Presented by:Dr. Wahyu W. Pandoe
Development, Operational and Maintenance of the Indonesian Tsunami Buoy Program
BPPT
Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster
PERIOD : 1991 - 2010BMKG
Liwa 94
Bengkulu 00
Banggai 00
Mataram 04
Simeulue 02, 10
Kerinci 95
Majalengka 01 Alor 91
Manokwari 03
Nabire 04, 04
Earthquake TSUNAMI
Earthquake
Mentawai 05
Earthquake : 30 x
Tsunami : 14 x
Yogyakarta 06
P. Buru 06
Alor, 04
Flores 92
Biak, 96
Molucca 98
Banyuwangi 94
Aceh 04
Pangandaran 06
Nias 05
Timor 95
Padangpanjang 07
Bengkulu 07
Situbondo 07
Gorontalo 08Manokwari 09
Mentawai 10
3
Regional Tsunami Warning Service Provider (RTSP) for Indian Ocean (UNESCO IOC)
ICG/IOTWS
IOC of UNESCO
RTSP Indonesia:
BMKG
(also as Indonesia National Tsunami Warning Center)
RTSP Australia: Bureau of Meteorology (BoM)
RTSP India: INCOIS
NATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING
CENTRES in the INDIAN
OCEAN
UN Agencies and Other
International Organizations
ICG/IOTWS: Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean
Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
4
Components of InaTEWS (Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System)
Indonesia National Tsunami Warning Center at BMKG
STRUCTURE
BMKG
Seismometer Accelerometer
Indonesia Geospatial
Agency (BIG)
Tide Gauges
BPPT
Tsunami Buoys
CULTURE
(> 11 institutions/agencies)
Preparedness, Education,
Dissemination, Risk Assessment and reduction,
etc
Post Disaster management,
Awareness and Response
BPPT (The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology) is the
Indonesia government agency under coordination of the Ministry of Research
and Technology
BMKG
BAKOSURTANAL
6
Tsunami Buoy Operation Program at BPPT
BPPT Chairman
(under the Ministry of Research and Technology
Deputy TIEMDeputy TIRBR
Deputy TPSA (Technology for
Natural Resources Development)
Operational and Maintenance Tsunami Buoy
Program
(Task Force since 2007)
48 Interdisciplinary Engineers , Scientists
and Technician
Technology Center for
Marine Survey
- 4 (Four) Baruna Jaya Research Vessels Fleet Management,
- 105 employees & crews
5 other Centers
Deputy TAB Deputy PKT
President’s Delivery Unit for Development
Monitoring & Oversight
Baruna Jaya Ship Particulars
Tsunami Buoy Operation Program at BPPT (The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology)
BPPT Chairman
(under the Ministry of Research and Technology
Deputy TIEMDeputy TIRBR
Deputy TPSA (Technology for
Natural Resources Development)
Operational and Maintenance Buoy Tsunami
Program
(Task Force since 2007)
78 Engineers , Scientists and
Technician
Technology Center for
Marine Survey
- 4 (Four) Baruna Jaya Research Vessels Fleet Management,
- 105 employees & crews
5 other Centers
Deputy TAB Deputy PKT
9
President Advisory Board
Concept of Buoy Tsunami
Type of operational buoys in Indonesia:
•InaBuoy TEWS (Indonesia)
•DART / DART ETD (USA, Australia, Thailand, India)
•GITEWS (Germany)
Scope of Operational Buoy Tsunami Program at BPPT:
The Operational Buoy Tsunami Program is a task force since 2007 – present (ad-hoc). This program is proposed to become the Indonesia Data Buoy Center (IDBC) that includes:
1. Operational tsunami buoys: InaBUOY, DART (NOAA), DART-ETD Australia, GITEWS (Germany), New development (CBT, HF Radar)
2. Ocean & Climatological Buoys: Global ocean observing System, long term sistematic and sustain observation, include: ATLAS /RAMA / TFLEX (NOAA-USA), TRITON (JAMSTEC-Japan), FIO (China), InaGOOS (Indonesia)
3. Operational experiment for ARGO FLOATERS and DRIFTERS:Starting in 2012 collaboration with NOAA-USA
InaBuoy TEWS ProgramBuoy Operational in Eastern Indian Ocean /
Western Pacific / internal waters
InaBuoy 2nd Gen
•The 2nd Generation start for operational in
mid 2008
Bali,
09/03/2010Indonesian Tsunami Buoy 14
Buoy Hull Design & Manufacture
• Material : Fiber glass• Max diameter 2,1 m• Height 3 m• Inside diameter 1,7 m• Berat kering: 2700kg• Max payload: 2000 kg
Bali,
09/03/2010Indonesian Tsunami Buoy 15
Buoy Hull Payload• Solar cells• Outdoor Instrumentation
– Oceanographic / meteorological sensors
• Flash lamp• Acoustic transducer• Antennas (Iridium n Inmarsat) inside the
hull• Instrument & Battery compartment
Sea Operation for Tsunami Buoy Deployment
US DART Buoy WaveScan Buoy
InaBuoy, Gen-2 GITEWS Buoy
4 R/Vs
BARUNA
JAYA
Data Flowfrom the sea floor to the National Warning Centre
• Data Center at BPPT (also called “Read Down Station - RDS”) operates continuously 24/7
basis
• BPPT sends the data to BMKG as the National Tsunami Warning Center
• By State Law, BPPT do not have the authority to issue tsunami early warning, but BMKG
VSAT
TV/Radio/News
BMKG
(RTSP)
Time line of tsunami warningEarthquake
T1=5m
T2=6m
0
t5
FIRST WARNING
ESTIMATION OF THE THREAT
FIRST OBSERVATION
END OF THREAT
SECOND OBSERVATION
FIRST UPDATING
SECOND UPDATING
THIRD OBSERVATION
Bulletin no 1
Bulletin no 2
Bulletin no 3.1
Bulletin no 3.2
Bulletin no 3.3
Bulletin no 4
t0
T3=20m
t4
t6
Seismic
Tsunami
scenario
Tide gauge
Buoy
GPS
Tide gauge
Buoy
GPS
………
• Previous [2009] plan: 23 buoy along the seas prone to tsunami; consisting of: 10 InaBuoy, 10 Germany, 2 DART USA, 1 Malaysia
DART II - StandardInstalled in Sept 2007Stop transmission in March
2008Site visit in 2009 indicating the
buoy was vandalized
Buoy KomodoJuni 2008: installedAgustus 2008: detect minor tsunamiOktober 2008: vandalizedNov 2008: repaired and re-installed,
but get vandalized again a week after
April 2009 reinstalledSeptember 2009: drifting
(vandalized) and recovered
Buoy MentawaiInstalled inOctober 2009November 2009:
drifting/vandalizedApril 2010: redeploymentJuli 2010 : vandalized13 November 2010: reinstalledMaintenace OBU in Feb 2011Recovered in June 2011Shifted to ENGGANO in Oct
2011
Buoy HalmaheraApril 2009 : deploymentJanuari 2010 : lost contactAug 2010: considered
missing, and redeployment
Nov 2010: technical failureJan 2011: recovered
Buoy Aru/NairaApril 2009 : deploymentSept 2009 : towed by
fishermanNovember 2009: found and
recovered in North Sulawesi
Buoy SimeulueInstalled in May 2010June2010 detects Nicobar minor
tsunamiLost in November 2010 Redeployment: Feb 2011Malfunction in April 2011Recovered/redeploy in June 2011Drifting (Lost) August 2011Redeploy: May 2012
Buoy CilacapInstalled in August 2010Oct 2010: reported vandalism on solar
panelDecember 2010: drifting, cut on
mooring line (vandalized), and recovered
Redeploy in May 2011Recovered in Feb 2012
Buoy KrakatauMei 2007 prototype deploymentMei 2008 driftingJuni 2008 transferred to Komodo
Buoy Pelabuhan RatuInstalled August 2011Maintenance Sept 2011
(vandalized)Redeploy Feb 2012
Buoy ENGGANOOkt 2011: deployment, now in service, but OBU fails, buoy is drifting since 24 Apr 2012
SUMATRA-2Installed in April 2009Apr 2010: buoy was
drifting ‘suspiciously’May 2010: Buoy is
recovered
JAVA-01Installed in April 2009Drifting and recovered in Nov 2009
SUMATRA-3Installed in April 2009Jan 2011: buoy was drifting
suspiciouslyFeb 2011: recovered 28 Feb
2011 near Sunda Str.
SUMATRA-1Installed in April 2009Dec 2010: site visit, but could
not find the buoy. Considered missing/sinking
JAVA-02Installed in April 2009Status: unreporting/unknownSites check are scheduled in
Early-Mid 2012
SUMATRA-4Installed in April 2009Status: un-reportingSite visit Oct 2011: Buoy is
missing
JAVA-03Installed in Aapril 2009Status: damaged n recovered (Feb
2012)
JAVA-04Installed in Aapril 209Status: missing (site check on (Feb
2012)
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Expected Buoy Status by end 2012
ENGGANORedeployment in October 2012
PELB.RATURedeployment in Feb 2012
DART ETD ID-AUDeployment in Feb 2012
SIMEULUEIna BUOY, Redepoyment 20 May 2012
Examples on Vandalism Issue on buoy(s)
02/11/10Pupuk Berimbang
Vandalism on
NAIRA Buoys (Banda Sea)
• Deployed in Banda Sea in April
2009 at the depth 5035m
• Buoy unexpectedly 'travel' to north
Sulawesi in Sept-Oct 2009
• Buoy is fully recovered by BJ-III in
Nov 2009
• Major damage in the surface buoy
• Indonesian, DART-USA and GITEWS Germany buoys were also experienced nearly similar problems
DART 0N92E / 2009
Tracked SUM-03
when vandalized
KOMODO / 2009
GITEWS JAV-03
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Some EQ & Tsunami Events detected by Tsunami Buoys:
• Indian Ocean (Bengkulu), 12 September 2007
• Indian Ocean (Mentawai), 25 October 2010
• East Japan EQ, 11 March 2011
• Indian Ocean (Aceh), 11 April 2012
02/11/10Pupuk Berimbang
Recorded Vs Predicted Sea Level for Krakatau Tsunameter on Bengkulu EQ 12 Sept 2007
02/11/10Pupuk Berimbang
Bengkulu EQ 12 Sept 2007
Tsunami signal
• Comparison between post processed KRAKATAU Tsunameterdata (red line) to the TUNAMI (Tohoku University’s Numerical-Analysis for Investigation of Tsunami) Numerical model (blue line) of Tsunami wave height.
• Implement new algorithms on KRAKATAU tsunameter data analysis in conjunction to the local tsunami source signals
• Well agree between observation and numerical model for the first tsunami peak wave, but still unable to remove the seismic noise
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Indian Oc. Tsunami Event, 11 April 2012: NOAA’s WEBSIFT Inverse Numerical Model
• Websift Inverse Numerical model result was validated iteratively in near real time to the closest buoy(s) tsunami.
• During EQ 11 April 2012, buoy DART #23401 detects a minor tsunami ~10cm.
• The height of tsunami recorded at DART is inputted into the inverse numerical model to estimate the tsunami height in other areas, including when the tsunami is approaching the western coast of Sumatra
Estimasi waktu rambatan gelomban tsunami (int. kontur = 5 menit)
22/12/2009Footer 30
Tsunami (minor) event, 11 April 2012
Detiding signal
Raw data
1m
31
Time in UTC (WIB-7)
Sealevel at Meulaboh (west coast of Aceh) Station
Confirmation the occurrence of minor tsunami at coastline detected by
coastal tide gauge
EQ & Tsunami, East Japan, 11 Maret 2011Tsunami Buoy DART #52403
900km NNE Jayapura, d=4431m
Tsunami Height and Propagation Model (WEBSIFT)
Remark: 2nd wave > 1st wave
#1 offshore Biak
#2 offshore Jayapura
(USA)
(USA)
(USA)
(USA)
Jerman
(Jerman)
(Jerman)
(Jerman)
(Jerman)
21:47 WIB (5 minutes)
21:55 WIB (13 Minutes) 22:02 WIB (20 minutes)
DSS products of Simulation
M 7.2 , 25-Oct-2010, 21:42:20 WIB 3.63 S, 99.92 E DEPTH 10 Km
Estimation tsunami height < 0.5m
Source: GFZ Germany, 2010 Note: = GITEWS SUM-03
Sea level & Tsunami detected on SUMATRA-3 Buoy
during EQ Mentawai 25 Oct 2010
22:02 WIB (20 minutes)
M 7.2 , 25-Oct-2010, 21:42:20 WIB
(14:42:20UTC)
Sumber: GFZ Jerman, 2010
Concepts of New Designs InaBuoy TEWS(2013-2014)
• Near field or local tsunamis limits the buoy detection in time
• Surface Buoys subject to a vandalism
• Proposed new designs:1. Indonesia Cable Based Tsunameter (CBT)
2. HF Radar
Cable-based Tsunameter (CBT)
• Consider small islands along west coast Mentawai Islands as a fix buoy.
• Shift surface buoy to the coast line with a permanent structure, while OBU is still sitting in the 'deep water'
• Connect OBU to the “surfaced/landed buoy” with a submarine cable →'Cable-based InaTEWS' system
• The system does not replace buoys, but complement or redundancy.
• More focus in western Sumatra and southern Java
RS-232toFO
FOto
RS-232
Cable Optics
Power Junction
Power Junction
CPU
Copper Cable
Inmarsat Iridium
Battery RechargerableBattery
Power Management
Modul
Solar Panel
BPR
RS-232
RS-232
Ocean Bottom Unit
(OBU)
Shore-based Station
Prototype Cable-Based Tsunameter
22/12/2009Footer 39
OBU-
CBT
Marine Fiber
Optic Cable
Dry test at Puspiptek
Serpong
New development in 2012: Cable Based InaTEWS
Proposed Sites:
1. South coast of West Java (1st prototype in September 2012)
2. P. Bajo (northern Siberut Is.)
3. P. Sinyaunyau (southern Siberut Is)
4. P. Rondo (northern Weh Is.)
5. P. Enggano (southwestern Bengkulu)
R&D 2013/2014: Cable based InaTEWS(to be connected to a mesh network of
pressure/seismic sensors)
22/12/2009Footer
Notional design of a mesh network with
redundant paths between nodes, connected to
existing on-shore warning systems.
• Initiate collaborative proposal with University of Pittsburgh of USA
has been submitted to US National Science Foundation
• Expected to implement in 2013/2014
HF Radar (expected for prototyping in 2013/2014)
• Current
• Radial Current
• Surface Wind Direction and Direction
• Surface Current Speed
• Significant Wave Height
• Dominant Wave Period and Direction
• Non-Directional Wave Spectrum
• Directional Wave Spectrum
• Tsunami
Proposed Area:
• Southern coast of Java (~ Cilacap)
• Bengkulu/Padang Coast
• Aceh west coast
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HF Radar: ANTENNA SYSTEM CONFIGURATION (1)
HF Radar: Example : The 2011 Sendai Tsunami observed off Hokkaido Japan
by SeaSonde HF RadarTsunami Height at KINAOSHI
Tsunami height is superimposed into
total current velocity. (Accuracy
decreases as approaching the coast
line)
Source: Gurgel et al., 2011
Source: Lipa et al.,Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 1663-
1679, http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/8/1663
CLOSING REMARKS and CONCLUSION
1. The „Buoy Technology‟ development and engineering at BPPT has been established since 2007, and will continue with some improvements (long/short range tsunamis)
2. Vandalisms are the main issues in the operational of tsunami buoys in Indonesia (and adjacent seas/oceans)
3. Near future collaboration is expected to be established. BPPT engineers would like to share and learn on the state-of-the-art ocean technologies through a close regional/international partnership
4. Strengthening a ‘capacity building’ and related national / international institution efforts to establish national/regional ocean observing/warning system.
Recommendations
• Near Future development, design, engineering and prototyping:– Cable-based tsunami detection system (also collaborates with
University of Pittsburg, USA, and open possibility with other partners)
– HF Radar: initiation for joint development with University of Hamburg (WERA HF Radar) and looking forward with other R&D institutions
• Looking forward to have a specific collaboration
with Asian countries in marine technologies, mainly
related to the real time tsunami and ocean-climate
long term observation/warning system It is essential to complete and sustain the (near real time) oceanic observing/warning system for oceanic, climate, and disaster mitigation (McPhaden, Sept. 2011)
47
Thank you
The BPPT INDONESIAN TSUNAMI BUOY Program
Wahyu W. PandoeEmail: [email protected]; [email protected]