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PERFORMANCE STUDY OF VIRTUAL FENCING USING WIRELESS SENSING NETWORK CHAN HUI TING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF VIRTUAL FENCING USING WIRELESS SENSING NETWORK
CHAN HUI TING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF VIRTUAL FENCING USING WIRELESS SENSING NETWORK
CHAN HUI TING
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical - Electronics & Telecommunications)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Dr.
Tharek bin Abd Rahman for his guidance and advices. I am also very thankful to
Research Officer WCC UTM, Arsany bin Arsad for participating in the
experiments. Liao Ji Hau, a PhD student in NCU, Taiwan also deserves special
thanks for his assistance in supplying the relevant information and knowledge
sharing. Without their continuous support and help, this thesis would not have
been the same as presented here. I am also thankful to Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM) and Wireless Communication Center UTM for funding this
project. Last but not least, I am grateful to all my family members and friends for
their love and support.
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ABSTRACT
This project report presents the experiments and performance analysis of
virtual fence unit consists of microwave motion detector and IEEE 802.15.4
wireless sensor network for maximum sensing range. In particular, the analysis is
focusing on the maximum sensing range of virtual fence unit in terms of azimuth
angle, elevation angle, height, sensitivity level for indoor and outdoor
implementation. The WSN platform is developed using Octopus II sensor nodes
while the microwave motion detector is HB100 which detect movement using
Doppler effect. Results show the maximum sensing range is maximum at 0º angle
in both azimuth and elevation. The maximum sensing range of virtual fence unit is
decreasing as azimuth angle increasing. For elevation angle, a significant
increment of maximum sensing range at 45º and 60º elevation angle in downwards
direction compared to 45º and 60º elevation angle in upwards direction is observed.
With high sensitivity level of virtual fence unit, the maximum sensing range of
virtual fence unit is larger than the maximum sensing range of virtual fence unit at
normal sensitivity level. However, high sensitivity level will not further increase
the maximum sensing range if the virtual fence unit has reached its maximum
sensing range. Results also show virtual fence unit behaves differently in indoor
and outdoor environment and the virtual fence unit has longer maximum sensing
range in indoor environment than outdoor environment.
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ABSTRAK
Laporan projek ini membentangkan eksperimen dan analisis prestasi unit
pagar maya yang terdiri daripada pengesan pergerakan gelombang mikro dan
sensor rangkaian wayarles IEEE 802.15.4 untuk mengkaji jarak pengesanan object
yang maksimum . Khususnya , analisis ini memberi tumpuan kepada jarak
pengesanan object maksimum dari segi sudut azimut , sudut dongakan, ketinggian
, tahap sensitiviti untuk aplikasi dalaman dan luaran. Platform wayarles dibina
dengan menggunakan sensor nod Octopus II manakala pengesan pergerakan
gelombang mikro adalah HB100 yang mengesan pergerakan menggunakan kesan
Doppler. Keputusan menunjukkan jarak pengesanan object yang paling maksimum
adalah pada sudut 0º untuk azimut dan dongakan. Jarak pengesanan objek
maksimum unit pagar maya semakin berkurangan semasa sudut azimuth semakin
meningkat. Untuk sudut dongakan, kenaikan yang ketara dalam jarak pengesanan
objek maksimum dikesan pada sudut tunduk 45º dan 60º berbanding dengan sudut
dongakan 45º dan 60º. Jarak pengesanan objek maksimum unit pagar maya dengan
tahap sensitivity yang tinggi adalah lebih besar daripada unit pagar maya dengan
tahap sensitivity di tahap sensitiviti biasa. Walau bagaimanapun, tahap sensitivity
yang tinggi tidak akan meningkatkan pelbagai jarak pengesanan objek maksimum
unit pagar maya jika unit pagar maya telah mencapai jarak pengesanan objek yang
maksimum. Keputusan juga menunjukkan prestasi unit pagar maya berbeza dalam
persekitaran dalaman dan luaran. Unit pagar maya mempunyai jarak pengesanan
objek maksimum yang lebih jauh dalam persekitaran dalaman dibanding dengan
persekitaran luar .
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF APPENDICES
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iii
iv
v
vi
ix
x
xiii
xiv
xv
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Scopes
1.5 Thesis Outline
1
1
3
3
4
4
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 WSN 5
2.3 Theory of Doppler Effect
2.4 Concept of Virtual Fencing
2.5 Related Work
2.6 Summary
9
12
15
18
3 METHODOLOGY 19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Flowchart of the Project
3.3 Octopus II
3.4 HB100
3.5 Virtual Fence Unit
3.6 Experimental Setup
3.7 Field Measurement Setup
3.7.1 Measurement Setup
3.7.2 Location of Measurement
3.7.2.1 Indoor
3.7.2.2 Outdoor
3.7.3 Virtual Fence
3.8 Programming
3.9 Summary
20
21
22
24
25
28
28
35
35
35
36
37
39
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
40
40
4.2 Different Azimuth Angle at Different Height
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Results and Data Analysis
4.3 Different Elevation Angle at Different Height
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Results and Data Analysis
4.4 High Sensitivity of Virtual Fence Unit
41
41
41
43
43
44
47
5
vii
REFERENCES
Appendices A - B
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Results and Data Analysis
4.5 Environment
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Data Analysis
4.6 Summary
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Future Works
5
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47
53
53
53
54
55
55
55
57
58
63-78
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1
2.2
2.3
Summary of Wireless Sensor Platform
Properties of Different Types of Sensors
Comparison of Infrared Sensor and
Accelerometer Sensor
7
9
9
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Conventional Fence 2
1.2 Virtual Fence 3
2.1 WSN 6
2.2 Radiation Pattern of PIR Sensor 8
2.3 Doppler Effect 11
2.4 Doppler shift caused by relative motion of the target 12
2.5 Concept of virtual fencing 13
2.6 Concept of sending warning to worker-on-foot 14
2.7 Concept of Virtual Fence 16
2.8 Wireless Infrared Intrusion Detection System Architecture 17
3.1 Virtual Fence System using WSN 20
3.2 Flowchart of the Project 20
3.3 Octopus II Sensor Node 21
3.4 Expansion board 22
3.5 Principle of HB100 23
3.6 HB100 23
3.7 Virtual Fence Unit 24
3.8 Flowchart of Virtual Fence Unit 25
3.9 Virtual Fence System using WSN for WCC UTM 26
3.10 Virtual Fence Setup for this project 27
3.11 Connection between virtual fence unit, sink node and 27
monitoring room
3.12 Setup to evaluate the performance of virtual fence unit 28
3.13 Measurement of height 29
x
3.14 Flowchart of getting maximum sensing range at different 29
azimuth angle
3.15 Virtual fence unit at 0º azimuth angle 30
3.16 Virtual fence unit at 70º azimuth angle 30
3.17 Virtual fence unit at 125º azimuth angle 31
3.18 Flowchart in getting maximum range at different elevation 32
angle in this project
3.19 Virtual fence unit at 0º elevation angle 32
3.20 Virtual fence unit at -15º elevation angle 33
3.21 Virtual fence unit at +45º elevation angle 33
3.22 Measurement of maximum sensing range 34
3.23 Indoor site for measurement 35
3.24 Outdoor site for measurement 36
3.25 Demonstration Setup 37
3.26 Diagram of virtual fence setup in this project 37
3.27 GUI of Octopus II Flash Programmer 38
4.1 Indoor performance at different azimuth angle at 30cm, 42
60cm and 90cm height
4.2 Outdoor performance at different azimuth angle at 30cm, 42
60cm and 90cm height
4.3 Radiation pattern of HB100 at azimuth angle 43
4.4 Maximum sensing range with HB100 set at different elevation 45
angle at different heights in indoor environment
4.5 Maximum sensing range with HB100 set at different elevation 45
angle at different heights in outdoor environment
4.6 Radiation pattern of HB100 at elevation angle 46
4.7 Comparison of maximum sensing range when HB100 is set at 48
30cm height with normal sensitivity level and HB100 is set at
60cm and 90cm height with high sensitivity level in indoor
environment
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4.8 Comparison of maximum sensing range when HB100 is set at 49
30cm height with normal sensitivity level and HB100 is set at
60cm and 90cm height with high sensitivity level in outdoor
environment
4.9 Maximum sensing range at different azimuth angle for HB100 50
set at 60cm height in indoor environment
4.10 Maximum sensing range at different azimuth angle for HB100 50
set at 60cm height in outdoor environment
4.11 Maximum sensing range at different azimuth angle for HB100 51
set at 90cm height in indoor environment
4.12 Maximum sensing range at different azimuth angle for HB100 51
set at 90cm height in outdoor environment
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADC - Analog to Digital Converter
FMCW - Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
IR - Infrared
LED - Light Emitting Diode
MMS - Multimedia Messages
PIDS - Perimeter Intrusion Detection System
PIR - Passive Infrared
RF - Radio frequency
RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
SBC - Single Board Computer
UTM - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
WCC - Wireless Communications Center
WSN - Wireless Sensor Network
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
co - Velocity of light
fD - Doppler Frequency
Fd - Doppler Frequency
Fi - Incident Frequency
fo - Transmit Frequency
Fr - Reflected Frequency
v - Velocity of moving object
α - Angle between microwave beam and target’s path
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
B
TITLE
Source Code
Datasheet
PAGE
xv
63
70
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensors equipped with
wireless interfaces to communicate wirelessly with each other or base station to
form a network. These sensors are small, lower cost than traditional network but
with limited processing and computing resources. These sensor nodes can collect
useful information from the physical environment they are deployed in, process the
data and transmit the sensed data to the user based on the local decision process.
The sensed data can be reported to one or multiple sink nodes which can process
the received data and extract useful information.
A WSN has design constraints and resource constraints. Resource
constraints are limited energy, short communication range, small bandwidth
besides limited processing and storage in each node. Design constraints are size of
the network, the deployment structure and the network topology. For indoor
environments, fewer nodes are required to form a network in a limited space while
outdoor environments may require more nodes to cover a larger area.
Infrastructure and site surveillance is imperative with the increasing
concern on security and safety. The best way to prevent disruption to a facility is
creating an interactive perimeter that able to detect the intruders and alerts on the
potential threats are sent before the break in occur. Detection of people attempting
to cut through or climb over fences as shown in Figure 1.1 is not available with
conventional fence.
Figure 1.1 Conventional Fence
There are two main problems when a conventional fence is used to safe
guard a building or a site. Conventional fence has a physical barrier to allow an
intruder to hide before breaking into the building or the protected site and there is
no notification when an intruder crossed the physical barrier. The problems can be
overcome by virtual fencing using wireless sensor network which can detect and
localize the intrusion. The virtual fence is designed to serve as an enclosure or a
boundary without physical barrier. The system replaces the need for building a
fence, installation of multiple cameras and hiring security guards to walk around
the perimeters. It has no weather or other environmental limitations. Virtual fence
is invisible and thus it is difficult to defeat. Intruders are unaware of the existence
of the virtual fence but intrusion can be detected once intruder is moving through
the barrier as indicated in yellow circle as shown in Figure 1.2.
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Figure 1.2 Virtual Fence
1.2 Problem Statement
Virtual fence system using wireless sensor network is built from a
collection of virtual fence unit. Virtual fence unit plays an important role in overall
performance of virtual fence system using wireless sensor network. However,
performance of virtual fence unit is different in different environment and
orientations.
1.3 Objectives
This main objective of this project is study the performance of virtual fence
unit of virtual fence system using wireless sensor network.
Other objectives of this project are:
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• To determine the maximum sensing range of virtual fence unit in terms of
azimuth angle, elevation angle, height and sensitivity for indoor and
outdoor environment.
• To detect and localize the intrusion.
1.4 Scopes
In this project, WSN platform is made up with Octopus II sensor node
while microwave motion sensor HB100 is used as the motion detector. Test
environments of this project are ground floor of Wireless Communication Center
(WCC) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) as indoor environment and rooftop
of WCC UTM as outdoor environment. The maximum sensing range of virtual
fence unit is evaluated from 0⁰ to 180⁰ azimuth angle and from 0⁰ to 90⁰ elevation
angle when it is set at 30cm, 60cm and 90cm height with normal and high
sensitivity level of virtual fence unit in indoor and outdoor environments.
1.5 Thesis Outline
This thesis is divided into five chapters to describe the project works.
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the project. Chapter 2 presents the literature
review on related researches that have been done. Chapter 3 describes the
methodology of this project starting from setting up the virtual fence unit until the
data collection. Measurement results are shown and discussed in the Chapter 4.
Chapter 5 covers the conclusion and future works of this project.
4
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