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Pesticide Resistance:Pesticide Resistance: Can It Happen in Turf?Can It Happen in Turf?
Eileen A. BussEileen A. BussAssociate Professor & Extension Associate Professor & Extension
SpecialistSpecialist
Entomology & Nematology Dept. Entomology & Nematology Dept.
Resistance in Ornamental, Resistance in Ornamental, Vegetable and Fruit PestsVegetable and Fruit Pests
AphidsAphids
BeetlesBeetles
CaterpillarsCaterpillars
LeafminersLeafminers
PlanthopperPlanthopperss
ScalesScales
Spider mitesSpider mites
Stink bugsStink bugs
ThripsThrips
WhitefliesWhiteflies
Brief History…Brief History…
Cases of resistance to several key Cases of resistance to several key pests developed within 2-20 years pests developed within 2-20 years after the introduction of the after the introduction of the cyclodienes, organophosphates, cyclodienes, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, Bacillus carbamates, pyrethroids, Bacillus thuringiensis, spinosyns, and thuringiensis, spinosyns, and neonicotinoids.neonicotinoids.
Resistance MechanismsResistance Mechanisms
1.1. Metabolic resistanceMetabolic resistance
2.2. Target site insensitivityTarget site insensitivity
3.3. Reduced penetrationReduced penetration
4.4. Behavioral resistanceBehavioral resistance
Resistance MechanismsResistance Mechanisms
1.1. Metabolic resistanceMetabolic resistance Resistant insects break down the Resistant insects break down the
toxin faster than susceptible insects toxin faster than susceptible insects can. can.
Resistance MechanismsResistance Mechanisms
2. Target site insensitivity2. Target site insensitivity The site where the toxin binds in the The site where the toxin binds in the
insect has changed.insect has changed.
Resistance MechanismsResistance Mechanisms
3. Reduced penetration3. Reduced penetration Resistant insects may absorb Resistant insects may absorb
the toxin slower through the the toxin slower through the cuticle than susceptible insects cuticle than susceptible insects can.can.
Resistance MechanismsResistance Mechanisms
4. Behavioral resistance4. Behavioral resistance Resistant insects may detect Resistant insects may detect
and behaviorally avoid the and behaviorally avoid the toxin.toxin.
Resistance in Turf PestsResistance in Turf Pests
Annual bluegrass weevil Southern chinch bugAnnual bluegrass weevil Southern chinch bug
Lyle Buss, UF/IFAS
Is pesticide Is pesticide resistance more resistance more likely to develop in likely to develop in home lawns or golf home lawns or golf courses?courses?
Is pesticide Is pesticide resistance more resistance more likely to develop in likely to develop in home lawns or golf home lawns or golf courses?courses?
It depends more on It depends more on the pest’s biology the pest’s biology and the intensity of and the intensity of management management against it.against it.
Other turf pests that Other turf pests that have have potentialpotential to to
become resistant… become resistant…
(but nothing is documented (but nothing is documented yet!)yet!)
Fall armyworm egg mass on tree leaf.Fall armyworm egg mass on tree leaf. FAW egg mass on post.FAW egg mass on post.
FAW larva showing white Y-mark on head.FAW larva showing white Y-mark on head.FAW adult male.FAW adult male.
J. Castner, UFJ. Castner, UF
Hunting Hunting Billbug Billbug
Life Life CycleCycle
What About Mole Crickets?What About Mole Crickets?
Speed of Resistance Speed of Resistance DevelopmentDevelopment
Depends on: Depends on: how fast the insects reproducehow fast the insects reproduce migration and host range of the pestmigration and host range of the pest availability of nearby susceptible availability of nearby susceptible
populationspopulations persistence and specificity of the persistence and specificity of the
pesticidepesticide rate, timing and number of applications rate, timing and number of applications
mademade
The “Pesticide Treadmill”The “Pesticide Treadmill”
After repeated applications, pests evolve After repeated applications, pests evolve resistance to the insecticide and the resistant resistance to the insecticide and the resistant strain becomes harder to manage at the strain becomes harder to manage at the labeled rate and frequency. labeled rate and frequency.
Thus, the insecticide is applied more Thus, the insecticide is applied more frequently. frequently.
Resistance intensity and the frequency of Resistance intensity and the frequency of insecticide-resistant individuals in the insecticide-resistant individuals in the population both increase and control failures population both increase and control failures continue as yet more product is applied. continue as yet more product is applied.
Users switch to another pesticide.Users switch to another pesticide.
History of Insecticide Resistance History of Insecticide Resistance in the Southern Chinch Bugin the Southern Chinch Bug
1953: Chlordane1953: Chlordane
1957: DDT1957: DDT
1960: Parathion1960: Parathion
1976: Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, 1976: Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, TrichlorfonTrichlorfon
2005: Bifenthrin2005: Bifenthrin
Why Control Failures OccurWhy Control Failures Occur Application errorsApplication errors Misidentification of pest or damageMisidentification of pest or damage Improper control timingImproper control timing Use of wrong rate or formulationUse of wrong rate or formulation Inadequate spray volume/irrigationInadequate spray volume/irrigation Improper spray solution pHImproper spray solution pH PhotodegradationPhotodegradation VolatilizationVolatilization Microbial degradationMicrobial degradation Insect resistanceInsect resistance
Goal:Goal:
Reduce the selection Reduce the selection pressure on the pest.pressure on the pest.
How to Develop a Resistance How to Develop a Resistance Management PlanManagement Plan
1. Learn about IPM strategies and 1. Learn about IPM strategies and create a season-long plan to create a season-long plan to minimize pesticide applications. minimize pesticide applications.
D. Potter, UKYD. Potter, UKY
Best Management Practices
A Successful IPM Program A Successful IPM Program Depends on:Depends on:
Knowledge of pest biologyKnowledge of pest biology Monitoring and estimating pest densityMonitoring and estimating pest density Knowledge of economic/aesthetic injury Knowledge of economic/aesthetic injury
levels (i.e., action thresholds)levels (i.e., action thresholds) Everyone needs to tolerate some insects or Everyone needs to tolerate some insects or
their damage (threshold should not = 1 bug)their damage (threshold should not = 1 bug) Change from routine or “preventive” Change from routine or “preventive”
applications to as-needed applications to as-needed
How to Develop a Resistance How to Develop a Resistance Management PlanManagement Plan
2. When designing, installing, or renovating, 2. When designing, installing, or renovating, select plant species or cultivars that are select plant species or cultivars that are resistant to insect attack.resistant to insect attack.
Host Plant ResistanceHost Plant Resistance
Cultivars of different turfgrass species Cultivars of different turfgrass species have been screened for resistance to:have been screened for resistance to: Fall armywormFall armyworm
Japanese beetleJapanese beetle
Mole cricketsMole crickets
Chinch bugsChinch bugs
Bermudagrass mitesBermudagrass mites
BillbugsBillbugs
How to Develop a Resistance How to Develop a Resistance Management PlanManagement Plan
3. Use as many different control 3. Use as many different control methods as possible.methods as possible.
Use a variety of synthetic and Use a variety of synthetic and biorational insecticidesbiorational insecticides
Conserve or release beneficial insectsConserve or release beneficial insects
Adjust cultural practicesAdjust cultural practices
Use chemical attractants / deterrentsUse chemical attractants / deterrents
Natural EnemiesNatural Enemies
Parasitic wasps, fliesParasitic wasps, flies Big-eyed bugsBig-eyed bugs Minute pirate bugs Minute pirate bugs Damsel bugsDamsel bugs EarwigsEarwigs Ground beetlesGround beetles Rove beetlesRove beetles Several ant speciesSeveral ant species SpidersSpiders
Possible Cultural ControlsPossible Cultural Controls
Alter amount / frequency of irrigationAlter amount / frequency of irrigation
Reduce thatch thicknessReduce thatch thickness
Adjust amount/frequency of fertilizationAdjust amount/frequency of fertilization
Irrigation / Moisture Irrigation / Moisture ManagementManagement
Insect eggs and immatures need Insect eggs and immatures need water / humidity to survivewater / humidity to survive
Reduce watering to desiccate the pestsReduce watering to desiccate the pests Increase watering to drown them outIncrease watering to drown them out
Drought Stress / IrrigationDrought Stress / Irrigation
Chemical Application / Formulation?Chemical Application / Formulation? What formulation will work best in this What formulation will work best in this
situation? situation? Granular / Fertilizer carrierGranular / Fertilizer carrier SprayableSprayable
Flexibility?Flexibility? Does the spray technician have flexibility Does the spray technician have flexibility
to choose between formulations, to choose between formulations, depending on an individual situation?depending on an individual situation?
Heavy Fertilization…Heavy Fertilization…
Attracts female moths that are ready to Attracts female moths that are ready to lay eggslay eggs
Increases thatch Increases thatch Improves habitat for thatch-dwelling pestsImproves habitat for thatch-dwelling pests
Makes turf more succulent Makes turf more succulent Insects could pierce the plants more easilyInsects could pierce the plants more easily
Importance of Nitrogen (N)Importance of Nitrogen (N)
Nitrogen content in host plants influences Nitrogen content in host plants influences insect survival, development time, body insect survival, development time, body size, and reproduction size, and reproduction (Mattson 1980, McNeill & (Mattson 1980, McNeill & Southwood 1978)Southwood 1978)
Increasing N fertilization reduces plant Increasing N fertilization reduces plant resistance to some insect species (esp. resistance to some insect species (esp. beetles and moths) beetles and moths) (Barbour et al. 1991)(Barbour et al. 1991)
Southern chinch bug damage seems Southern chinch bug damage seems related to increased ammonium nitrate use related to increased ammonium nitrate use (Horn and Pritchett 1962, Busey and Snyder 1993)(Horn and Pritchett 1962, Busey and Snyder 1993)
How to Develop a Resistance How to Develop a Resistance Management PlanManagement Plan
4. Carefully select insecticides4. Carefully select insecticides Consider more than cost & effectivenessConsider more than cost & effectiveness
Beneficial insectsBeneficial insects Product classProduct class Rates and treatment intervalsRates and treatment intervals Product application methodsProduct application methods Tank mixesTank mixes Timing of applicationsTiming of applications
Which Products to Use: Which Products to Use: Practical ConsiderationsPractical Considerations
Choice is limited by:Choice is limited by: Crop / use siteCrop / use site
Number of applications / Number of applications / amount of product allowed for amount of product allowed for useuse
Sensitivity of the plant speciesSensitivity of the plant species
Vary the Mode of Action (MoA)Vary the Mode of Action (MoA)
Insecticides act on different Insecticides act on different physiological and biochemical target physiological and biochemical target sites in insects to kill themsites in insects to kill them Nervous systemNervous system (e.g., neurotransmitters, (e.g., neurotransmitters,
receptor sites)receptor sites)
Growth and developmentGrowth and development (e.g., hormones) (e.g., hormones)
Energy productionEnergy production (e.g., prevent feeding) (e.g., prevent feeding)
Possible Rotation ProductsPossible Rotation Products PyrethroidsPyrethroids (Group 3) (Group 3)
Bifenthrin (Talstar/Onyx), Beta-cyfluthrin Bifenthrin (Talstar/Onyx), Beta-cyfluthrin (Tempo), Deltamethrin (DeltaGard), (Tempo), Deltamethrin (DeltaGard), lambda-cyhalothrin (Scimitar)…lambda-cyhalothrin (Scimitar)…
Carbamates and Carbamates and OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates (Groups 1 A and (Groups 1 A and B)B) Carbaryl (Sevin) and trichlorfon (Dylox)Carbaryl (Sevin) and trichlorfon (Dylox)
NeonicotinoidsNeonicotinoids (Group 4A)(Group 4A) Clothianidin (Arena), imidacloprid (Merit)Clothianidin (Arena), imidacloprid (Merit)
Reduced-Risk Reduced-Risk (Biorational) Insecticides(Biorational) Insecticides
Molt-accelerating Molt-accelerating compounds and other IGR’scompounds and other IGR’s Mach2Mach2
Dimilin 2LDimilin 2L
ConfirmConfirm
Microbial insecticides Microbial insecticides Bt, Conserve, insect-parasitic Bt, Conserve, insect-parasitic
nematodesnematodes
Entomopathogenic Entomopathogenic NematodesNematodes
Several species Several species ((SteinernemaSteinernema spp., spp., HeterorhabditisHeterorhabditis spp.) spp.) occur naturally in the soil, occur naturally in the soil, but some can be but some can be purchasedpurchased
Some insecticides, like Some insecticides, like imidacloprid (Merit), may imidacloprid (Merit), may slow grub behavior down slow grub behavior down and make them more and make them more susceptible to nematode susceptible to nematode infectioninfection
Getting the Best Chemical Getting the Best Chemical ControlControl
Properly calibrate and maintain equipmentProperly calibrate and maintain equipment
Rotate insecticides with different modes of Rotate insecticides with different modes of actionaction
Use enough volume to penetrate thatchUse enough volume to penetrate thatch
Add an adjuvant to improve coverage, if Add an adjuvant to improve coverage, if neededneeded
Don’t spray if rain could wash product offDon’t spray if rain could wash product off
Application Issues…Application Issues…
Photos by R. Clemenzi, Photos by R. Clemenzi, Bayer Environmental Bayer Environmental ScienceScience
Application IssuesApplication Issues Granular / Formulated productsGranular / Formulated products
Spreader placementSpreader placement Tire on sidewalk vs. Tire on grass Tire on sidewalk vs. Tire on grass edgeedge
Photo by R. Clemenzi, Photo by R. Clemenzi, Bayer Environmental Bayer Environmental ScienceScience
Application IssuesApplication Issues
Photo by R. Clemenzi, Photo by R. Clemenzi, Bayer Environmental Bayer Environmental ScienceScience
Online ResourceOnline Resource
Insecticide Resistance Action Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) website: Committee (IRAC) website: www.irac-online.org