Physical Geography:Definition –

Examples –

Human Geography:Definition –

Examples –

Physical Characteristics: Human Characteristics:

Coastal Plains Region

Mountains and Basins Region

Central Plains Region

Great Plains Region

Describe the Physical Geography of each region.

Rainfall (High or Low?):

Elevation (High or Low?):

Type of Terrain:

Describe the Human Geography of each region.

Major Cities:

Population (High or Low?):

Major Industries:

Geography of the Earth

Texas is located in the United States, which is located on the continent of North America.

Physical GeographyNatural Landforms of the Earth

Human GeographyHow Humans Change the Geography of the Earth

If you were given the job of categorizing all the plastic balls at Chuck-E Cheese’s, how would you

do it?

High rainfall; land is low in elevation with fertile soil;

contains the largest cities in Texas

Low rainfall; land is high in elevation,

jagged and mountainous

Average rainfall; land varies in

elevation with rolling hills and lots

of trees

Low rainfall; land is high in elevation

and very flat

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OFTEXAS REGIONS

HUMAN CHARACTERICSOF

TEXAS REGIONS

Texas Highwaysand Cities

Leading Industries in Texas:

1800’sAgriculture – Cotton, Cows, and Corn

1900’sOil – Natural Gas, Petroleum, and Oil

Field Machinery

(See pgs. 64 and 423 for geography of Texas Industry)

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/usa/states/texas/

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/usa/states/texas/rivers/

Directions: Labeling Texas Map• Label the boundaries of the 4 main regions of Texas.

– Create a map legend to indicate the name of each region. (pg. 22)

• Label the following cities:– San Antonio, El Paso, Houston, Austin, Ft. Worth, Dallas,

Brownsville, Lubbock, Amarillo, Midland, Odessa, Corpus Christi, Galveston, Beaumont (p. 22)

• Label the following rivers:– Sabine, Red, Rio Grande, Nueces, Brazos, Colorado

(p. 50)

Guiding Questions – Texas Geography1. Why is Texas divided into 4 different regions?

2. Why did the large cities of Texas form in the locations that they did?

3. What role did Texas rivers play in the forming of settlements, towns, and cities?

4. Which region in Texas contains the best resources for farmers, ranchers, and oil companies?

5. Which region in Texas would allow you to live near very large cities?

6. Which region in Texas would allow you to live furthest away from large cities?

7. Which region in Texas contains the best resources for lumber companies?

8. Which region in Texas stretches the furthest north?

9,500 B.C.Native Americans Migrate to Texas

How do you think people went from life in the image at the top to life in the image at the bottom?

Why do Humans Migrate?• Push Factor:

– Forces pushing people away from a place– Examples:

• Fear for Safety• Lack of Opportunity• Unhappiness & Boredom

• Pull Factor:– Forces pulling people toward a place

• Prospect of Safety• Prospect for Opportunity• Prospect for Happiness

How Humans Learned to Settle in One Place

Long after humans migrated to North America, a change came about in their basic way of life. Imagine that a group of Native American hunters comes upon a flock of wild sheep. They kill and eat one or two, but they know that if they kill too many at once, the meat will spoil. So they follow the flock for weeks, killing only what they plan to eat. One day the hunters follow the flock into a valley that contains a dead end that will not allow the sheep to pass through. The hunters decide to build several huts and block the only opening in the valley. They settle down as they keep watch over the flock. They begin using the sheep as a reserve of food for when they have no other animals to hunt. They train their dogs to herd and contain the sheep in the valley. Without realizing it, the hunters settled down and became herders and ranchers.

Long known to gather grains such as barley, corn, rice, and wheat, the women of the tribe make a discovery. They realize that the seeds they have been gathering from the plants will grow new plants if they are planted back into the ground. So they begin using sticks to plant and harvest more crops. The crops begin to grow and become another food reserve for the winter. These women gatherers naturally became farmers.

Now settled, the tribe begins to build more huts of larger size to store their belongings. Over time, the tribe turns into an entire village of people. Once wanderers, these people learned to survive and settle down.

THESIS SUPPORT EXPLAIN

How Humans Learned to Settle in One Place

Long after humans migrated to North America, a change came about in their basic way of life. Imagine that a group of Native American hunters comes upon a flock of wild sheep. They kill and eat one or two, but they know that if they kill too many at once, the meat will spoil. So they follow the flock for weeks, killing only what they plan to eat. One day the hunters follow the flock into a valley that contains a dead end that will not allow the sheep to pass through. The hunters decide to build several huts and block the only opening in the valley. They settle down as they keep watch over the flock. They begin using the sheep as a reserve of food for when they have no other animals to hunt. They train their dogs to herd and contain the sheep in the valley. Without realizing it, the hunters settled down and became herders and ranchers.

Long known to gather grains such as barley, corn, rice, and wheat, the women of the tribe make a discovery. They realize that the seeds they have been gathering from the plants will grow new plants if they are planted back into the ground. So they begin using sticks to plant and harvest more crops. The crops begin to grow and become another food reserve for the winter. These women gatherers naturally became farmers.

Now settled, the tribe begins to build more huts of larger size to store their belongings. Over time, the tribe turns into an entire village of people. Once wanderers, these people learned to survive and settle down.

Guiding Questions: (Answer in complete sentences)1. What is the main idea of this passage?

2. Label each sentence with either a F (fact) or o(opinion), C (combination of fact/opinion).3. Label each sentence with either a T (thesis), S (support), or E (explain).4. Does this passage make sense to your way of thinking? Is there some other way that you believe

people may have learned to settle down?

5. What do you think may have happened to the tribe in this story over many more years?

6. Based on what you just learned, explain the push and pull factors that may have led the first people into Texas.

Native Texan Tribes

24

Divide in to The Four Regions of Texas

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/usa/states/texas/rivers/

Tribe: Geographic: Social: Economic: Political:

Comanches

Apaches

Jumanos

Tiguas

Caddoes

Karankawas

Coahuiltecans

Tonkawas

Cherokees

27

Native Texans Geographic(Region)

Political Economic Social/Culture

Coahuiltecans

Spanish friars wrote about the Coahuiltecans

Southeast, Gulf Coast – Nomadic and hunters/gatherers

Small, nomadic related bands that were part of a larger tribe.

Each band had a shaman who was the spiritual and medical person for the tribe

Hunted small animals of South Texas and lived off the land and may have traded with other nomadic Coahuiltecans

Adaptable tribal group – Use resources from the environment for food, decoration, and use. Wore few clothes due to the hot, humid weatherWomen did most of the work because men were in constant search for food.Mitotes – Dances or festivals to give thanks for a victory, for finding food or some other event in which they were thankful.

Karankawas

Cabeza de Vaca wrote about Karankawas 

Southeast coastal prairie and islandsGulf Coast – Nomadic and hunters/gatherers

Traveled in bands of thirty to forty people headed by a chief

Used dugout canoes to fish and hunted small animals. Traded with other Karankawa groups

Very tall – Men and women were very tall. Men were muscular and well built and women very attractivePainted and tattooed bodySmeared body with alligator grease to prevent mosquitoes from biting themEvery child was given two names a public name and a secret name believed to be magical

28

Native Texans Geographic(Region)

Political Economic Social/Culture

ComancheGreat Plains of west TexasCalled Comancheria only welcomed the KiowaPlains – Nomadic, dependent on the buffalo, and fierce warriors

Lived in bands that were connected through blood relationsEach band had a chief chosen by members of the band and a war chief chosen by warriors for each campaign

Hunted buffalo, elk, and bear and used every part of them to surviveCollected wild plants to balance their diet but did not farm

Lived in tepees made of buffalo hidesWore clothes made of buffalo hidesThe men grew very long hair and wore it in braidsFierce warriorsAfter the Europeans came and introduced the horse, they became very important resources to them.

Apache

From west of San Antonio to the Pecos and Rio Grande RiverPlains – Nomadic, dependent on the buffalo, and fierce warriors

Family bands that were loosely organized under a chiefA chief proved himself by age, skill and wisdomMade up of Lipan and Mescalero Apache groups

Hunters and gatherers of buffalo, deer, antelope, javelina, and wild turkeysSmall gardens that they used to trade with other groups

Apache is a pueblo word that means enemyPierced ears and wore copper and shell jewelryClothing was made from buffalo and deer hidesWomen wore long hair which they kept in a braidMen cut the hair on the left side level with the top of their ear and the right side they grew longTepees made of buffalo hides and some lived in lodgesSuperstitious 

29

Native Texans Geographic(Region)

Political Economic Social/Culture

JumanoWest Texas Puebloan - Sedentary, farmers, and lived in houses made of adobe

Each village was led by a chief who settled problemsWe do not know how the Jumano traders governed themselves

Made up of two groups. One group was hunter-gatherers who traded across Texas and the other group farmed living in large villages along the Rio Grande and Concho Rivers.Farmed corn, beans, squash gourds and cotton (Did not irrigate crops relied on rain)Traded with other Native groups. They were part of a large trade network

The Pueblo Jumanos lived in homes called pueblos made from adobeTattooed and painted their bodiesWomen wore their hair longMen cut their hair short to about the middle of their scalp. It looked like a cap and left a lock of hair in the middle which they tied feathers to.The men wore buffalo hides and the women wore deerskin skirts and ponchos.

Tiguas

 

El Paso area Puebloan - Sedentary, farmers, and lived in houses made of adobe

Governed by a chief who was a medicine manA governor, war chief, and four captains advised the chief

Farmers who grew corn and other vegetables Hunted small animals

Built pueblo homes made from adobe. Built around a plaza where people could walk and meet each other. Built irrigation systemsStill live in Texas today

30

Native Texans Geographic(Region)

Political Economic Social/Culture

Atakapan Southeast Texas – From Galveston Bay as far north as present day HuntsvilleSoutheastern – Sedentary food-rich environment and complex social systems

Small bands with no overall chief

Fished, hunted and gathered food throughout East TexasTraded for things they needed and could not hunt or gather for themselves

Lived in small lodges that were made of tree branches covered with hidesMen wore animal hides and women wore skirts of Spanish moss and grassesTattooed and painted their bodiesUsed alligator oil to repel mosquitoes because of this they smelled 

Caddos

Welcomed the Spanish with the word Tejas which means “friendship.” That is how Texas got its name.

Southeastern – Sedentary food-rich environment and complex social systemsPiney Woods of East Texas

Chief – An inherited position called a caddiCouncil of wise men that kept order and solved problemsConfederation – Loosely banded group of tribes that made some decisions for the Caddo nation

Farmers, tanners, potters and other specialty items which they traded Farmed large amounts of vegetablesHunted small animals

Wore clothes of deer and buffalo skin that were decorated and wore jewelry made of beads and boneLived in grass huts that looked like beehives or haystacksMatrilineal – Children belonged to the mother’s clan, men moved into the lodge of their wife, and women could divorce their husbands by simply throwing his belonging out of the lodge.Built mounds where they built their temples, priests’ homes and homes for important families. These mounds were where the Caddo held religious ceremonies and buried their leaders. 

31

Native Texans Geographic(Region)

Political Economic Social/Culture

Wichita Southeastern – Sedentary food-rich environment and complex social systemsEastern edge of the Great Plains near the Caddos

Chiefs that led tribes and assisted by sub-chiefs.Adult men were asked for advice and warriors smoked the peace pipe to show they were serious about reaching a good decision.

Hunted buffalo as well as farmed fields of corn, beans, and squash.

Lived in thatched beehive homes much like the CaddosMost dressed of all the Natives – Wore clothes made of tanned hides that covered them from their chins to their ankles, and jewelryTattooed around their eyes that made them look like they had raccoon eyes. For this reason they were called “Raccoon Eyes.”Matrilineal – The Wichita lines descended through their mothersBelieved in an after life

Native Texans adapted to their environments, settling in different parts of Texas and developing unique cultures.

Native American Groups in Texas

Survival in prehistoric times depended on the ability to hunt and find food. Agriculture allowed people to settle in one place and develop into more complex societies.

Life in Prehistoric Texas

A Time of Change for Native TexansAlthough most Native Texan groups were eventually displaced by settlers, their culture and heritage continue to influence the larger culture of Texas.

History of Population Growth in Texas

POPULATION FOR SOME NATIVE TEXAS GROUPS, 1690–1890POPULATION FOR SOME NATIVE TEXAS GROUPS, 1690–1890

NATIVE GROUP ESTIMATE IN ABOUT 1690 1890 CENSUS

Karankawa

Mescalero Apache

Coahuiltecan

Atakapan

Lipan Apache

Comanche

Kiowa

Tonkawa

Wichita

Caddo

TOTAL

2,000

3,500

3,500

1,000

1,500

10,000

2,300

2,000

4,200

8,000

38,000

0

0

9

473

66

1,598

1,140

56

358

536

4,227

Ways People Change the

Environment

Building Farms, Roads

and Structures

Leveling the Land

Causing Pollution

Planting Trees