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Unit GuidePenal Theory, Policy andPractice

PCR- 2-205

BSc in Criminology

Faculty of Arts and HumanSciences

2010/2011

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Unit Number PCR 2-205Unit Title Penal Theory, Policy and PracticeUnit Value 1Courses: Criminology field; BSc in CriminologyUnit Co-ordinator Prof. Roger Matthews

mattherd@lsbu.ac.uk Extn. 5706.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AIMS OF THE UNITLEARNING OUTCOMES

R ECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKSFORMAL ASSESSMENTS YLLABUS AND WEEKLY TEACHING PROGRAMMEOverview

Week One : Introduction to the IssuesWeek Two : The Birth of the Modern PrisonWeek Three ; Order and Control in PrisonsWeek Four : The Political Economy of ImprisonmentWeek Five : The Politics and Culture of ImprisonmentWeek Six : Womens Imprisonment

Week Seven : Race and ImprisonmentWeek Eight: The Crisis of ImprisonmentWeek Nine : Alternatives to CustodyWeek Ten: Privatising PrisonsWeek Eleven: The Future of ImprisonmentWeek Twelve : Review and Revision

Aims of the Unit

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mailto:mattherd@lsbu.ac.ukmailto:mattherd@lsbu.ac.uk

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This unit examines penal theory and practice in a theoretical, comparative andhistorical way, and engages critically with the theoretical justifications and policyproposals for punishment. The first part of this unit examines the philosophicaland historical bases of punishment in general and the prison in particular. Theunit focuses strongly on the growth of the prison population and how the term

crisis has increasingly come to be associated with the penal system. Inparticular the course examines the significance of gender and race in relation tothe use of imprisonment. The course critically evaluates the future promise of thepenal system through an examination of the issues of decarceration and theprivatisation of punishment.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the semester you will be able to:

Critically appreciate some of the limitations of the major theories and justifications of punishment; Demonstrate where relevant, how such theories have informed penal policy

and practice; Critically appreciate the crisis of control within modern penal systems; Critically appreciate the social and institutional contexts within which prison

populations expand; Demonstrate a thorough and critical knowledge of the structure and character

of the contemporary penal system in England & Wales

Equality and Diversity

The course curriculum itself considers a broad range of equality and diversityissues. It encourages students to engage critically with issues of gender, race,sexuality and mental health. This is further reflected in their assessment tasks.Students are also encouraged, through seminar sessions to see the potential of the diversity of experiences within the class for learning on this topic.

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Recommended Core Textbooks

The main textbook for this course is: Matthews, R (2009) Doing Time: An Introduction to the Sociology of

Imprisonment : Palgrave. Second Edition.

You may wish to purchase one or more of the following books.

Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish; the birth of the Prison :Harmondsworth, Penguin.

Rusche, G and Kirchheimer, O. (2005) Punishment and Social Structure.Transaction.

Carlen, P. & Worrall, A. (2004) Analysing Womens Imprisonment . Devon:Willan Publishing.

Hudson,B. (2004) Understanding Justice: An Introduction into Ideas,Perspectives and Controversies in Modern Penal Theory . Milton Keynes:Open University Press. .

Matthews, R. & Francis, P. (eds) (1996) Prisons 2000: An International Perspective on the Current State and Future of Imprisonment, London:Macmillan.

Matthews R. (2001) Imprisonment . Aldershot: Ashgate. King,R & Maguire,M (1994) Prisons in Context, Oxford University Press

Jewkes, Y. & Johnston, H (Eds) (2006) Prison Readings: A Critical Introduction to Prisons and Imprisonment Willan Publishing

Liebling, A & Maruna, S (Eds) (2005) The Effects of Imprisonment WillanPublishing

Morris, N. & Rothman, D. (1995) The Oxford History of the Prison Oxford

University Press

ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDED READING

There is a mass of literature available that examines penal theory, policy andpractice. You will need to be pro-active in searching out these sources, many of which do not necessarily fall into criminology. Be sure to consult as wide a

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literature base as possible, including, Criminology, Sociology, Psychology, andPhilosophy. As well as books, ensure that you consult the journals. Below is alist of journals that you may find useful. Although the Perry Library may not haveall the books and journals you seek you are surrounded by many other sourcesof information including; other university libraries, and the internet. Ensure that

you tap into the resources offered by institutions such as the Home Office , theCentre for Crime & Justice Studies , the Howard League for Penal Reform andNACRO (National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders ). Allof these provide wonderful sources of information, especially in detailing currentissues and many of their publications are free or inexpensive.

Journals include:

Howard Journal of Penal ReformProbation Journal

Crime & DelinquencyPrison JournalBritish Journal of CriminologyPunishment and Society the International Journal of PenologyPrison Service JournalCriminologyCrime & Social JusticeCanadian Journal of Criminology

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Assessment

The assessment for this course takes the form of a 3,000 word essay.

Marking CriteriaAt all levels, five areas of assessment objective can be recognised:

1. Knowledge of the topic - ideas, concepts and institutions2. Analysis of issues and an awareness of different viewpoints3. Evaluation of competing explanations or theories applied to a problem4. Ability to identify relevant sources of evidence, both empirical and

theoretical, and to use these to produce an informative referencing system

5. Skill in the presentation of an answer with accuracy, clarity andcoherence.

Fail0-30% Badly misunderstands the question; contains factual

errors; none of basic objectives are achieved

30-35% Some knowledge of topic and examples, but objectives 2-5 not met

35-39% Exhibits some knowledge of topic, but essentiallydescriptive; cannot identify alternative viewpoints;

objective 1 is present but 2-5 poorly metThird 40-49% Demonstrates limited basic knowledge of the topic, butessentially descriptive; displays an attempt at evaluationof material, but low on clarity and coherence; limitedachievement of objectives 1,2,3,4,; low on objective 5

2:ii 50-59% Exhibits good knowledge of the topic; can distinguishdifferent approaches or viewpoints, and some ability of evaluation is present, but may to some extent lack clarityand coherence; reasonable attempt at referencing; verygood on objective 1, weaker on 2-5

2:i 60-69% Very good knowledge of basic ideas, concepts and

institutions with good analysis of issues and evaluation;good uses of sources and references; meets objectives1,2,4,5, weaker on 3

First

70-79% Excellent knowledge of the topic, with high level analysisof a balanced nature. Strong on critical evaluation,clarity, coherence. All assessment objectives covered

80% + Same as the range 70-79% but adds a deeper understanding and evaluation of the issues and can

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impose oneself on the subject

PlagiarismPlagiarism is the act of taking the words or ideas of others and passing them off as your own. In many cases plagiarism takes the form of copying from books andarticles without full and accurate acknowledgement of sources. This can happenunintentionally when you use notes taken from a book/journal article and putthem directly into your essay without properly attributing the source. Whether intentional or not, plagiarism is not acceptable in any circumstances. It isregarded as a form of cheating and there are strict University regulations to dealwith it if it is discovered. You will find a summary of the University regulations &procedures governing plagiarism in your Student Handbook. You must read thiscarefully.

It is vital when taking notes to:

(1) Note the FULL reference of the book/article at the top of the first page of notes.(2) Keep a precise note of the page numbers of any quoted material (for examplein the margins of your notes)(3) Use precise double quote marks at the beginning & end of any quotes in your notes and check that any quotes/material used in your essay in accurately andcarefully attributed.

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COURSE PROGRAMME

Week One

Lecture: Introduction to the issues

Seminar: Work allocation, discussion of course expectations what makes agood seminar/ library and other resources/ assessment discussion. Pleasechoose a topic for a seminar presentation.

Week Two

Lecture: The Birth of the Modern Prison

Seminar: Discuss the role of labour discipline, time and space in formation of themodern prison.

Core reading:

Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison , Penguin.Rusche G and Kirchheimer O. (2003) Punishment and Social Structure .Transaction.Rothman D. (1971) The Discovery of the Asylum : Little Brown and Co.Morris,N & Rothman,D.J (1998) The Oxford History of the Prison , Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

Muncie,J. (2001) Prison Histories: Reform, Repression and Rehabilitation inMcLaughlin,E & Muncie,J. Controlling Crime ,( 2 nd edition) London: Sage & TheOpen University..Cohen,S. (1985) Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification,Cambridge: Polity Press ( chap 1)Zedner L (1994) Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England. Oxford:Clarendon.

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Week Three

Lecture: Order and Control in Prisons

Seminar

Order and control in prisons is maintained not so much through formal coercionbut through more subtle informal processes. Discuss.

Reading

Goffman E. (1968) Asylums . Harmondsworth: Penguin.Bottoms, A (1999) Interpersonal Violence and social Order in Prisons in M.Tonrya nd J. Petersilia (eds) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research Vol. 26:University of Chicago Press.

Sparks, Bottoms A, and Hay, W. (1996) Prisons and the Problem of Order .Clarendon Press: Oxford.King, R. and McDermott, K. (1995) The State of Our Prisons . Clarendon: Oxford.Leibling, A. (1992) Suicides in Prison . London: Routledge.Adams, R. 1994) Prison Riots in Britain and the USA . Second Edition: Macmillan.Player, E and Jenkins, M. (1994 ) Prisons After Woolf . London: Routledge.Edgar, K, ODonnell, I and Martin C. (2003) Prison Violence : The Dynamics of Conflict, Fear and Power: Willan.

Week Four

Lecture: The Political Economy of Imprisonment

Seminar: Prison is primarily a mechanism for the regulation of labour. Discuss.

Reading

Rusche G and Kirchheimer O. (2005) Punishment and Social Structure :Transaction.Box S. (1987) Recession, Crime and Punishment : Macmillan.Parent C. (1999) Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis :Verso.Western B. (2006) Punishment and Inequality in America : Russell SageFoundation.Christie N. (1993) Crime Control as Industry : RoutledgeMurray C. (1997) Does Prison Work ? Institute of Economic Affairs.Currie E. (1998) Crime and Punishment in America : Metropolitan books.Reiman J (2004) The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison (Seventh Edition):Pearson.

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Week Five

Lecture: The Politics and Culture of Imprisonment

Seminar: To what extent has the growth of imprisonment been increased by theshift towards penal populism?

Reading

Pratt J. ( 2007) Penal Populism : Routledge.Matthews R. (2005) The Myth of Punitiveness Theoretical Criminology .Garland D. ( 2001) The Culture of Control : Oxford University Press.Pratt J. et al. 2005 ) The New Punitiveness : Willan.

Caplow T. and Simon J. (1999) Understanding Prison Policy and PopulationTrends in M. Tonry and J. Petersilia (eds) Prisons : University of Chicago Press.Feeley M. and Simon J. (1992) The New Penology: Notes on the EmergingStrategy of Corrections and its Implications Criminology Vol. 39: 449-74.Tonry M. (2001) Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times : Oxford University Press.Jacobson M. (2005) Downsizing Prisons : New York University Press.

Week Six

Lecture: Womens Imprisonment

Seminar: To what extent and in what way should the use of incarceration for women be significantly different than the way it is used for men?

Core reading:Carlen, P. (1983) Womens Imprisonment RoutledgeCarlen,P. (1990) Alternatives to Womens Imprisonment Open University Press.Carlen, P. (2002) (ed) Women and Punishment . Devon: Willan PublishingCarlen, P. & Worrall,A. (2004) Analysing Womens Imprisonment . Devon: WillanPublishing.Cavadino,M & Dignan,J. (1992) The Penal System: an Introduction , London:Sage.Chigwada,R. (1997) Black Womens Experiences of Criminal Justice: adiscourse on disadvantage Waterside Press.Dobash,R. Et al (1985) The Imprisonment of Women , Blackwell.

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Week Seven

Lecture: Race and imprisonment

Seminar: What evidence is there that the racial disproportionality in prisons is a

direct result of discriminatory practices?

Reading

Tonry, M Malign Neglect: Race Crime and punishment in America: Oxford.Blumstein, A. (1993) Racial Disproportionality in the US Prison Population.University of Colorado Law Review Vol. 64: 198-207.Hood, R (1992) Race and Sentencing : Oxford.Mauer, M (1999) Race to Incarcerate : The Sentencing Project.Genders, E. and Player,E. (1990) Race Relations in Prisons , Clarendon Press.Webster, C. (2007) Understanding Race and Crime : Open University Press.

Week Eight

Lecture: The Crisis of Imprisonment

Seminar How useful is the concept crisis in explaining the current situation of

imprisonment?

Reading

Fitzgerald M. and Sim J. (1979) British Prisons . Oxford.Cavadino and Dignan J. (2003) The Penal System : An Introduction: Sage.Sparks R. (1994) Can Prisons be Legitimate? in R. King and M. Maguire (eds)Prisons in Context . Oxford.Rusche G. and Kirchheimer Punishment and Social Structure .Bottoms. A. and Preston R. (1980) The Coming Penal Crisis . Scottish AcademicPress.Player E. and Jenkins M. (1994) Prisons After Woolf . Routledge.King R. and McDermott K. (1989) British Prisons 1970- 19887: The Ever-Deepening Crisis British Journal of Criminology . Vol. 29 No. 2 :107-128.McConville S. and Hall-Williams (1987) The English Response to the PenalCrisis in S. Gottfredson and S. McConville (eds) Americas Correctional Crisis .Greenwood Press.

Week Nine

Lecture: Developing Alternatives to Custody.

Seminar: Discuss the claim that introducing new alternatives to custody will

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inevitably lead to net widening.

Core Reading

Cohen. S. (1985) Visions of Social Control . Polity.

Garland D. (1985) Punishment and Welfare . Gower.McMahon M. (1990) Net Widening, Vagaries in the Use of a Concept BritishJournal of Criminology . Vol. 30 No. 2: 121-150.Graham J. (1990) Decarceration in the Federal Republic of Germany BritishJournal of Criminology Vol. 30 No. 2: 150-171.Carlen P (1990) Alternatives to Womens Imprisonment. Open University Press.Scull (1984) Decarceration: Community Treatment and the Deviant (2 nd edition)Polity.Cohen,S. (1985) Visions of Social Control . Polity.Lowman,J et al (1987) Transcarceration: Essays in the Sociology of Social Control . Gower.

Brownlee,I. (1998) Community Punishments: A Critical Introduction . Longman.Worrall,A. (1997) Punishment in the Community Longman.Byrne,J et al (1992) Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of IntermediateSanctions . Sage.

Week Ten

Lecture: The Privatisation of Prisons

Seminar: To what extent has prison privatisation reduced the cost and increasedthe effectiveness of incarceration?

Reading:Harding R. (1997) Private Prisons and Public Accountability : Open UniversityPress.Erikson,R et al (1987) Punishing for Profit: Reflection on the Revival of Privatisation in Corrections Canadian Journal of Criminology 29/4.Farrell,M. (ed) (1989) Punishment for Profit? London: Institute for the Study andTreatment of Delinquency.Feeley,S & Simon,J. (1992) The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategyof Corrections and its Implications Criminology 30/4: 452-74.James et al (1997 ) Privatizing Prisons : Rhetoric and Reality. Sage.Lilly,J. & Knepper,P. (1992) An International Perspective on the Privatisation of Corrections The Howard Journal 31,3: 174-91.Logan,C. (1992) Private Prisons: Cons and Pros Oxford University Press.Matthews,R. (ed) (1989) Privatizing Criminal Justice Sage.Newman,J & Clarke,J. (1994) The Managerialisation of Public Services inClarke,J. Cochrane,A & McLaughlin,E. (eds) Managing Social Policy London:Sage.

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Ryan,M & Ward,T. (1989) Privatisation and the Penal System Open UniversityPress.Schichor D (1999) Privatising Correctional Institutions; An OrganisationalPerspective Prison Journal . Vol. 79 No.2. 226- 249.

Week Eleven

Lecture: The Future of Imprisonment

Seminar: As we move into postmodernity the nature of imprisonment will betransformed. Discuss.

Reading

Garland, D. (1995) Penal Modernism and Postmodernism in T. Blomberg andS. Cohen (eds) Punishment and Social Control .: de Gruyter

Cohen, S. (1985) Visions of Social Control : Polity.Boyne, R. (2000) Post-Panopticism Economy and Society. Vol. 29 No. 7:285-307.Lucken, K. (1998) Contemporary Penal trends: Modern or Postmodern? BritishJournal of Criminology . Vol 38. No.1: 106-123.Miller, A. (2001) Looking for {Postmodernism in all the Wrong Places:Implementing a New Penology British Journal of Criminology Vol. 41:168-184.Parienti, C. (1999) Lockdown America : Verso.Pratt, J. et al.(2005) The New Punitiveness: Trends Theories, Perspectives :Willan.Deleuze, G. (1995) Negotiations : Columbia University Press.

Week twelve

Lecture. Unit Review.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

There is a mass of literature available that examines penal theory, policy andpractice. You will need to be pro-active in searching out these sources, many of which do not necessarily fall into criminology. Be sure to consult as wide aliterature base as possible, including, Criminology, Sociology, Psychology, andPhilosophy. As well as books, ensure that you consult the journals. Below is alist of journals that you may find useful. Although the Perry Library may not haveall the books and journals you seek you are surrounded by many other sourcesof information including; other university libraries, and the internet. Ensure thatyou tap into the resources offered by institutions such as the Home Office , the

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Centre for Crime & Justice Studies , the Howard League for Penal Reform andNACRO (National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders ). Allof these provide wonderful sources of information, especially in detailing currentissues and many of their publications are free or inexpensive.

Journals include:

Howard Journal of Penal ReformProbation JournalCrime & DelinquencyPrison JournalBritish Journal of CriminologyPunishment and Society the International Journal of PenologyPrison Service JournalCriminology

Crime & Social JusticeCanadian Journal of Criminology

Further References

Ashworth,A. (1983) Sentencing and Penal Policy Weidenfield & Nicholson.

Blumstein,A. (1988) Prison populations: a system out of control? in Tonry,M &Morris,N. (eds) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research , Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Bottoms,A and Preston,R. (1980) The Coming Penal Crisis Scottish AcademicPress.

Bottoms,A. & Light,R. (1987) (eds) Problems of Long-term Imprisonment, Gower Press.

Bosworth, M. (1990) Engendering Resistance: Agency & Power in WomensPrisons Dartmouth: Ashgate.

Bottoms,A & Preston,R. (1980) The Coming Penal Crisis Scottish AcademicPress.

Bottoms,A. (1987) Limiting prison use Howard Journal of Criminal Justice vol26/3: 177-202.

Bottoms,A. (1990) The aims of Imprisonment in Garland,D. (ed) Justice, Guilt &Forgivingness in the Penal System Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh.

Braithwaite,J. (1989) Crime, Shame & Reintegration Cambridge University Press.

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Brownlee,I. (1998) New Labour- New Penology? Punitive rhetoric and the limitsof managerialsm in criminal justice policy Journal of Law and Society vol 25, no.3: 313-35.

Caddle,D. (1998) Research Findings, No. 80 Age Limits for Babies in Prison-some lessons from abroad, Home Office.

Carlen, P. (1983) Womens Imprisonment Routledge.

Carlen,P. (1990) Alternatives to Womens Imprisonment Open University Press.

Carlen,P & Cook,D. (1989) Paying for Crime Open University Press.

Carlen,P. (1998) Sledgehammer: Womens Imprisonment at the Millennium ,London: Macmillan.

Carlen, P. (2002) (ed) Women and Punishment . Devon: Willan Publishing

Carlen, P. & Worrall,A. (2004) Analysing Womens Imprisonment . Devon: WillanPublishing.

Cavadino,M & Dignan,J. (1992) The Penal System: an Introduction , London:Sage.

Chigwada,R. (1997) Black Womens Experiences of Criminal Justice: adiscourse on disadvantage Waterside Press.

Cohen,S. (1985) Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification ,Cambridge: Polity Press

Cohen,S & Taylor,L. (1972) Psychological Survival, Penguin.

Cooke,D. (1989) Containing violent prisoners: analysis of the Barlinnie SpecialUnit British Journal of Criminology 29:129-43.

Cooke,D. (1991) Violence in Prisons: the influence of regime factors Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 30/2.

Coyle,A. (1987) The management of dangerous and difficult prisoners Howard Journal of Criminal Justice , 26:139-52.

Clarke,D. (1997) Therapeutic communities for drug misusers Prison ServiceJournal , No. 111:78-96.

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Cullen,E. (1994) Grendon: the therapeutic community that works Therapeutic Communities 15/4.

Cullen,E. (1997) Can a prison be a therapeutic community?: the Grendontemplate in Cullen,E. Jones,L & Woodward,R. (eds) Therapeutic Communities

for Offenders Chichester: Wiley & Sons.

Currie. E (1998) Crime and Punishment in America : Metropolitan Books.

Ditchfield,J. (1990) Control in prisons: A Review of the Literature , HO ResearchStudy 118.

Dobash,R. et al (1985) The Imprisonment of Women , Blackwell.

Downes,D. (1982) The origins and consequences of Dutch penal policy since1945 British Journal of Criminology 22/4: 325-50.

Downes,D. (1998) The buckling of the shields: Dutch penal policy 1985-95 inWeiss,R.P. & South,N. (eds) Comparing Prison Systems , Amsterdam, Gordon &Breach.

Dunbar,I & Langdon,A. (1998) Tough Justice: Sentencing and Penal Policies inthe 1990s London, Blackstone Press.

Duff,A. & Garland,D. (1994) A Reader on Punishment OUP Press.

Eaton,M. (1986) Justice for Women Open University Press.

Eaton,M. (1993) Women After Prison , Open University Press.

Erikson,R et al (1987) Punishing for profit: reflection on the revival of privatisation in corrections Canadian Journal of Criminology 29/4.

Farrell,M. (ed) (1989) Punishment for Profit? London: Institute for the Study andTreatment of Delinquency.

Fitzgerald,M. & Sim,J. (1979 ) British Prisons Blackwell.

Feeley,S & Simon,J. (1992) The new penology: notes on the merging strategy of corrections and its implications Criminology 30/4: 452-74.

Flynn,N. (1998) Introduction to Prisons and Imprisonment , Winchester:Waterside Press.

Foucault,M. (1977) Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison ,PenguinBooks.

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Flanagan,T. (1995) Long Term Imprisonment Sage.

Garland,D (1985) Punishment & Welfare: A history of penal strategies , Gower Press.

Garland,D. (1990) Punishment and Modern Society Clarendon Press.

Garland,D (1995) Penal Modernism and Postmodernism in T. Blomberg and S.

Garland D (2001 ) The Culture of Control . Oxford University Press.

Genders,E. & Player,E. (1990) Race Relations in Prisons , Clarendon Press.

Genders,E & Player,E. (1995 ) Grendon: A study of a Therapeutic Prison , Oxford:

Clarendon Press.Goffman,E.(1961) Asylums Pelican Books.

Graham,J. (1990) The declining prison population in the Federal Republic of Germany, British Journal of Criminology , 30:150-70.

Hay,W & Sparks,R. (1990) Control Problems and the Long-term prisoner HMSO.

Hedderman,C. & Sugg,D. (1996) Does Treating sex offenders reduce offending?in Research Findings, no. 45 Home Office.

Home Office (1991) Custody, Care and Justice: The Way Ahead for the PrisonMedical Service in England & Wales, Cm 1647,HMSO.

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons (1996) Patient or Prisoner ? Home Office.

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons (1997) Women in Prisons: A Thematic Review :Home Office/ The Stationary Office.

HM Prison Service (1998) Tackling Drugs in Prison: The Prison Service Drug Strategy , HMSO.

HM Inspectorate of Prisons (1999 ) Suicide is Everyones Concern: A Thematic Review of HM Chef Inspector of Prisons for England & Wales , Home Office.

Hood,R. (1992) Race and Sentencing Oxford.

Howard League (1989) Black People and the Criminal Justice System

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Hudson,B. (1993) Penal Policy & Social Justice London: Macmillan.

Ignatieff,M (1978) A Just Measure of Pain U.P.

Irwin,J. (1982) The Pains of Imprisonment London, Sage.

Jacobson M. (2005) Downsizing Prisons : NYU Press.

King,R. Maximum security custody in Britain and the USA: a study of Gartreeand Oak Park Heights, British Journal of Criminology , 31.

King,R & Maguire,M (1994) Prisons in Context, Oxford University Press.

Learmont,Gen.Sir.J. (1995) Review of Prison Service Security in England &Wales and the Escape from Parkhurst Prison on Tuesday 3 rd January (1995) TheLearmont Inquiry, Cm 3020,HMSO.

Liebling,A. (1992) Suicide in Prison London, Routledge.

Liebling,A. (1995) Vulnerability and prison suicide British Journal of Criminology 35/2.

Liebling,A. (1997 ) Security, Justice and Order in Prison: Developing Perspectives , University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology.

Lilly,J. & Knepper,P. (1992) An international perspective on the privatisation of corrections The Howard Journal 31,3: 174-91.

Lloyd,C. (1990) Suicide and self-injury in prison: a review of the literature, HomeOffice research study 115.

Lifers: A Joint Thematic Review by HM Inspectorate of Prison and Probation ,Home Office: The Stationary Office.

Logan,C. (1992) Private Prisons: Cons and Pros Oxford University Press.

Marshall,P. (1997) A reconviction study of HMP Grendon therapeuticcommunity, Research Findings, No. 53, Home Office.

Matthews,R. (ed) (1989) Privatizing Criminal Justice Sage.

Matthews,R. (1999) Doing Time: an introduction to the Sociology of Imprisonment , London : Macmillan.

Mathieson,T. (1974) The Politics of Abolition Martin Robertson.

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May,T. (1995) Probation, Politics and Practice , Milton Keynes: Open UniversityPress.

McLaughlin,E & Muncie,J. (2001) Controlling Crime ,( 2 nd edition) London: Sage& The Open University.

Melossi,D & Pavarini,M. (1981) Creation of the Modern Prison Sage.

Morgan,R & Jones,H. (1991) Prison Discipline: the case for implementing WoolfBritish Journal of Criminology 31/3.

Morgan,R. (1997) Imprisonment: current trends and a brief history since 1945 inMaguire,M. Morgan,R & Reiner,R. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology , Oxford:Clarendon Press.

Morgan,R & Evans,M (1994) Inspecting Prisons: the view from Strasbourg in

King,R. & Maguire,M. (eds) Prisons in Context : Oxford: Clarendon Press.Morris,N & Rothman,D.J (1998) The Oxford History of the Prison , Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

Muncie,J. (1996) Prison Histories: Reform, Repression and Rehabilitation inMcLaughlin,E & Muncie,J. OUP.

Newman,J & Clarke,J. (1994) The managerialisation of public services inClarke,J. Cochrane,A & McLaughlin,E. (eds) Managing Social Policy London:Sage.

OMalley P (2004) Risk, Uncertainty and Government . London: GlasshousePress

Player,E & Jenkins,M (eds) (1993) Prisons After Woolf: Reform through Riot Routledge.

Policy Review Symposium (1996) - The Learmont Report, Context, Content andAftermath Howard Journal 35/4.

Rawlings,B. (1998) Research on Therapeutic Communities in Prisons: A Review of the Literature , HM Prison Service.

Reiman,R. (1984) The Rich Get Rich and Poor Get Prison Wiley Press.

Rose N (2000) Government and Control British Journal of Criminology Vol. 40.

Ruggiero,V, Ryan, M & Sim,J. (1995) Western European Penal Systems ,Sage.

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Ryan,M & Ward,T. (1989) Privatisation and the Penal System Open UniversityPress.

Rutherford,A. (1984) Prisons and the Process of Justice , Oxford UniversityPress.

Scraton,P & Sim,J & Skidmore,P. (1991) Prisons Under Protest OUP.

Seddon,T. (1996) Drug Control in Prisons Howard Journal of Criminal JusticeVol 35, no.4, November.

Sim,J. (1990) Medical Power in Prisons : Buckingham, Open University Press.

Sparks, (2001) Prisons, Punishment and Penality in McLaughlin,E & Muncie,J.Controlling Crime ,( 2 nd edition) London: Sage & The Open University.

Stern,V. (1987) Bricks of Shame Penguin.Tchaikovsky, Chris. (1990) Women and Prison, Cutting Edge .

The Woolf Report, (1990) Prison Disturbances Cmd 1406 , HMSO.

Tonry,M. (1994) Racial disproportion in prison in King,R & Maguire,M (1994)Prisons in Context, Oxford University Press.

Tonry M (1994) The Future of Imprisonment : Oxford

Judge Tumin (1990) Suicide and Self-harm in Prison Service Establishments inEngland & Wales Command 1383.

Vagg,J. (1994) Prison Systems: A Comparative Study , Oxford University Press.

Walker,J, Collier,P & Tarling,R. (1990) Why are prison rates in England & Waleshigher than in Australia, British Journal of Criminology , 30/1:24-35.

Weiss,P. & South,N. (1998 ) Comparing Prison Systems: Towards aComparative and International Penology , Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach.

Worrall,A. (1997) Punishment in the Community: The Future of Criminal Justice ,Harlow: Addison Wesley.

Young J (1999) The Exclusive Society . London: Sage

Zedner, L. (1990) Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England .

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Zedner,L (1998) Wayward Sisters: the prison for women in Morris,N &Rothman,D.J (1998) The Oxford History of the Prison , Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress

Zimring,F. & Hawkins,G. (1991) The Scale of Imprisonment , Chicago.

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Are you interested in penal issues ?

Those of you who are particularly interested in penal issues should consider joining the:

Howard League for Penal Reform1 Ardleigh Road,London N1 4HSTel: 020 7249 7373Email: howardleague@ukonline.co.uk Website: www.howardleague.org

The Howard League is an independent charity which receives no government

funds and relies entirely upon membership fees and donations for all financialsupport. Membership costs 18 per year and in return you will receive a copy of their quarterly journal The Howard Journal as well as a copy of the Howard League Magazine four times a year which details current issues in penal affairs,including lists of publications and conferences.

Volunteering possibilities

There is a wide range of opportunities for volunteers interested in working in thecriminal justice system. The following provides a broad introduction to some of the penal related agencies. If you are interested in volunteering or want further

information contact the agency directly.The Howard League is an independent charity that campaigns for humanereform of the penal system. The Howard League recruits volunteers to work inthe office or on the Citizenship and Crime Project. Office volunteers work inresearch and/ or administration depending on an individuals experience and thetype of skills they what to develop. The Citizenship and Crime Project providesyoung people with information about the criminal justice system throughinteractive workshops in school. The Howard League plays daily expense for lunch and travel.Contact the Howard League on 0202 7249 7373.

The Bourne Trust provides support services for prisoners and their families. Atthe present time volunteers are involved in work in the following settings- VisitorsCentres at Wormwood Scrubs and Belmarsh; a play area within the prison visitsarea at Wormwood Scrubs; visiting isolated prisoners in Holloway, Wakefiled andChannings Wood.Contact the Bourne Trust on 020 7582 1313.

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The New Bridge is an independent voluntary organisation which recruitsvolunteers to write and visit prisoners who have o other contact outside of theprison.

Contact The New Bridge on 020 7976 0779.

Partners of Prisoners and Families Support Group (POPS) provide a varietyof support services to anyone who has a link with someone in prison, It is themain service provider to prisoner families in the north of England. POPS runs thenational black prisoners support group. POPS also recruits volunteers to work atthe visitor centre at HMP Hindley.Contact POPS on 0161 740 8600.

Prison Visitors visit and provide support and friendship to lonely and isolatedprisoners. Although officially appointed, prison visitors are independent of thePrison Service and visit prisoners on an informal and open basis.Contact the National Association of Prison Visitors on 01234 359763 or write tothe governor of the prison.

The Prisoners Families and Friends Service provides advice, informationsupport and friendship to the family and friends of anyone sentenced toimprisonment or remanded in custody. Befriender volunteers visit families in their own homes to offer on-going support; court volunteers work in the London CrownCourts providing information. Volunteers can also work in the PF&FS office or the

Family Centre.Contact PF&FS on 020 7403 4091/9359.

NACRO runs a wide range of community based projects which offer practicalservices and resources to individuals caught up in the criminal justice process, tothose at risk of offending and to communities suffering the affects of crime.NACRO does not recruit volunteers centrally for local services, so either look inthe local telephone directory or call the NACRO publications department for andaddress list - -20 7582 6500.

SOVA ( Society of Voluntary Associates) works at all points of the criminal justice system form arrest to referral and bail support through the courts, to workin custodial institutions and to the provision of post- release support. The precisenature of the work undertaken by volunteers depends upon the type of project inwhich they are involved. Some examples of the kinds of project SOVA runinclude leisure programmes for young people, visiting prisoners, and providingemployment and training advice to ex-offenders. SOVA also recruits \and trainsvolunteers on behalf of some probation service areas.Contact SOVA on 020 7793 0404.

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