Pesticide (Mis)use and (Mis)information: A Pesticide andPesticide (Mis)use and (Mis)information: A Pesticide and Pesticide Information Supply Chain Perspective
Dr Larry C.Y. WongSenior Fellow
International Symposium on International Symposium on Ecological Engineering in Rice Past Management, g g g g ,
November November 1111, Yangon, MYANMAR, Yangon, MYANMAR
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia www.isis.org.my
[The views expressed herein are entirely those of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the position of the agency he serves]
Outline:
1. INTRODUCTION2. BACKGROUND3. PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDES INFORMATION SUPPLY CHAINS
MAPPINGMAPPING4. FINDINGS AND KEY TAKE HOME MESSAGES5 RECOMMENDATIONS5. RECOMMENDATIONS
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Introduction:
• Purpose: Highlight the application of supply chain approach to d t di th th t f ti id i d i i f ti tunderstanding the threat of pesticide misuse and misinformation to
sustainable rice farming and food security in ASEAN in general and Myanmar in particular, towards developing sustainable interventions,Myanmar in particular, towards developing sustainable interventions, structures and policies at the country and regional levels.
• Underlying theme: Crucial to understand and articulate this threat and the need to develop a Framework using the Supply Chain Approach so as to
bl i i htf l l d t ti li t ienable insightful analyses and constructive policy engagement in developing innovative and sustainable interventions, structures and policies in Myanmar. A key challenge is in getting the ‘basics’ andpolicies in Myanmar. A key challenge is in getting the basics and ‘balance’ right.
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Key Take Home Messages:The pest control landscape have changed in varying degrees in ASEANThe pest control landscape have changed, in varying degrees, in ASEAN – disturbing trend of increasing insecticide misuse and misinformation leading to recurrent plant hopper outbreaks – food security, sustainability and productivity concerns – demands rethinking and reframing the problem – urgent action!Bli di l l th t t t i f ti i i i lBlindingly clear that pest management information is increasingly dominated by the pesticide industry;The growing and worrisome FMCG phenomena is facilitated by weak g g p yregulations coupled with poor enforcement.Given the various cross-border dimensions, regional countries should work towards developing a common framework to address pesticidework towards developing a common framework to address pesticide misuse at both the national and regional levels, coupled with options like Ecological Engineering.Relatedly, all efforts be taken by those involved in addressing this issue to act in concert to help Myanmar avoid this ‘slippery slope’ – and become the ‘standout nation’ or ‘counter factual’ that have avoided this
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become the standout nation or counter factual that have avoided this trap/addiction.
• Sustainable Asian rice farming and food
Background:
• Sustainable Asian rice farming and food security is increasingly threatened by recurrent synchronized planthopper outbreaks
•Arising from 2008 food crisis ADB 13th RETA (Regional Technical Assistance) – ADB-IRRI Rice Planthopper ProjectPlanthopper Project
• In 2009 & much of 2010 – outbreaks in Thailand, Viet Nam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Philippines, Laos, China
• 2011 – Outbreaks in Indonesia, Thailand and Viet NamViet Nam
• Major Finding: Pesticide overuse, unnecessary use, and misuse are important causes of theseuse, and misuse are important causes of these planthopper out breaks
• 2011 to 2012 – Phase II of Project – sustainable
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interventions, structures and Policy Engagement
Background (Cont’d):
• Cognizant of the new issue/dimension of the marketing of pesticides as 'fast moving consumer goods' (FMCG) in the region, a proposal on using a supply chain approach was presented at a consultation and g yplanning workshop on 'Rice planthopper problems and insecticide misuse - developing sustainable interventions, structures and policies' in March 2011, Bangkok.March 2011, Bangkok.
•• Then a study covering Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar Thailand and Viet Nam was mounted involving the mapping ofMyanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam was mounted involving the mapping of both the pesticide and pesticide information supply chains, augmented by the tracking and quantifying of farmer's status and practice with respect to pesticide (mis)use and (mis)information via a farm surveyrespect to pesticide (mis)use and (mis)information via a farm survey.
•• Drawing from the results of this study and subsequent follow up work, i i li i di i l h fwe revisit policy issues surrounding rice planthopper management from
a pesticide and pesticide information supply chain perspective
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Cambodia Rice Pesticide Supply Chain - 2010
OVERSEAS SUPPIERS
RAW MATERIAL /
OVERSEAS SUPPIERSOVERSEAS
DOMESTIC
unofficial import
(including banned
CAPITALFORMULATED PRODUCTS
[100%]
RAW MATERIAL / ACTIVE INGREDIENT
[0%]
pesticides)
[60-70% of those amounts are di t d DR 0 36 illi h
DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS
directed imported by farmers at the borders]
DR: 0.36 million ha]
DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [33 registered companied]
SELECTED MAJOR DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [2-3 Companies/Province]SELECTED MAJOR DRY SEASON RICE
PRODUCTION AREA
[Takeo Prey Veng RETAILERSDOA Oth[Takeo, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng (75%):
0.27 Million ha]FARMERS’ ASSOCIATION
RETAILERS[150-200/Province]
DOA – OtherGovt. Agency
Subsidies, credit, free
distribution(0%) (<1%) (>99%)
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Dry Season Rice FARMERS [Approximately: 150,000 HH]
distribution
Cambodia Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010
CAPITALGOVERNMENT AGENCIES [Crop Prot.
BAMS, Rice Crop Depar: About 150 Staff]
DOA CARDI OTHERS
PRIVATE SECTOR
7 BIG BOYS
DEALER: 33 Registered Comp.
SELECTED RICEPRODUCTION
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [DOA (Agro): 15-20 Staff/Province]
DEALER: 2-3 comp.
PRODUCTION AREA
[DOA (Agro): 15 20 Staff/Province]
DOA CARDI OTHERSRETAILER
[150-200 shops]
5%
ensi
on=5
%
ng/F
FS=
15
dia
= 1o
%
65%m
o or
On
-
m tr
ial =
5%
FARMERS [Approximately: 150,000 HH]
Ext
e
Trai
nin
Med
Dem
farm
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[ pp y ]
GROUP INDIVIDUALS
Indonesia Rice Pesticide Supply Chain - 2010
FORMULATED PRODUCTS RAW MATERIAL /
OVERSEAS SUPPLIERSOVERSEAS
DOMESTIC
unofficial
import
CAPITAL70 Companies –
20% market share
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
8 Comp. –
80% market share
[4-6%]
IMPORTERS/DEALERS: 78 Comp.
[insecticides-58; fungicide-28; herbi-27]
EXPORTERS:
Unofficial
export - ?
Ricefield 7.7 M Ha
EXPORTERS:
[insecticides-18; fungicide-10; herbi-8]
SELECTED MAJOR DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [3-4 Companies/Province]SELECTED MAJOR
RICE
PRODUCTION
AREA
HOT SPOT of BPH
Klaten District,C Java prov ]
FARMERS’ COOPERATIVE RETAILERS[150/District: specialists-60%; generalists – 40%]
MOA, Prov Govt,
District Govt.
free distribution(0-1%) (10-30%)
Cash and credit samples
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C. Java prov.]33,354 Ha
Rice FARMERS [93,629 HH]
free distribution (70-90%)Cash and credit, samples
Indonesia Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010
CAPITALGOVERNMENT AGENCIES/ MOA [> 2000 Staff]
CROP PROTRESEARCH AND PESTICIDE
PRIVATE SECTOR
BIG BOYS[8 comp]
LOCAL[376 comp]CROP PROT.
UNIVERSITIES COMMITTEE[8 comp] [376 comp]
DEALER: 52 Comp.
SELECTED RICEPRODUCTION
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [Agri Services of District Govt : 350 Staff]
DEALER: 3-4 comp.
s prom
otio
ns
AREAKlaten district
[Agri. Services of District Govt.: 350 Staff]
CROP. PROT.
RESEARCH AND UNIVERSITIES (IPB,UGM)
AGRI.SERVICES
RETAILER [150 shops]Specialists/Generalists
ns cam
paig
ns
aini
ng/F
FS
sing
/sal
es p
xten
sion
aini
ng/F
FS
ia c
ampa
ign
Med
ia
Saf
e us
e Tr
a
Adv
ertis
Credit,
Free (30%) (70%)d
stud
y &
trial
s
FARMERS [93,629 HH]E
x
Tra
Med
i S Advice,
samples
(30%) (70%)
Fiel
d t
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia www.isis.org.my
[ , ]
GROUP INDIVIDUALS
Thailand-Rice Pesticide Supply Chain - 2010
FORMULATED PRODUCTS RAW MATERIAL /
OVERSEAS SUPPIERS OVERSEAS
DOMESTIC
un official import/ex
CAPITAL[70%] ACTIVE INGREDIENT
[30%]
port at the border
_no data
DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS
[230 i t d i ]-official
[Total Rice area:
10 million ha]
[230 registered companies]
Bank +Co op
export is 4% per yr
Dealer
SELECTED
AREA (Chainat Prv.)
100 000 h
Bank +Co op
(16)
Dealer
(5-10)
GeneralistsSpecialists100,000 ha Generalists
(100)
Specialists
( 60)
20% 30% 40% 10%
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Dry Season Rice FARMERS [Approximately: 32,000 HH]
Thailand Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010
National LavelGOVERNMENT AGENCIES
RD DOA DOAE OTHERS
PRIVATE sector
Big Boy Distributers ( )
Specialist &Generalist
NGO
5-10 (600-700) Generalist6,000-7,000
SELECTED AREA
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
ns
Bank/Coop
n/M
obile
Uni
t
Dealer
AREA(Chainat) Ext.agent Generalists
(100)
DOA/RD/Other.agent Specialists
( 60)
sale
s pr
omot
ion
dvic
e
Extension progr
CRC/Smart Farmer Training/meetingdia
/Cam
paig
n
Credit
Advice, Adv
ertis
ing/
s
cred
it/adCRC/Smart Farmer
Training/FFS
Media campaigns
Mobile Unit
L l M M di
/mobile unit
Media campaigns
Advertising/sales
promotions
Mas
s M
ed
FARMERS 32 000 HH
samplesLocal Mass Media promotions
10% 30%
5% 10%
15% 10% 15% 3% 2%
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FARMERS 32,000 HH10% 30% 15% 10% 15% 3%
Remark: % of information /K on pesticide use to Farmers
2%
Rice Pesticide Supply Chain (Myanmar) - 2010
OVERSEAS SUPPLIERS
OVERSEAS
DOMESTIC
Unofficial import
(including banned
CAPITALMyanmar Rice Area
8.0 Mil–Ha
FORMULATED PRODUCTS
(70)
RAW MATERIAL / ACTIVE INGREDIENT
(6)
DOMESTIC pesticides)
[About 10% of those amounts (estimate) are directed imported
DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS
through borders]
[98%][2%]
DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [36 registered companies]
DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [15-20 Companies)SELECTED MAJOR DEALERS / DISTRIBUTORS [15 20 Companies)SELECTED MAJOR RICE
PRODUCTION AREA
[Phar Pone District200 000– Ha] FARMERS’ ASSOCIATION
RETAILERSDOA – Other200,000– Ha]
FARMERS [Approx;50 000 HH]
FARMERS ASSOCIATION [45-50/district]Govt. Agency
Subsidies, credit, free
distribution(0%) (1%) (99%)
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FARMERS [Approx;50,000 HH]
Myanmar Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain - 2010
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [Plant ProtectionPRIVATE SECTOR
CAPITAL & Rice research centre: About 200 staffs]MAS (PP) DAR
BIG BOYS [30 comp]
DEALER [36 ]
BIG BOYS [20 comp] Others
SELECTED RICEPRODUCTION
DEALER [36 comp]
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES [PPD only:about 10 -15 staffs]
DEALER [15-20comp]
ons
PRODUCTION AREA
Phar Pone district
about 10 -15 staffs]
MAS DAR RETAILER[45-50 shops]
FS ter
/sal
es p
rom
otio
on
Exte
nsio
n
Trai
ning
/FF
Agri
News
lett
Adve
rtisin
g/
Dem
onst
ratio
(60%) (10%) (30%)
FARMERS (approx; 50,000 HH)
A
INDIVIDUALS
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Findings:
Cross-border dimension involving both plant hopper and pesticides; Significant cross-border trade - both formal and informal – with the latter involving banned insecticides;Layering in the pesticides supply chain and the increase in ‘generalists’ retail outlets;g ;Dominance and ‘innovation’ of private sector in pesticide information supply chain;pesticide information supply chain;Sales & marketing – ala ‘Fast Moving Consumer Goods’ (FMCG)(FMCG)
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Findings (Cont’d):
High number of sprays; Many spray against leaf-folder;Presence of illegal pesticides and fakes – list of pesticides used;p ;Many farmers used pyrethroids and organophosphates;organophosphates;Response to question regarding where farmers obtain pesticides and where they obtain pesticidespesticides and where they obtain pesticides information in all countries indicates dominance of private sector in both supply chainsprivate sector in both supply chains.
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Advertisments – like Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs)
“Why are pesticides, which are poisons,allowed to be sold
“How did things ever come to
this?”as FMCGs?”
this?
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Other Marketing/Sales Strategies
A: Spray calendars are distributed toare distributed to farmers to promote prophylactic applications.
B: Sales promotion lottery ticket for alottery ticket for a chance to win a motor cycle as an incentive to buy.
Thailand has 16 strategies, including the above and freethe above and free
gifts, dinners, lucky draws, and redemption
h
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vouchers.
Pesticide Retail Outlets:
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Planthopper outbreaks in Asia in 2009/11
In Yunnan province WBPH destroyed
crops at young stages
Predominantly WBPH on hybrid
rice
400,000 ha seriously affected in 56
counties
New virus disease spreading in
Northern Vietnam, and southern
provinces of China
Started in July 2009, outbreaks still persist in June, 2010. Damaged
p
300,000 ha estimated badly
infected
area > 1 million ha.
Govt revised production forecast by 1.1 m tons 16%Govt paid US$60
m in compensation to farmers. Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide
Sukoharja‐Solo‐Klaten Wereng Triangle
BPH b i i t b blm in compensation to farmers. Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide
distribution, campaigns
Virus diseases spread and become endemic and very wide spread
BPH beginning to become problems
More than 10,000ha said to damaged
Reported loss US$ 1.4 million
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Outbreaks continue – June 2011 11% damaged. Loss 600 million
baht.
Government and pesticide companies
launched “Operasi Mandi Pestisida”
Can this be what we are up against?
Also ‘FUD’ –“Fear,
UncertaintyUncertainty, Doubt”
And ‘3Es’ –‘Embrace‘Embrace,
Extend, Extinguish’
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We are dealing with… ‘Wicked Problem’
If ll h i h th thi l k lik
Synoptic View
If all you have is a hammer, then everything looks like a nail!
Synoptic View
Stakeholders have different perspectives of the best solution to the
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p pproblem & will continue to adhere strongly to them
“Th i ifi t“The significant problems we face today cannot be y
solved at the same level of thinking we
were at when wewere at when we created them”
Albert Einstein
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Key Take Home Messages:The pest control landscape have changed in varying degrees in ASEANThe pest control landscape have changed, in varying degrees, in ASEAN – disturbing trend of increasing insecticide misuse and misinformation leading to recurrent plant hopper outbreaks – food security, sustainability and productivity concerns – demands rethinking and reframing the problem – urgent action!Bli di l l th t t t i f ti i i i lBlindingly clear that pest management information is increasingly dominated by the pesticide industry;The growing and worrisome FMCG phenomena is facilitated by weak g g p yregulations coupled with poor enforcement.Given the various cross-border dimensions, regional countries should work towards developing a common framework to address pesticidework towards developing a common framework to address pesticide misuse at both the national and regional levels, coupled with options like Ecological Engineering.Relatedly, all efforts be taken by those involved in addressing this issue to act in concert to help Myanmar avoid this ‘slippery slope’ – and become the ‘standout nation’ or ‘counter factual’ that have avoided this
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become the standout nation or counter factual that have avoided this trap/addiction.
Recommendations:
Individual countries as well as region as a whole, should work towards the banning of pyrethroids and organophosphates, their mixtures and other insecticides that are conclusively found bymixtures and other insecticides that are conclusively found by focused research to be linked to plant hopper outbreaks, for use in rice production.
Individual countries and pesticide industries should work towards being compliant with the FAO Code of Conductbeing compliant with the FAO Code of Conduct.
Work towards harmonizing pesticide regulations, especially those g p g , p yrelating to advertising, transport and marketing, in ASEAN and further afield.
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M i t th th t f i ti id i d i i f ti
Recommendations (Cont’d):
Mainstream the threats of insecticide misuse and misinformation on food security as well as how to maintain or restore ecological resilience – highlighting ecosystem services as a public good. Relatedly, coordinate public and private sector’s as well as civil society’s efforts in disseminating related information at both the National and Regional levels. g
Recognizing the extent of insecticide misuse and misinformation, prioritise the strengthening of regulation and enforcement.
Regulate pesticide information through certification programs ofRegulate pesticide information through certification programs of retailers and information providers.
Do what is needed, collectively, to prevent Myanmar from becoming the next victim – realize potential to serve as a ‘counter factual’ or ‘standout nation’
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standout nation .
l @i [email protected]
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