across the gap theyhave to change fromelectrical signals intochemical signals then backinto electrical signals.
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31 pairs of spinal nerves
Mixed nerve fibers are formed bythe joining of the anterior motor and
posterior sensory roots. Anterior (ventral) roots- contain efferent (motor)nerve fibers
Posterior (dorsal) roots- contain afferent(sensory) nerve fiber
L. SPINAL NERVES
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Mixed nerve fibers are formedby the joining of the anteriormotor and posterior sensoryroots.
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M. CRANIAL NERVES
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Nerve Name Functions
I Olfactory Smell
II Optic Vision
III Oculomotor Movement of the eyes, elevation of the eyelids, constriction of pupil in response to light
IV Trochlear Inferior and lateral movement of the eyes
V Trigeminal Sensation from the face, control of the muscles involved in chewing
VI Abducent Lateral movement of the eye
VII Facial Control of the muscles involved in facial expression, taste, tear production, salivation
VIII Vestibulocochlear Hearing and balance
IX Glossopharyngeal Salivation, taste, sensation from external ear
X Vagus Control of the muscles involved in swallowing, taste, autonomic innervation of various organs including tongue,larynx (area of voice production), pharynx (throat), heart, bronchi of lungs, esophagus
XI Accessory Control of the muscles of the palate, pharynx, larynx
XII Hypoglossal Control of the muscles of the tongue
CRANIAL NERVES
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12 pairs 1st & 2 nd emerge from
the cerebrum Olfactory Optic
10 emerge from thebrain stem
CRANIAL NERVES
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II.OPTIC NERVE
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Nerve that transmits visualinformation from the retina of the eyeto the brain
GLAUCOMA
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Eye nerve
III. OCULOMOTOR
NERVE
Eye movement
Constriction of the pupil
Holding the eyelid open
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Superior obliquemuscle
IV.TROCHLEARNERVE
Rotate the eye away from the nose
Moves the eye downward
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VI ABDUCENT
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Last nerve to control the eyes
VI. ABDUCENTNERVE
Move the eyesaway from the
MIDLINE
VII FACIAL
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Works = Trigeminal nerve Rest of the facial muscles Operates the middle ear's muscles
Controls the rear two thirds of thetongue
VII.FACIALNERVE
TASTE & HEARING
VIII. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
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Auditory nerve Splits into two nerves as it
enters the ear
Cochlear nerve
Vestibular nerve
NERVE
Information - hearing
Information - balance
G OSSO A G A
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Mouth nerve
IX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEALNERVE
Sensory taste information Taking data from : tonsils, pharynx & middle ear
X. VAGUS
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PNEUMOGASTRICNERVE
NERVE
brainstem
Jugular foramen
head
abdomen
Innervates both the lungs and the stomach
XI ACCESSORY NERVE
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Neck muscles Sensory (haptic) feedback
from the neck.
XI.ACCESSORY NERVE
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Last muscle involved in the use of themouth
Tongue movement
Responsible for eating and part ofspeech
XII. HYPOGLOSSALNERVE
COMPARISON
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12 pairs Emerge = directly from
brain
31 Emerge = segments of
the spinal cord
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves
COMPARISON
N. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
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Peripheral nervous system
Controls the glands and themuscles of the internal organs Operates on its own and isinvoluntary
N. AUTONOMIC NERVOUSSYSTEM
UNAWARE OF THE FUNCTION
Parasympathetic Nervous
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Parasympathetic NervousSystem
Works to save energycausing the body torelax.Rest and Digest
responseOriginates in the spinalcord and the medulla
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Sympathetic NervousSystem
Fight or Flight response.Originates in the spinal cord .
2 DIVISIONS
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1. Sympathetic "arousesthe body, mobilizing itsenergy in stressfulsituations" / F or F
2. Parasympathetic
Produces the oppositeeffect
"calms the body,conserving its energy"
2 DIVISIONS
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Chart about the reactions of the organ inSympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
OrganSympathetic Parasympathetic
Eyes Dilated Pupil Contracted Pupil
Heart Accelerated Heartbeat Slow Heartbeat
Stomach Inhibits Digestion Stimulates Digestion
Liver Stimulates glucoserelease
Stimulates gallbladder
Kidney Decreased urine secretion Increased urine secretion
Bladder Relaxes Bladder Contracts Bladder
AROUSES CALMS
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