Phonecians 1200 BC

Origins begin as a mystery

Located in western, costal part of fertile crescent

Known for ships and manufacture of luxury and common goods

Library founded at Alexandria300 B.C.E

*The Royal Library of Alexandria was once the largest library in the world.

*It was a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of

Alexandria.

Latitude & Longitude

• *Latitude lines never intersect but they run East and West.

• Zero degrees parallel is the Equator.

• The equator measures distances only by Degrees.

• Longitude line run North & South.

• Zero degrees meridian is also know as The Line Of Longitude.

• The Prime Meridian measures distance using Degrees.

The Ancient PolynesiansBy Michael Abraham

● Ancient uses & Explorations

● 2000 and 500 B.C.

Culture and Location● The Polynesian culture was a seafaring culture

focused on oceanic exploration

● The Polynesians originally traveled by canoe around the islands of New Guinea

● Due to grater distance between Islands as exploration increased they developed double hauled vessels, capable of hauling colonists and supplies.

● With this new technology in transportation they then had to advance their navigation techniques, which led to a highly sophisticated system based on the stars, ocean swells, birds flight patterns and natural landmarks.

Exploration● With new technology and navigation, the Polynesians went to explore

on from new Guinea onto new lands in the North, East, South and West.

● From New Guinea the Polynesians reached islands such as Fiji, the northern Hawaiian Islands, Easter Island, and New Zeland.

● The reaches of Polynesian exploration and expansion is now known as and area called the Polynesian Triangle.

Links

● http://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/polynesian2.html

Ancient Greek Explorations and Discoveries

• It was primarily the ancient Greeks who first used mathematical principles and sophisticated maps for seafaring.

• By applying their advancements in early science and mathematics, this culture contributed to understanding the oceans in many ways.

• Although western civilization would “lose” the knowledge during the Middle Ages, the Greeks knew that the world was a sphere and not flat.

• The Greek Pytheas noted that he could predict the tides in the Atlantic based on the phases of the moon.

• About 150 years later, Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) calculated the Earth’s circumference and invented the first lattitude/longitude system – a system of imaginary lines on the Earth, used for navigation and mapping.

• Hipparchus invented a better system – the one used today – later.

Eratosthenes of cyrene

Chinese Exploration and discoveries

Daniel Probst

• By AD 10150, Chinese navigators were using the float compass. In 1070, the Chinese developed dry docks for their ships. In the 13th century Chinese ships ventured to India and occasionally to East Africa. Artifacts found on the Pacific Shores of America suggest the Chinese reached America before Columbus died.

• Chinese invented the magnetic compass around 1125 AD

• Chinese seafaring well established by about 1000 AD

• By the mid 1400’s they were well established ship builders

Prince henry the navigator

By Devon Elkhay

...

• Prince henry the navigator is the son of the Portugal king. He was the third surviving son of King John I and Philippa of Lancaster.

• Henry is often credited with beginning the Age of Discovery, the period during which European nations expanded their reach to Africa, Asia and the Americas. Henry himself was neither a sailor nor a navigator, his name just being a title.

This is the area that Prince henry traveled from Africa. This started the Slave Trade after a few Years.

Prince HenryHenry died in 1460 in Sagres, Portugal. By the time of his death, Portuguese explorers and traders had advanced as far as the region of modern-day Sierra Leone. It would be another 28 years before Vasco de Gama, under the Portuguese flag, would sail clear around Africa and complete an expedition to India.

Christopher Columbusby:Jett Lathrop

Christopher Columbus, a master mariner is most known for “discovering” the New World.

The Vikings had actually discovered the Americas 500 years earlier.

Columbus’ purpose was to find a new trading route to India, hence him naming the natives Indians.

Columbus had assumed that the Earth was only HALF of it’s actual size.

He even died beliving that he had discovered islands off the coast of Asia, not realizing the massive impact he had.

Ferdinand Magellan-1519First to Circumnavigate the globe

While his expedition was successful, Ferdinand died during the travel

James cook

Key points • James Cook (1700's) was one of the first

explorers to make scientific observation

• Also considered first marine scientist

• Used a chronometer

• He took many samples of marine life, land plants, animals, the ocean floor, and

geological formations

• He was very accurate and precise on all of his work

John Harrison/ Longitude Determination

Skye Roa period 3

John Harrison/Longitude Determination

• John Harrison invented the Chronometer

• Chronometers were first developed for marine navigation and to determine longitude

• James Cook was a British explorer and was one of the first explorers to make scientific observations in the 1700’s

• James cook used a Chronometer on his expeditions

Chronometer

United States Exploring Expedition

Ben McCann P3

A.K.A – Wilkes Exploration

• Went on for 4 years (1938-1942)

• Discovered the west coast of Antarctica

• First to ever leave the U.S. shores

• First to be commanded by an officer of the U.S. Navy

• Consisted of 6 sailing vessels and 346 men

• Wanted to “Extend the bounds of science”

• Discovered and brought back many new species

Matthew Maury

• Matthew Maury discovered worldwide patterns of wind and ocean currents

• Considered to be the father of oceanography

• US naval officer, an established authority who published many works on sea navigation and his journeys

• Published the first textbook on modern oceanography

Darwin & the H.M.S BeagleBy:

Aaron Oppelt P.3

H.M.S (He/She, Majesty’s Ship)

Summary

By the 19th century, masts and sails were common on vessels

The most famous of these types of vessels are brigs

In 1831 Darwin began the voyage to map South America

Darwin made detailed observations about animal life in different

environments

Some of Darwin’s special interests were: natural history and science that

was supported by his love for hiking, reading and chemistry

Pictures

The Challenger Expedition

Military Applications to Ocean Exploration• There are a lot of things that have to do

with the ocean exploration that help the military, such as UWSNs (underwater sensor networks)

• By 1900 the industrial revolution had helped to expand oceanography as a science with the invention of the steam engine and iron ships. War has been a major contributing factor in the oceanography explosion.

Steam Engines and Iron Ships

• Steam engines and iron ships were part of the first inventions that helped the military.Steam engines are machines that perform tasks mechanically by using steam as fuel. These helped the military because they could transport things from one place to another. (Steam engines look and act like trains.)

Iron ships also tremendously helped the military. Iron ships are just what they sound like. They are large ships made of iron. These also helped the military transport things from one place to another.

UWSNs

• UWSN = underwater sensor networks

• UWSNs are just one example of how ocean explorations have aided the military. UWSNs are used to enable applications for oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, disaster prevention, etc.

Polar Exploration

By: Reese Campbell

Fridtjof Nansen (October 10, 1861-May 13, 1930)

Norwegian explorer, scientist, and Nobel Peace Prize winner

Led the North Pole expedition in 1893

Nansen first began to consider the possibility of reaching the North Pole by using the natural drift of polar ice

Set sail on the Fram in 1893

Became trapped in the ice with 13 crew members and drifted with the ice for over 3 years covering 1025 miles

Fridtjof Nansen

Proved that the Arctic continent existed

His techniques of polar travel, equipment, and clothing influenced future Artic explorations and discoveries

Impact on Marine Science

The H.M.S challenger 2By: Deniro dumas

Period: 3

Marine Science

Facts • The challenger came around December 1872 and May 1876

• The ship was 200 feet with 17 guns

• The challenger began its voyage by crossing the Atlantic four times and visited Africa , Antarica, New Zeland, and etc

• And the challenger didn’t just study the ocean but also Islands

The Trip

The Challenger Ship

Summary

• The challenger 2 was a ship that was built to explore sea and islands going through rough conditions like water pressure and lack of oxygen but was the first to attempt exploring the vast body of water and manage to discover 4,000 unknown species but eventually it come to a end in 1876

Ocean DrillingRachel Broadbent P3

The Ocean Drilling Program(ODP)

• The ODP was an international and group mission to disclose and study the structure, matter composition on the Earth’s ocean fundamental basis.

• Drilling discoveries have led to further hypotheses and questions in Earth sciences.

Important impacts

• Animals such as birds and sea turtles have a destroyed habitat from the construction of new oil pipes.

• Contaminated sediments are pushed by the current into fish populations, which reduced the population as a whole.

Pros

• It’s important we have ocean drilling because oil is one of the most fundamental needs in the world today. Its needed for plastic and fuel.

Sources

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling

• http://www-odp.tamu.edu/

Oceanographic InstitutionsBy: Sarah Shack Period 3

Albert’s Institut Océanographique

• The first institution was founded by Prince Albert I of Monaco who gave his countries oceanographic laboratory and museum in 1906

• Most famous alumnus of the Institute was Jacques Cousteau

• In addition Monaco became the place of the International Hydrographic Bureau, founded in 1921

• The bureau published one of the first general charts of the ocean showing bottom contours

3 Preeminent Oceanographic Institutions

• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: located on Cape Cod founded in 1921 (affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the neighboring Marine Biological Laboratory, founded in 1888)

• The Scripps Institution of Oceanography: located in La Jolla, California founded in 1903 (affiliated with the University of California in 1912

• The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University: located in Palisades, New York founded in 1949

NOAA

• The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

• Found in the department of commerce in 1970

• Includes the National Ocean Service, National Weather Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, The Office of Sea Grant

• Trying to facilitate commercial uses of the ocean

SubmersiblesSubmersibles are tiny mobile research vessels that aredesigned for exploration of the oceans depths. They can be manned or unmanned. During the late 1950s and 1960s a great variety were developed, but the first submersible was launched in the1930s. They were needed to make direct observations and measurements, recover lost equipment, and for possible rescue activity.

Bathysphere: 1st Type Of Submersible

• A Bathysphere is a manned spherical chamber for deep sea observation, lowered and raised by a cable from a ship. It cannot operate in great ocean depths and cannot move from side to side. The first one was launched in 1930.

•

Bathyscaphe: 2nd Type Of Submersible

• A Bathyscaphe was designed in the 1940s, after the Bathysphere.

• It’s different from the Bathysphere because it’s not connected by a cable to the ship. It has water chambers to make the craft sink, and gasoline chambers to make the craft float. To get to the surface after exploration, the Pilot drops iron pellets stored in the bottom of the craft. Once launched, it is self propelled.

The Deep Sea Challenger: Latest technology

• In 2012, scientists used The Deep Sea Challenger for exploring the deepest parts of the ocean including the Mariana Trench(more than 35,000 feet below the ocean’s surface). The Challenger is made up of a light but sturdy foam that is a substitute for steel. Gasoline tanks are not needed because the foam floats. This design allows the Pilot to spend more time on the bottom of the ocean because it descends and ascends faster than the Bathyscaphes.

Summary

• Because of Submersibles, people have been able to explore the ocean floor. By inventing new types of technology over the years, people can explore sealife longer and faster than the previous technology.

Self-contained divingHistory & scientific purpose of SCUBA diving.

Origin of scuba diving

• Also known as “SCUBA” (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus), Scuba devices are used to explore the deep ocean floor, without the use of higher & more expensive technology, such as submarines.

• The earliest self-contained apparatus dates back to about 375 AD, with heavy innovations being brought upon nearly 300 years ago.

• Augustus Siebe introduced the hard hat diving equipment in 1840, while Henry Fleuss introduced the 1st workable SCUBA in 1878.

The Aqua-Lung, one of the earliest versions of SCUBA,was first to reach popularity & commercial success.

Pros & cons of scuba diving

• Positive Factors Include:

- Minimalistic equipment allows for easier traversing on land & in water.

- Able to operate with little to no crew with you.

- Divers have a large amount of freedom to move around underwater.

• Negative Factors Include:

- Limited dive time due to limited oxygen.

- Lack of communication between divers & other divers/authorities on boat.

- Limited depth travel when compared to submarines & other aquatic machinery.

http://marinebio.org/oceans/scuba/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/diving/scuba/scuba.htmlhttp://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places/ten-incredible-underwater-discoveries-have-captured-our-imagination-001522http://umaine.edu/scientificdiving/files/2012/09/WitmanET13-Scuba-Science1.pdf

Purpose of self-contained diving

• Not only is self-contained diving used for scientific purposes, but also for military work, sporting, industrial use, & commercially learning.

• Many scientific discoveries & advancements have occurred due to the hundreds of years of scuba diving, due to the quick progression of the technology & equipment.

Such as an incredible ship wreck discovery that ages back 3,200 years ago in Croatia, & elongated skulls found in a Mayan underwater cave that scientists still have no answer to.

• Remotely operated vehicles

Robot Devices

Long Range Navigation (LORAN)• Invented and first used in World War II

• Newest version is the LORAN-C, invented in 1970s

• Measured distance by time (in microseconds) signals took to transfer between devices

• Master LORAN systems would serve as a constant in one location, while secondary, or slave systems would send signals of their locations to the master system.

• Phased out by U.S. and Canada in 2010 in favor of Satellite-based GPS systems.

Global Positioning System (GPS)• Rather than receiving signals from other

transmitters, GPS uses satellites, ground stations, and receivers to transmit information.

• Satellites always stay in one position around the Earth, so we always know where they are

• Ground stations keep track and locate satellites.

• Receivers would read satellite signals and measures distance between itself and the satellite

• GPS replaced LORAN because it was a more precise method of location, with high-tech GPS systems being able to find a signal from within a fraction of an inch, as well as being able to see more of the planet with less systems tracking it.

Marine Archaeology

• Grant Roberts

What is Marine Archaeology?

In plain terms it is the study and human interaction with any body of water.

Marine Archaeology helps study the history of the ocean and aids in our understanding of it’s beginning

Nautical Archaeology

Probably the most relevant type of marine archaeology.

Nautical Archaeology studies the remains of underwater shipwrecks.

It studies the age of ships and the reason for sinking. Also involves the construction of the ship.

What does an archaeologist look like?

Most, if not all marine archaeologists are veteran scuba divers.