Peloponnesian War

Joint Crisis: Delian

League

“Self-control is the chief

element in self-respect, and

self-respect is the chief element

in courage.”

—Thucydides

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to WUMUNS 2018! Our names are Will McClellan and Graham

Webb. As your directors, we are honored that you are joining us for the

Peloponnesian War Joint Crisis Committee. As delegates, you will be

representing characters from a variety of city-states in either the Peloponnesian

or Delian League. The Peloponnesian War was a brutal, bloody war that pitted

polis against polis and ideology against ideology. Whether you are a fierce general

or an accomplished politician, your choices will irrevocably shape the futures of

the Greek city-states. Will you marshal your forces and march to war or use

diplomacy to construct alliances and consolidate power? The choice is yours.

I, Will McClellan, am currently a sophomore majoring in Political Science

and Economics. I am interested in why democracy came about and the major

influences that it had. Antiquity is where it all began; we would not have modern

democracy if it were not for the brave Greeks who stood up for the right of

representation for all people. I will be leading the Delian League (Athenian)

committee, a group of established politicians and dealmakers who were

incredibly influential in shaping Greek democracy. I have been involved with

Model United Nations since my freshman year, and I guarantee that you will have

an amazing time. There will be chaos, fighting, trials, and bonding with the many

members of your committee. May Athena’s blessings be with you!

I, Graham Webb, am currently a junior majoring in Systems Science and

Engineering and Chinese Language and Culture. Despite my choice in majors, I

have always been fascinated with history and its application in today’s world. I

will be leading the Peloponnesian League (Spartan) committee, a group of mighty

warriors and veteran generals who were instrumental in shaping Greece. I have

participated in Model United Nations since my sophomore year of high school

and have seen countless battles, revolutions, trials, and betrayals. I cannot wait to

see what you can accomplish together as delegates. Molon labe!

If you have any concerns, please feel free to email both of us at

willmcclellan@wustl.edu and gwebb@wustl.edu. Good luck!

Respectfully,

Will McClellan and Graham Webb

Contents

Committee Mandate……………….…………..……………………… 1

Historical Background…….……………………………...…………. 1

Topic A: Subjugation of the Delian League………….…… 5

Topic B: Foreign Relations................................................ 5

Topic C: Development of Democracy……………………..… 6

Topic D: The Persians………………………………………………… 6

City States…………………………………………………..………….……. 7

Delegate Positions………………………………………………………. 8

Bibliography……………………………………………….………………. 14

5

Committee Mandate

The year is 431 BCE. You are being assembled to fulfill your civic duty as

loyal members of the Delian League. As the continuation of the Greek fighting

force against the imperialist Persian Empire, you are the best and brightest that

Greece has to offer. However, as evidenced by its aggression towards many city-

states, the neighboring Peloponnesian League, made up of Sparta and its allies,

threatens to invade. We need the expertise of every single member of this

committee to ensure that minimal harm befalls the great city-state of Athens and

its allied city-states. By participating in this committee, you pledge to work

diplomatically with your fellow city-state representatives to ensure the survival of

the Delian League and all it has to offer. Do not succumb to pure self-interest;

your home city-states will hold you accountable for the actions that you take, so

make sure you never fail to please your constituents.

In addition, your sense of patriotism for the league should compel you to

serve your fellow Greeks in any way you can. It is important to acknowledge the

seriousness of your participation in this committee: each decision you make

affects millions of Greeks across the Mediterranean. To tackle the league’s

greatest challenges, you must balance the social and political effects of your

actions on the league with the interests of your city-state. The league has

entrusted you with bringing order and stability to a divided Greece. Leverage

your personal connections and expertise to defeat the Spartans once and for all.

Get to work; the league is waiting to see what you can accomplish!

Historical Background In the Greco-Persian Wars (492–449 BCE), Athens and Sparta, along

with many other Greek city-states, banded together to prevent the encroaching

Achaemenid Persian armies from conquering Greece. The wars are seen by many

as the beginning of cooperation between Greek city-states, but the end of the

wars only invited tension between Athens and Sparta.

Some important battles of the Greco-Persian Wars were the Battle of

Thermopylae and the Battle of Salamis. The former was instrumental in the

growth of Spartan power while the latter was instrumental in the growth of

Athenian power. Both battles occurred in September 480 BCE.

The Battle of Thermopylae is one of the most iconic battles in military

history. When notified that the Persians were amassing a massive force, King

Leonidas of Sparta marshaled around six thousand hoplites from allied nations

Image Credit:

The Strategy Bridge

6

along with three hundred Spartan hoplites to face them. Because they were

outnumbered nearly sixty-two to one, the king marched his troops up to the

narrow pass of Thermopylae in an attempt to hold off the Persians for as long as

possible. While the Spartans fought valiantly for over three days, a Greek citizen

betrayed them by informing King Xerxes of a secret path through Thermopylae

that would allow them to outflank the Spartans. Realizing this betrayal, Leonidas

kept his three hundred Spartans in the narrow pass of Thermopylae while the rest

of the Greek hoplites retreated in haste. Even though they were defeated, the

Spartans managed to buy enough time for the rest of Greece to marshal their

troops against the invaders. In addition, Leonidas’s incredible bravery at

Thermopylae inspired many to rally around the Greek cause. Even in defeat, the

Battle of Thermopylae showcased the dominance of the Spartans in land battles.

The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle that pitted a Greek coalition navy

led by the Athenians against a much larger Persian fleet. Even though the

Persians had much greater numbers, the Athenian admiral Themistocles

continued to look for an engagement. To compensate for his much smaller force,

he lured the opposing navy into the Straits of Salamis where their greater

numbers caused mass disarray and confusion. As a result of further trickery on

the part of Themistocles, the Persians attempted to block both entrances to the

Straits of Salamis, causing even more confusion among the massive Persian navy.

The Greeks then sailed in line and destroyed the Persian fleet. The subsequent

victory by the Greek navy is considered a major turning point in the war and

caused the Persians to retreat to Asia Minor. This victory cemented the power of

the Athenians and caused their influence in the Greek world to rise.

Battle of Thermoplyae Image Credit:

Realm of History

7

After the stunning Greek victory in the Greco-Persian Wars, the city-

states of Greece were forced to transition from all-out war to peace. In this

peacetime, two blocs of power formed based on the heroism of two city-states,

Athens and Sparta. Sparta used its honor and prestige to form the Peloponnesian

League, while Athens used its cunning and diplomacy to form the Delian League.

Even before the coalition of Greek city-states brought an end to the Greco-

Persian Wars in 449 BCE, Athens and Sparta had become the leaders of classical

Greece. Each took advantage of its newfound power by investing more in their

respective governments. Athens embraced a more radical democracy, brought on

by Ephialtes and Pericles. These two men presided over a shift in the Athenian

definition of democracy in the 460s BCE, with the common man gaining more

and more power with each passing year. Before this time, many in Athens

believed that voting rights should be extended only to the elites in society.

Ephialtes and Pericles reformed this view of democracy to include common men.

Soon after, the constitutional reform package of Cleon was introduced in around

445 BCE. It was under this package that the democratic reforms of Cleisthenes

were implemented in 444 BCE.

Sparta, on the other hand, adopted a more oligarchic form of government

ruled by two kings and a council of elders picked from the aristocracy. The

Spartans resented the democratic government instituted by the Athenians

because they believed that laymen were incapable of making decisions that were

in the best interests of the kingdom. Athens, on the other hand, saw the Spartans

as warmongering rogues. These differences in government caused tensions to rise

between the two powers.

As their governments kept changing, the two powers consolidated their

empires. The Delian League, led by the Athenians, continued to prosper after the

end of the Greco-Persian Wars, with Athens taking the lead by moving the

Battle of Salamis Image Credit:

Learning History

8

treasury and assembly from the island of Delos to Athens in 454 BCE. Athens

collected regular tribute, a form of taxation, from its member states and built up

a sizable navy. Sparta built up the Peloponnesian League, made up of fellow city-

states on the Peloponnese as well as Corinth and other surrounding states. Due to

their respective victories at Thermopylae and Salamis, Sparta’s and Athens’

military strengths diverged: Athens dominated the sea, while the Spartans were

unbeatable on land.

The two leagues began to antagonize each other repeatedly. Athens took

advantage of a war between the states of Megara and Corinth to form an alliance

with Megara. Meanwhile, the Spartans sent a delegation to Athens to convince its

citizens to leave their city without walls to defend itself. This attempt to leave

Athens defenseless against Spartan hegemony failed. As preeminent Athenian

historian Thucydides wrote, “The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm

which this inspired in Lacedaemon [Sparta], made war inevitable.”1

The First Peloponnesian War (460–445 BCE) between Sparta and Athens

occurred due to the rapid expanse of Athenian power across the peninsula. A lot

of the conflict was waged through proxies; smaller city-states allied with either

Athens or Sparta would do the bulk of the fighting. The fighting ended with the

Thirty Years’ Peace. This treaty forced Athens to give up all its possessions in the

Peloponnese, as well as the ports of Nisaea, Pegae, and Troezen. In return, the

Spartans recognized the Delian League as legitimate, which was a victory for the

Athenians. In addition, the treaty prohibited an armed conflict between Athens

and Sparta if at least one of the two empires preferred arbitration over all-out

war.

1. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, 16.

Regional Control

Image Credit:

Wordpess(byrneathens)

9

Topic A: Subjugation of the Delian

League

Multiple city-states have been continuous members of the Delian League

since its foundation, but Athens has always been by far the dominant member of

the league. Its immense naval power and unparalleled ability to collect monetary

tribute from fellow member states caused some members to view it as a

tyrannical empire. Many city-states have had burgeoning movements (supported

in part by the Spartans) for their independence from Athenian hegemony.

Supporters of the empire in Athens believe that such growth and hegemony was

necessary to enable the Athenian people to flourish. Many of the city-states that

advocated for independence were from Asia Minor (namely Naxos, Thasos, and

Samos), which is disconnected from the rest of Greece due to distance. Athens, of

course, viewed these independence movements as open rebellion against the

Delian League, and vowed to put these movements to rest as quickly as possible.

Athens rarely reneged on that promise. In 472 BCE the Athenian military

put down a revolt at Naxos. In 463 BCE a Thasian revolt was also crushed, and in

the 450s BCE there were anti-Athenian movements in the city-states of Miletus,

Erythrae, and Colophon. Athens did not limit itself to military intervention; it

often resorted to interfering with the rebellious city-states’ internal politics,

imposing democracies and garrisons. The Peloponnesian League supported many

of these uprisings, as it weakened the military and economic strength of the

Delian League and allowed Sparta to become stronger at the expense of the

Athenians.

Presently, the positions of Delian League city-states are mixed. Many city-

states believe that their territory will flourish without Athens collecting money

and bogging down their growth. Others believe that if they stray from the Delian

League’s path then Sparta has a greater chance of defeating the Delian League; if

the city-states of the Delian League come together for independence then Athens

would be distracted from its war efforts. Is the freedom to decide for one’s own

city-state the most important Greek ideal? Or is it more important to defeat the

Spartans and secure the democratic way of life across all of Greece?

Topic B: Foreign Relations

Athens and Sparta often compete for the influence of the same city-states.

Because of this, there are always conflicts between the two powers over which

commands the influence of more city-states. City-states often switch sides

depending on a host of factors, such as nearby military presence. This happened

frequently both before and during the Greco-Persian Wars, when city-states were

10

still jostling for influence. For instance, Megara secured an alliance with the

Athenians in 459 BCE despite the fact that Megara was initially a Spartan ally.

The Delian League must be vigilant against constant defections to the

Spartan side. However, these defections may also be beneficial to the league; they

can be used as a method of purging unfavorable members from the league or as a

way of expanding the league’s influence into previously safe Spartan territory.

The league also must work on improving relations with Spartans, as a shared

sense of patriotism and Greek identity remains after their cooperation in

defeating the Persians. Surely there is some way to work together with the

Spartans. Does it benefit the Delian League to have better relations with its

Spartan neighbors? Or should the patronage of smaller city-states scattered

around the Greek world be prioritized?

Topic C: Development of Democracy

Athens was the birthplace of democracy in the West. However, the

transition to democracy did not happen overnight; it occurred due to a constant

reform process instituted by a select few Athenian leaders. For example, the

constitutional reform package brought on by Cleon, a prominent Athenian

aristocrat, encouraged a shift toward a representative democratic society.

However, shortly after, the governments of Ephialtes and Pericles brought about

a more populist direct democracy. This was a shift away from the more

representative type of democracy that Cleon favored.

Leading Athens down the path of greater democratization allows for a

greater flourishing of the arts, culture, science, and the economy; democracy

seems to bring a net positive benefit to Athenian society. However, there is

always danger in increasing our democratic ideals so much that a populist surge

could bring an end to the established Athenian aristocracy. Should Athens

promote its democratic roots and promise equal rights and voting rights for all?

Or should it instead go down a path of absolute tyranny to increase national

security?

Topic D: The Persians

While the combined power of Athens and Sparta bested the Achaemenid

Empire during the Greco-Persian Wars, their victory by no means diminished

Persia’s formidable standing. A generation later, Persia still has a powerful

fighting force capable of inflicting crippling wounds on any state. Its army is said

to have nearly one million soldiers, while the size of the Greeks’ armies pale in

comparison.

While the conflict between the combined Greek city-states and the

Persians has subsided for now, there is constant tension between the two regions.

11

Many of the Greek colonies on the coast of Asia Minor, such as Halicarnassus and

Byzantium, are extremely close to the Persian satraps on the coast of Anatolia.

Additionally, the Spartans are friendlier with the Persians than the Athenians,

and there is always the possibility that they will attempt to form an alliance.

Many Athenian politicians also argue that improving diplomatic relations with

Persia would decrease resources needed from other aspects of society. Should

Athens focus its resources on the Persians, the Spartans, or the numerous city-

states under its control?

City-States

Athens is the dominant city-state in the Delian League, with the largest army and

navy and by far the largest revenue. As the de facto leader of the Delian League,

Athens exerts a disproportionate influence on league politics. Many of the

league’s leaders hail from Athens, and many city-states across Greece have

important economic and social connections to Athens.

Halicarnassus is in the region of Caria in the southwest part of Asia Minor. The

Halicarnassians are intense seafarers due in part to their proximity to the

Mediterranean Sea. They first became loyal to the Delian League after the

unsuccessful Persian invasion of Greece. Feeling they owed a debt, they pledged

fealty to the Athenians.

Rhodes is located on the island of Rhodes, approximately ten miles from Asia

Minor. As a highly commercialized kingdom, Rhodes naturally gravitated

towards the democratic ideals of the Delian League. However, many of its ideals

stray from the typical Athenian beliefs.

Neapolis is a city-state located in Thrace, a region to the north of Greece that

borders the Kingdom of Macedon. An incredibly rich region, it pays a large tax to

the Delian League each year and provides disproportionate support for its small

size. Its citizens live a life of relative luxury compared to the rest of Greece.

Megara is a city-state located on the main Greek peninsula, about 20 miles west

of Athens. Megara is an important trade port, and its people often used their

ships and wealth to gain leverage on neighboring city-states. Its incredible

proximity to the Peloponnesian League renders it strategically important to the

Delian League.

Argos is a city-state located in the Peloponnesian region of Greece, approximately

forty-two miles away from the city-state of Sparta. Despite Argos’s proximity to

Sparta, the two city-states have always been rivals competing for dominance over

the Peloponnese. Because of this, Argos has provided enthusiastic aid towards the

Delian League in the hopes that Athens will reward it with the opportunity to rule

Athens

Halicarnassus

Rhodes

Neapolis

Megara

Argos

12

over Spartan territory. Its people are incredibly strong warriors that rival even

Spartan hoplites.

Macedon is a kingdom situated in northeastern Greece, to the north of Thessaly

and to the west of the region of Thrace. Known for its highly disciplined fighting

force and incredibly popular royal family, Macedon supports the Delian League

because it is an enemy of Sparta. By working with Athens, it can make sure it has

the dominant military force in Greece.

Byzantium is a Greek colony founded by the Megarians in 657 BCE. Because of

Megara’s support for the Delian League, the Byzantines naturally supported the

league as well. Their distance from other major Greek cities on the Peninsula

affords them more peace and stability. Byzantium is also a natural trading port,

and its goods are sought after by all.

Delegate Positions

Athenian Delegates:

Pericles has gained renown across Greece as one of the most prominent

Athenian politicians and generals. He is descended, through his mother, from the

powerful and influential Alcmaeonid family and thus has many major

connections with the Athenian aristocracy. Because of his standing and

upbringing, he leads Athens’ main infantry force. However, despite his

aristocratic upbringing, he has always had a populist streak and is constantly

fighting for democratic expansion. Despite this democratic fervor, he

passionately believes in keeping the Delian League together by any means

necessary, even if that means quelling uprisings.

Iphicrates is the epitome of the “rags-to-riches” Athenian success story. The son

of a shoemaker, he joined the Athenian army when he was young and quickly

rose through the ranks due to his impeccable knowledge of strategy. He currently

leads Athens’ main cavalry force. His reforms ushered in a new era of military

technology by lengthening the spears of Greek regulars, giving them an edge in

combat. Due to his investment in military technology, he has many connections

in that industry. Because his ideas rely on the use of weapons, he heavily favors

war in all forms, whether it be with the Peloponnesian League or the Persians. He

also has a negative view of democracy and sees it as a potential threat to the

military.

Themistocles is one of the few prominent Athenian officials who rose to power

out of the laymen. A populist, he draws support from lower-class Athenians and

is generally opposed to the interests of the Athenian aristocracy. Themistocles is

an expert naval officer who oversees tactical operations for the Athenian navy

Byzantium

Pericles, Strategos of the

Athenian Infantry

Iphicrates, Strategos of the

Athenian Cavalry

Themistocles, Strategos of the Athenian Navy

Macedon

13

that he nearly single-handedly created. A veteran of the Greco-Persian Wars, he

has experienced the dangers of Persia firsthand and is wary of allying with them.

He also favors better relations with Sparta, as his war bonds leave him with many

Spartan connections that he cherishes.

Strombichides is a level-headed Athenian admiral who is primarily in charge of

recruiting able-bodied men to enlist in the Athenian navy. He is known across

Greece for his sailing abilities. Having been a sailor for nearly thirty years,

Strombichides knows his way around the Greek islands and is an expert

navigator. He is intensely loyal to Athens and is willing to do anything necessary

to ensure the survival of the Delian League, even if that means putting down

revolts. Strombichides also heavily favors the expansion of democracy, due to his

relations with the Athenian assembly. He is well connected in the Assembly

mostly due to his prominent son, Autocles.

Protomachus is a famed naval veteran of the Greco-Persian Wars who is now a

ranking member of the Athenian navy. He oversees the general upkeep of the

fleet, which involves logistics and discussions with other ranking navy members.

Due to his rank and knowledge of naval logistics, he is well connected with fleet

officers in numerous city-states. Protomachus, being a career officer, favors

military conflicts to secure his job. He opposes relations with Persia due to his

longstanding hatred of the empire’s invasion of his homeland.

Nicias is a prominent Athenian politician who currently runs the Athenian

Treasury. He gained this job mainly through his aristocratic upbringing; his

family has long owned silver mines near Athens, and he inherited possession of

these mines from his father. He has many connections with the rich and wealthy

throughout the league because of his position. Politically moderate, Nicias

opposed the aggressive empire-building of the radical democrats. He fervently

opposes crackdowns on league city-states and favors relations with Persia. He

also supports good relations with Sparta. He has a longstanding rivalry with

Cleon.

Thrasybulus is an Athenian politician who currently heads the Athenian foreign

delegations. His past experience as a general brought him to the view that

relations with other countries are necessary to bring about democracy. Due to the

nature of his job, Thrasybulus has many connections with prominent Persian

officials. As a member of the radical wing of Athenian politics, he heavily favors

aggressive Athenian imperialism and a rapid expansion of democracy. He also

advocates for increased relations with Persia and for a policy of resistance against

perceived Spartan aggression.

Alcibiades, the son of Cleinias, is a prominent member of the Athenian

aristocracy who currently heads Athens’ cultural efforts . He comes from a long

line of aristocrats, the powerful Alcmaeonidae family. He has gained fame across

Strombichides, Admiral for

Recruitment of the Athenian Navy

Protomachus, Admiral for

Maintenance of the Athenian Navy

Nicias, Magistrate of

Finance of Athens

Thrasybulus, Head of Foreign Affairs of Athens

Alcibiades, Head of

Culture of Athens

14

Greece as a writer of bestselling epics and thus has many connections with the

literary world. As a politician, Alcibiades advocates for an aggressive foreign

policy; he supports conflict with Sparta and opposes relations with Persia. He

opposes democracy; he perceives it as a threat to his aristocratic lifestyle.

Autocles, son of Strombichides, is an Athenian politician who currently leads the

Athenian delegation to the Delian League. His office is in charge of whipping the

votes of league city-states in Athens’ interests. As a prominent diplomat, he has

many connections in the embassies of league city-states. Autocles is a major

advocate for Persian aid, believing it could help with democratic development

across Greece. He strongly opposes crushing rebellions in city-states, as this

would damage his relations with the city-states he works with. He supports

democracy but only because it gives him a steady job.

Cleon is an Athenian politician and former general who is currently in charge of

the Athenian defenses. In this capacity, he controls defense spending and all

military operations. He is well connected with both army and navy officials.

Although an aristocrat himself, he is a prominent representative of Athens’s

commercial class. Cleon and Pericles have a longstanding rivalry; Pericles brands

Cleon a warmongering demagogue. He supports democracy but only to serve his

needs of military expansion. He also opposes relations with Persia and heavily

favors military conflict with Sparta.

Socrates is a famed philosopher and ethicist who currently advises the Delian

League with ethical and moral advice. Old and wise, the league heeds his advice

in times of moral and ethical ambiguity. As a proponent of Greek individualism,

he strongly supports democracy and opposes crackdowns on rebellions in the

league. He often worries about the ethical justification for a war against Sparta,

believing it wrong to wage war against fellow Greeks. Much of his income comes

from donations to his philosophical endeavors. He has many connections with

Greek academia due to his renown across Greece.

Dexippus is a prominent Athenian priest who oversees the Athenian pantheon,

which houses the Greek gods. Much of his power, influence, and income come

from large donations made to the temple in the name of Athena. Because of his

prominent position in the clergy, he is connected with many politicians who seek

religious counsel. An aristocrat of the Eleusinian family, he is a fierce patriot who

strongly favors quelling rebellions and opposes relations with both Sparta and

Persia.

Halicarnassian Delegates:

Lygdamis is a prominent general and statesman hailing from the island state of

Halicarnassus. He leads Halicarnassus’s main infantry forces. A powerful

Autocles, Delegate of

Athens to the Delian

League

Cleon, Strategos

for the Defense of

Athens

Socrates, Lover of Wisdom

Dexippus, Archon Basileus

of Athens

Lygdamis, Commander of

the Halicarnassian

Infantry

15

presence in his nation, he has put to death many poets and dissenters simply

because they disagree with his methods. His fierce dedication to his country and

strong knowledge of tactics have earned him a cult of personality among his

soldiers. He has an independent streak, as evidenced by his support for

independence from the Delian League. He has many connections with the rulers

of other city-states due to his interventions on behalf of other city-states.

Hecatomnus is the king of Halicarnassus, and as the descendent of a long-

standing dynasty, he has complete control over his city-state’s finances and

foreign affairs. Hecatomnus rules with an iron fist; due to his autocratic nature,

he abhors the expansion of democracy. He is unnaturally obsessed with his

dynasty. His kingdom’s proximity to Persia forces him to adopt a stance of

patronage under it. He opposes crackdowns on city-states and itches for a war

with Sparta. His son, Mausolus, rules the city-state of Rhodes, giving him

connections with it and many other city-states.

Rhodian Delegates:

Demetrius is an admiral in the service of the city-state of Rhodes. While he is still

young, he is undefeated in battle, leading many of his sailors to refer to him as το

αήττητο (the invincible one). However, despite this praise, he is said to treat his

sailors poorly, leading many in his employ to resent him. As a career officer,

Demetrius supports war with Sparta but opposes angering Persia due to Rhodes’

proximity to the giant empire. Demetrius appreciates discipline, so he supports

crackdowns on rebel city-states. Previously, he served Athens as a sailor, and he

still has many connections with his fellow sailors there.

Mausolus, son of Hecatomnus, is the king of Rhodes, and as the descendent of a

long-standing dynasty, he has complete control over his city-state’s finances and

foreign affairs. Due to his relationship with the king of Halicarnassus, he

cooperates extensively with that city-state and maintains relationships with many

of its top officials. Rhodes’ people are split regarding support of Athens, and

Mausolus’s citizens’ views weigh heavily on him. Rhodes’ proximity to Persia

forces Mausolus to adopt a stance of patronage under it. He personally opposes a

war with Sparta, believing in the prevalence of a shared Greek identity. He

opposes crackdowns on city-states.

Neopolitan Delegate:

Histiaeus is the current monarch of the city-state of Neapolis. He has complete

control over his city-state’s finances and foreign affairs. Histiaeus is a benevolent

ruler; he supports relations with Persia and Sparta and is generally peace-loving.

However, democracy still threatens his kingship, so he is generally opposed to it.

His daughter is the wife of Pericles, giving him substantial clout in Athens.

Hecatomnus, King of

Halicarnassus

Demetrius, Admiral of the Rhodian Navy

Mausolus, King of Rhodes

Histiaeus, King of Neapolis

16

Megarian Delegates:

Theognis is a famed poet known across Greece. Hailing from the city-state of

Megara, he keeps a steady stream of income flowing from selling copies of his

latest book, A History of the Greco-Persian Wars. He currently heads the

Megarian cultural efforts, and he works tirelessly to spread the message of a

shared Greek identity. As a poet working with complex themes, he is intensely

concerned with the morals of war, and thus he opposes war in all its forms. He

sees Persia as a potential ally and aid-giver.

Byzas is a general in the employ of the city-state of Megara. He is the founder of

the city of Byzantium, which still holds his name. Because of his renown in

Byzantium, he has many connections there, as well as with many city-states in

Asia Minor. He despises the Persian Empire and would favor another war with

them to give the Greeks an advantage. He favors good relations with Sparta due

to their common animosity with Persia. He opposes crackdowns on city-states.

Argive Delegates:

Pheidon is the regent of the city-state of Argos, and as a member of a long-

standing dynasty, he has complete control over his city-state’s finances and

foreign affairs. Pheidon fervently opposes democracy. He is constantly plotting

due to his fear of someone taking his throne. He has many connections in Persia

due to his autocratic nature. He supports increased relations with Persia and

favors a war with Sparta. He supports crackdowns on city-states, mostly to keep

his own unruly citizens in check.

Agamemnon is a general in the employ of the city-state of Argos. Surprisingly, he

fervently supports the arts and culture across Greece. He is not as strict a general

as many think he should be, and many of his men are grateful for it. Strangely for

a general, he opposes war with both Sparta and Persia. He opposes crackdowns

on city-states as well. Due to his empathetic nature, he has many connections

with rebel movements in city-states that oppose the league.

Telasilla is a general from the city-state of Argos. She has written poetry in the

past and thus has many connections with the literary world. She helped rebuild

the city of Argos when it was destroyed; because of this event, she hates the

Persians. She is considered an expert on medicine. She opposes war with Sparta

but favors war with Persia due to her hatred of the empire. She also favors

crackdowns on rebellious league city-states.

Theognis, Head of

Culture of Megara

Byzas, Commander

of the Megarian

Army

Pheidon, King of Argos

Agamemnon, Commander of the Argive

League of Archers

Telasilla, Commander of the Argive

Infantry

17

Macedonian Delegate:

Philip II is the king of Macedon, and as a member of a long-standing dynasty, he

has complete control over his city-state’s finances and foreign affairs. He has

ambitions for his kingdom to become a great empire, and he sees lots of potential

in his son, Alexander. He has many connections with other Greek monarchs, and

he has a sister betrothed to Pheidon, the king of Argos. Because he rules a

kingdom, he is opposed to democracy. He strongly favors a war with Persia and

less strongly favors a war with Sparta. He favors crackdowns on rebellious city-

states due to a love of discipline.

Byzantine Delegates:

Abronychus is a general from city-state of Byzantium. He is an expert in military

fortifications, and he has many connections with top Greek logistic experts and

military technology experts. He used to be an ambassador to Sparta in his

younger days, giving him many Spartan connections as well. He opposes war with

Sparta but favors war with Persia due to Byzantium’s prominent geographic

position and ability to fight Persia up close.

Cleinias, the father of Alcibiades, is an admiral from the city-state of Byzantium.

A distant relative of the famed Greek hero Ajax and Athenian in heritage, he

relocated to Byzantium after becoming disillusioned with the previous ruling

dynasty. He still retains many Athenian contacts. Despite his relocation, he is still

sympathetic to the interests of Athens due to his heritage. He supports

crackdowns on rebellious city-states and supports the imperialistic expansion of

the Delian League. He supports war with Sparta but not with Persia because he

fears war with such a large empire.

Philip II, King of

Macedon

Abronychus, Commander of the Byzantine

Army

Cleinias, Commander

of the Byzantine

Navy

18

Bibliography

A&E Television Networks. “Peloponnesian War.” History. 2009.

https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/peloponnesian-war/

Cartledge, Paul. “The Democratic Experiment.” BBC. Last modified February 17, 2011.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml

Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Peloponnesian War.” Britannica. Last modified February 9,

2018. https://www.britannica.com/event/Peloponnesian-War/

Public Broadcasting Service. “Sparta: Government and Classes.” PBS.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/8b_p1.html

Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. London:

J.M. Dent, 1910.