PEST OF PULSES

Presented by:Debjyoti chakrabortyID.NO :- BAM-16-43

Introduction• Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy contributing 13.7% of its

total GDP and employing around 55% of the total working population in

India.

• Around 65% of India’s total population is dependent upon agriculture and

allied sectors

• Various cereals (wheat, rice etc.), pulses such as (tur, gram etc.) and

oilseeds (groundnut, soybean) are produced largely in India

• India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses accounting

about 27 percent of the total production and about 30 percent of the total

consumption in the world

• The total production of pulses in India during the year 2013-14 was 18.5

million tons

World and Indian Scenario:

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-140

20

40

60

80

100

7079 79 78 79

64 70 68 70 71

World total area and production of pulses

Area(mha) Production(mt)

2001 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13740760780800820840860880900920940

840

811823

848 855

828815

851

918

881859

908 910

World average yield(kg/ha) of pulses

Yield(kg/ha)

Yie

ld(k

g/ha

)

• There has been approximately 20% increase in area under cultivation of pulses and, 40% increase in its production in the world since 2000-01

Canada China Australia Myanmar USA India0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1722

854 808 795719

513

Export and import value for pulses in various countries (2012-13)

Export(MMT) Value(million USD)

Exp

ort q

uant

ity(m

t)

Val

ue (m

illio

n U

SD

)

Canada is the largest exporter of pulses whereas India ranks 6th with an export of 0.162 MMT and an export value

of 513 million USD

India Burma Canada China Australia0

5

10

15

20 18.5

6.02 4.96 4.34 3.89

Production(million tons) of pulses for major countries (2013-14)

Production

Pro

duct

ion(

mt)

India Canada Australia USA Myanmar0

200400600800

100012001400160018002000

730

1900

1100

1900

980

Yield(in kg/ha) of pulses for major countries (2013-14)

Yield

Yie

ld(k

g/ha

)• The world total production

of pulses is around 72 mt in the year 2013-14.

• India is the highest producer of pulses in the world with its best 18.5 mt pulses.

• Canada is having the highest productivity in the world.

• India has an average productivity of 730kg/ha in the year 2013-14

• The world average yield was 910 kg/ha

Trends in supply and consumption:• India accounts for about 35% of the world area and

27% of the world production of pulses.

• Pulses are grown in India in an area of 26-27 million

hectares with an annual production of 17-19 million

tons (mt) of which 87% is rain fed.

• About 90% of the global pigeon pea, 65% of chickpea

and 37% of lentil area falls in India, corresponding to

93%, 68% and 32% of the global production,

respectively.

Importance in human nutrition – Composition:

•High protein content in their structure and significant importance in terms of nutrition source;

•The amino acid composition of pulses are complementary to those of cereals, and if consumed in combination, increase the overall protein quality of the meal;

•High content of fibre and relatively high amylose starch and antinutrients (phytic acid)

•Low fat content and no cholesterol; •Low glycemic index; •Rich in minerals (iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc) and B-

vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, and folate). •The high iron content contributes to meeting iron requirements •However, phytate is negatively impacting on the mineral absorption •Produce flatulance because of the oligosaccharide content

Botany :

Deep rooted, Self pollinated

Hypogeal germination C3 short day plant Hardy crop, most

drought tolerant crop among major pulses

•

Area and Distribution:In India 90% area & 85% production on global basis . Ranks 6th in area and production in comparison to other pulses. India:- Area-3.61 mha Production-2.7mt Productivity-747kg\ha

Area: Maharashtra > UP > KarnatakaProduction: UP > Maharashtra > GujratProductivity: Bihar > UP

Soil & Land preparation :• At least one ploughing during the dry season followed by 2 or 3

harrowings.• Summer ploughing

- to control weeds- to control soil moisture

• Well-drained soils for good root and nodule development.• Contour beds or a ridge-and-furrow systems prevent water

logging due to draining excess surface water, also soil erosion.• It can be grown on a wide range from Sandy loams to clay loams.• Avoid Saline, Alkaline and water logged.

Nutrient management:-

• RDF = 20 – 50 – 20 kg/ha NPK• Zinc Sulphate : 5 kg/ ha• Manures: 5 tons/ha of FYM

Bio-fertilizers: • For early and effective

nodulation, seed treatment with Rhizobium.

Irrigation:-• Pulses is largely grown as a rainfed crop.• The critical periods for Irrigation are -flower-initiation -pod-filling stages.• Redgram grown in Kharif does not require any irrigation.

Weed managementPigeonpea is a slow -growing crop during the first 6-8 weeks, and 2 harrowings during this period would be adequate to check weed growth.

Herbicides recommended :- pre -emergence application of Alachlor (Lasso) @ 1.5 kg a.i/ha, Fluchloralin (Basalin) @ 1.5kg a.i/ha.

Harvesting & Threshing:-• Harvested when 75 - 80 % of the pods are at physiological

maturity.• The whole plants are cut when most of the pods are dried. Plants

are usually cut 7.5 – 25 cm above ground.• Delayed harvesting, during bad weather, may increase the risk of

damage to mature seed.• The harvested plants are tied in bundles and transported to a

threshing floor. These are stacked in upright bundles to dry. The pods and grain are separated by beating the dry plants with sticks or by using a thresher .

Yield:- For irrigated – 15-18 qt/ha Rainfed – 10-15 q/ha Inter/Mixed cropping- 5 - 6 q/ha Stick – 50 – 60 q /ha

PEST OF PULSES

Pests as Root feeders:S.No

Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked

1 Nodule damaging fly

Rivellia angulata(Platystomatidae: Diptera)

Redgram& other legumes also

2 Sitona weevils

Sitona macularus(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)

Redgram& other legumes also

3 Cutworms Agrotis ipsilan(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Redgram& other legumes also

4 Termites Odontotermes obesus(Termitidae: Isoptera)

Redgram & Bengalgram

Pests as Stem feedersS.No

Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked

5 Jewelbeetles

Sphenoptera indica(Buprestidae: Coleoptera)

Redgram & other legumes

6 Stem fly Ophiomyia phaseoli(Agromyzide: Diptera)

Redgram, Bengal-gram, Cowpea & Horsegram

7 Soil beetles Gonocephalum spp(Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera)

Bengalgram

8 Cowbugs

Oxyrachis tarandus(Membracidae:Hemiptera)

Redgram

9 Scales Ceroplastodes cajani(Coccidae: Hemiptera)

-do-

10 Stem weevils Alcidodes spp(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)

-do-

FOLIAGE FEEDER

Pests as foliage feedersS.No

Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked

11 Eriophyid mite Aceria cajani (Eriophyidae: Acarina) Redgram

12 Leaf cutter bees Megachile spp(Megachilidae:Hymenoptera) Redgram

13 Leaf damaging weevils Myllocerus undecimpustulatus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Redgram

14 Leaf –flower beetles Oxycetonia versicolor (Cetonidae: Coleop) Redgram

15 Leaf webber Grapholita critica (Gracillaridae: Lepidoptera) Redgram

16 Leaf tiers Caloptilia soyella (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) Redgram

17 Leaf miner Liriomyza spp (Agromyzide: Diptera)Aproarema modicella (Gelechiidae: Lepido)

Bengalgram & Cowpea Redgram

18 Leaf hopper Empoasca kerri (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera)

Redgram, Bengalgram, Cowpea &Horsegram

19 Aphids Aphis craccivora (Aphididae: Hemiptera) Redgram, Bengalgram, Cowpea &Horsegram

-20 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) Redgram, Bengalgram,

Cowpea &Horsegram

Pests as Pod feedersS.No Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked

21 Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Redgram, Bengalgram & Cowpea

22 Spotted pod borer Maruca vitata(Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)

Redgram & Cowpea

23 Blue butterfly Lampides boeticus(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Redgram & Cowpea

24 Plume moth Exelastis atomosa(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Redgram & Cowpea

25 Spiny pod borer Etiella zinckenella(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Redgram & Cowpea

26 Pod weevils Apion clavipes(Apionidae: Coleoptera)

Redgram & Cowpea

27 Pod Bugs Riptortus pedestrisClavigralla gibbosa(Coreidae:Hemiptera)

Redgram & Cowpea

28 Stink Bugs Nazara viridula(Pentatomidae:Hemiptera)

Redgram

29 Pod fly

Melanagromyza obtuse(Agromyzide: Diptera)

Redgram

3o Pod wasp Tanaostigmodes cajaninae(Tanaostigmoidae: Coleoptera)

Redgram

31 Lab lab pod borer Adisura atkinsoni(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Redgram

Major pests of Red Gram:

I. BORER1. Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Symptoms of damage:• Defoliation in early stages.• Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out.• Pods with round holes.• Bore holes on the pod Larva feeding the pod. Identification of the pest• Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly.• Larva-shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Green with dark brown

grey lines laterally on the body with lateral white lines and also has dark and pale bands.

• Pupa – brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris• Adult- light pale brownish yellow stout moth. Fore wing grey to pale brown with

V shaped speck. Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.

Egg,larva and adult of gram

pod borer

2. Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus Symptoms of damage:• Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes• Presence of slug like caterpillar.• Honey dew secretion with black ant movements• Identification of the pest:• Larva – It is flat and slightly rounded; Pale green with a rough

skin.• Adult moth is grayish blue with prominent black spots in the hind

wings and a long tail, Ventral side of wings with numerous stripes and brown spots.

Egg, infestation

and adult of lluue

butterfly

3. Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus Symptoms of damage:• Buds, flowers and young pods with bore holes and presence of

slug like caterpillar.• Larval entry hole on the pod is plugged with excreta. Identification of the pest• Larva pale green or yellow with a red line and short black hairs on

the body.• Adult butterfly is blue, medium sized with 5 black spots in the

hind wings and two black spots in the inner margin

Life stage of grass blue butterfly

4. Plume moth: Exelastis atomosa Symptoms of damage:• Pin head size holes on pods• Small spiny caterpillars and pupae seen on the podsIdentification of the pest:• Larva is greenish brown, fringed with radiating hairs and spines• Adult is delicate, brown coloured small moth with plumed wings.

Adult stage and its

infestation

5. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Symptoms of damage:• Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods• Infested pods and flowers are webbed together. Identification of the pest• Larva: Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots

on the back of each segment.• Adult: Forewing slight brown colour with white markings; Hindwings

– white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge.

Larva and its infestation

6. Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella Symptoms of damage:• Dropping of flowers and young pods• Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered Identification of the pest:• Larva – greenish initially, turns pink before pupation.• It has 5 black spots on the prothorax• Adult• Brownish grey moth• Prothorax – orange in colour• Fore wing has a white stripe along the anterior margin

• Aah Adult infestation

7. Field bean pod borer: Adisura atkinsoni, Symptoms of damage:• The larva bores inside the pod and feeds on the seeds within. Identification of the pest:• Larva greenish having brown lateral marking, It has humped anal

segment• Adult moths are yellowish brown in colour, forewings yellow

coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks, hindwings – has pale brown marking.

8. Red gram pod fly: Melanagromyza obtusa Symptoms:• Dark brown encrustation on the pod wall• Dry pods showing pin head size hole,• Seeds shriveled, striped and partially eaten Identification of the pest:• Larva greenish having brown lateral marking• It has humped anal segment Adult:• Moths are yellowish brown in colour• Forewings- yellow coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks• Hindwings – has pale brown markings.

Female fly of Melanagromyza obtusa & eggs inside the pod

9. Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli Symptoms of damage:• Drooping of the tender leaves and seedling wilt• Yellowing of young plants.• Stem become swollen and start ribbing where maggot and pupae are

present Identification of the pest:• Maggot, Small yellow coloured.• Adult, Tiny, black fly

II. Sap Feeders

1. Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris• Symptoms of damage:• Pods with black spots• Shedding of green pods• Poorly filled pods with shriveled grains inside Identification of the pest;• Brownish black and hemispherical• Nymphs – resemble dark brown ants.

Effected pod

2. Lab lab bug or Stink bug: Coptosoma cribraria Symptoms of damage:• Cluster on the plant parts and suck the sap Identification of the pest:• Nymphs and Adult sub globular, oval and greenish shield bug• It has a characteristic buggy odour

3. Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora Symptoms of damage:• Leaves, inflorescence stalk and young pods covered with dark

coloured aphids• Honey dew secretion with black ant movements Identification of the pest:• Nymphs and Adult – dark coloured with cornicles in the abdomen.

Bean Aphids colony

4. Leaf hopper: Empoasca kerri Symptoms of damage:• Leave mottled and yellowish in colour• Green colour insects found under surface of leaves Identification of the pest:• Adult – elongate, active, wedge shape, green insects

5. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Symptoms of damage:• Leave mottled and yellowish in colour• vector of yellow mosaic virus Identification of the pest:• Adults are small, yellow bodied insects with white wings which are densely covered

with a waxy powder.• Nymphs and pupae are black and round or oval. Pupae have marginal bristles.

Adult Eggs.

White fly colony and its infestation

6. Eriyophite mite: Aceria cajani Symptoms of damage:• Vector of red gram sterility mosaic virus Identification of the pest:• Nymphs & Adult – white in colour.• Very small microscopic and vermiform like with two pairs of

anteriorly located legs

III. Leaf Feeders

1. Leaf folder: Anticarsia irrorata Symptoms of damage:• Leaves folded together Identification of the pest:• Larva green coloured• Adult – yellowish brown moth with an oblique black line on the wings

Adult leaf folder

2. Leaf Webber: Eucosma critica Symptoms of damage:• Leaves rolled up apically and become white and dried up Identification of the pest:• Larva creamy yellow

3. Red gram leaf roller: Caloptilia soyella Symptoms of damage:• leaves folded together with tender shoots showing bore holes Identification of the pest:• Larva stout, long, smooth yellow with brown head

4. Lab lab leaf miner: Liriomiza trifoli Symptoms of damage:• leaves with large irregular papery mines on the dorsal surface Identification of the pest:• Larva orange coloured caterpillar

Flower Feeder Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata Symptoms of damage:• The adult feeds voraciously on buds and flowers. Identification of the pest:• Eggs are light yellowish in colour.

BENGAL GRAM Crop: Bengal gram Scientific name: Cicer arietinum L. Common name: Bengal gram

Major insect pests of bengal gram:

1. Gram Pod Borer : Helicoverpa armigera Identification of the pest: Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly Pupa – brown in

colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris Adult- light pale brownish yellow stout moth.• Forewing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck.• Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.• Symptoms of damage:• Skeletinization of leaves – feeding chlorophyll only• leaving veins by young larvae Defoliation• Feeds flower and green pods• In green pods – make circular holes and feed the grains and make empty

2. Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon Symptoms of damage:• The caterpillar remains the soil at a depth of 24 inches.• The caterpillars cut the tender plants at the base, and branches or

stems of growing plants.

Identification of the pest:Eggs are laid on earth clods, chickpea stem bases and on both sides of leaves.Larva is dark brown with red head.Pupa Pupation takes place in earthen cocoon.Adult moths are brownish with numerous wavy lines and spots, measuring 3 to 5 cm across wings.

3 .Termites: Odontotermes obesus Symptoms of damage:Termite bores into the roots and stem. Due to the bore the plants soon dries.Attack may continue to the standing crop also especially during the period of drought. Identification of the pest:These are social insects, live in termitaria, in distinct castes, workers, kings and queen.Eggs are laid on plants and in the soil.'Workers are small (4 mm) and have a soft, white body and a brown head.

Termite attack

PEST OF COWPEACommon name: Cow peaS.N: Vigna unguiculataFamily: Fabacace

1. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Symptoms of damage• Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods• Infested pods and flowers are webbed together. Identification of the pest• Larva - Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots on the

back of each segment• Adult - Forewings- light brown colour with white markings; Hindwings – white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge

a M. obtusa larva, puparia & seed damage.

C: M. chalcosoma puparia.

2. Spiny pod borer:Etiella zinckenella Symptoms of damage• Dropping of flowers and young pods• Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has

entered Identification of the pest Larval – greenish initially, turns pink before pupation.• It has 5 black spots on the prothorax Adult• Brownish grey moth • Prothorax – orange in colour• Fore wing - has a white stripe along the anterior margin

IPM PRACTISE

CULTURAL PRACTISE• Deep summer ploughing to expose pupae in soil. • Adoption of tolerant varieties • Adopt high seed rate, seed treatment with carbosulfan @

40g/kg seed or imidacloprid 3 g/kg or thiamethoxam @ 4g/kg.• Crop rotation with less favourable crops like jowar, gingelly,

blackgram, horsegram, dry paddy (in redgram)• Collection and destriction of the infested material from the

field.• Early sowings in Pod fly endemic areas.• Raising intercrops/ Guard crop: In bengalgram, mustard,

coriander as intercrops. In kharif redgram like greengram, blackgram, cowpea @ 1:7 rows and jowar in 2 rows in rabi redgam to encourage and conserve natural enemies viz., Campoletis chloridae, Carcelia illote, Apanteles sauros, Microbracon brevicornis

Proper preparatory cultivation

HORSEGRAM

LRG 41 Red gram variety

Adoption of Intercrops with other pulses in Redgram/ boarder crops

like maize or jowar to attract natural enemies

Destruction of alternate

hosts

MECHANICAL CONTROL:

USE YELLOW STIKY TRAPClipping of a terminal twig upto one foot at 90 – 100 DAS to remove ovipositional niches (depending on moisture availability in soil).

Mechanical collection of nymphs and adults and destroying them by dipping into kerosinized water and foliar spray with carbaryl @3 g/l or monocrotophos 1.5 ml /l or dimethoate 2 ml/l or methyl parathion 2 ml/l or phosphamidon 2 ml/l in case of bugs.

Shaking of redgram plants to collect and destroy later instars

of Helicoverpa armigera

shaking of trees & bushes by which the insects fall to the ground and

they can be collected.

POISON BAIT TRAP: For the larvae of Spodoptera litura 500 g of molasses

+ 5 kg of rice bran + 500 g of carbaryl 50 wp/acre. Mix with water & make small Pellets and broadcast them along the irrigation channels during evening hours to attract the caterpillars.

CHEMICAL CONTROL

• Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids and mixtures

• Foliar application of systemic insecticides like dimethoate 2 ml/l or monocrotophos 1.6ml/l or acephate 1.5g/l against Stem fly, leaf miners.

• In severe incidence, indoxacarb 1 ml/l or spinosad 0.3 ml/l.• Adopt community approach.• Foliar sprays should commence at 50% flowering.• Foliar spray from flower bud initiation with combination of

chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l or quinalphos 2 ml/l or novaluron 0.75 ml/l or spinosad 0.75 ml/l or lamda cyhalothrin 1 ml/l in combination with dichlorvos 1 ml /l at wekly intervals in case of Maruca

• Foliar sprays with 5% NSKE / Botanicals or monocrotophos 1.5 ml/l or dimethoate 2 ml/l in combination with dichlorvos 1 ml /l at wekly intervals from pod formation stage against podfly and pod wasp.

Seed treatment with carbosulfan @ 30-40g/kg seed, spraying with thiamethoxam 0.4g/l or imidacloprid 0.4 ml/l. SUCKING PEST MANAGEMENT IN

PULSES

Foliar spray with systemic insecticides like dimethoate 2 ml/l or phosphamidon 2 ml/l or malathion 2 ml/l or acephate 1.5 g/l or triazophos 2 ml/l or profenophos 2 ml/l

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

• Apantels sp parasitise larvae. • Leafminer maggots are parasitized by Braconids,

Eulophids. • Pre-pupal stage of podfly is parasitized by

Euderus agromyzae and pupa is parasitized by Euderus lividus.

• Removal of affected pods of first brood during winter.

Release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma @ 50,000/ha/week four times based on the adult trap catch.

Erect bird perches @ 50/ha to attract predatory birds like Drongo.

Conserve larval parasitoids Aproaerema sp, Hyperencyrtus lycaenephila, Listrodromus crassipes.

Aproaerema sp