Date post: | 20-Jun-2015 |
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Perspectives of Nursing Theory – An Overview
L. Anand
Lecturer,
College of Nursing,
NEIGRIHMS,
Shillong
INTRODUCTION Profession-specialized body of knowledge
Nursing profession -relied on theories
from other disciplines.
Nursing -Needs own body of knowledge.
This knowledge can be expressed as
conceptual MODELS and THEORIES.
“ARE YOU SURE THE CURRENT RESEARCH BASED ON “NURSING THEORIES”?
INTRODUCTION
Nursing Theories and models
Define Nursing
Principles that form the basis for practice
Goal and functions of Nursing.
Scope of Nursing Practice
CONCEPTS
An idea of an object, property or event
Vehicle of mental images & building
blocks of theory
Types of concepts:
Empirical, Inferential and AbstractProposition: statements of relationship
between concepts
THEORIES
Logically interrelated concepts
Begin as untested premises(hypotheses)
and tested through research
Framework - to organize knowledge and
explain phenomenon in nursing.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORY
Logical, Simple and Generalizable
Composed of concepts and prepositions
Provide the bases for testable hypothesis
Consistent with other validated theories
Contribute to body of knowledge
CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORY
Facilitate communication, practice and
systematic thinking
Ethical and moral structure to guide nurse
actions
Facilitates coordinated and less fragment
care
Analyze and explain –what nurses do
MODELS Symbolic and schematic representation-Set of
interrelated concepts, mental image and
phenomenon
Highly abstract than theories
Deals larger and more general concept
Use of symbols or diagrams
Analyze and explain –what nurses do
MODELS Describe, explain and predicts phenomenon
Provide organized framework
Facilitate communication and unified approach to
practice, teaching, administration and research
Conceptual models are based on Metaparadigm
Analyze and explain –what nurses do
METAPARADIGM Global and philosophical framework
Defines and describes relationship of Major
Concepts/ideas/values
Guides in organization of theories and models
Four concepts: Person,Environment,Health and
Nursing
Analyze and explain –what nurses do
CLASSIFICATION OF NURSING THEORIES
Based on range/scope/abstractness
1. Metatheory
2. Grand theories
3. Middle range theories
4. Practice theories/Micro theories
METATHEORY
Theory of theories
Focus on
generating knowledge and theory development
Philosophical issues and methodological issues
Criteria to analyze and evaluate theories
E.g: J.Dickoff’s and P.James’s Theory of theories
GRAND THEORY
Complex and broadest in scope
Focus on general, non specific and abstract
concepts--Concepts lack operational definitions
and not directly amenable to testing
Can be used in variety of setting and
populations E.g Orem’s,Roy,Rogers
MIDDLE RANGE THEORY
Simple and yet broadest in scope
Focus on concrete, specific and least
abstract concepts—Concepts have
relative operational definitions and
amenable to testing
Can be used in variety of setting and
populations
MIDDLE RANGE THEORY
Concepts and propositions specific to nursing
Readily operationalized
Applied in many situations
Highly relevant to potential users
Outcome oriented
E.g Benner’s Model of Skill acquisition in Nursing
PRACTICE /MICRO THEORY
Concepts are narrowly defined, list
specific goal and action
Least complex in nature &more specific
than middle range
Provide specific directions and limited to
specific populationsE.g social learning theory,stress and coping
Characteristic Grand Theories Middle-Range Theories Practice Theories
Complexity/ abstractness, scope
Comprehensive, global view point (all aspects of human experience)
Less comprehensive than grand theories, middle view of reality
Focused on a narrow view of reality, simple and straightforward
Generalizibility/ specificity
Nonspecific, general application to the discipline irrespective of setting or specialty area
Some generalizablity across settings and specialities, but more specific than grand theories
Linked to special populations or an identified field of practice
Characteristics of concepts
Concepts abstract and not operationally defined
Limited number of concepts that are fairly concrete and may be operationally defined
Single, concrete concept that is operationalized
Characteristics of propositions
Propositions not always explicit
Propositions are clearly stated
Propositions defined
Testability Not generally testable May generate testable
hypothesesGoals or outcomes defined and testable
Source of development
Developed through thoughtful appraisal and careful consideration over many years
Evolve from grand theories, clinical practice, literature review, practice guidelines
Derived from practice or deduced from middle-range or grand theory
CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES
Based on Philosophical underpinnings Developmental theories System theories Interaction theoriesBased on Philosophical underpinnings Descriptive theories Explanatory theories Predictive theories Prescriptive theories
Questions?
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