Physical oceanography

505

Oceanographic Literature Review

(1980)27(8)

The citations are those received in the editorial office during the period 1--31 May 1980. Most are accompanied by a short annotation or abstract and, when obtainable, by the first author's address. The citations are classified under six main headings (see the table of contents} and 112 sub-headings. Subject and author indexes are published for the first three quarters of the year with an annual cumulation. See the preface for ad- ditional explanatory material.

A. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

1. Apparatus and methods

80:3504 Davidson, G. P. and D. C. Emmony, 1980. A

schlieren probe method for the measurement of the refractive index profile of a shock wave in a fluid. J. Phys., scient. Instrums, E, 13(1): 92-97.

A narrow laser beam is used to determine the refractive index profile which in turn is used to calculate the energy density of an expanding shock. For an axial distribution of small diameter the ideal single ray is well approximated. This op- tical technique has the advantage that there is no physical interaction with the shock wave. Depart- ment of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (rncs)

80:3505 Eiseman, N. J. and J. K.-Holt, 1979/80. A self-

contained instrument for digital recording

of submarine quantum irradiance and photoperiod. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 13(6): 14- 17.

Construction of a digitally recording submarine quantum irradiance meter using commercially available quantum sensors and integrators is described. The sensor may be used as is, but the in- tegrator must be modified to fit a pressure housing and changes in the paper feed system are recommended. Integration times of 1 rain, 10 min, 1 h, and 24 h; up to 20,000 printed records; and depths to 300 m are possible. Harbor Branch Foun- dation, Ft. Pierce, Fla., U.S.A.

80:3506 Frisch, A. S. and B. L. Weber, 1980. A new

technique for measuring tidal currents by using a two-site HF Doppler radar system. J. geophys. Res., 85(C1): 485-493.

A two-site backscattering radar system indirectly provides both components of surface currents by

506 A. Physical Oceanography OLR(1980)27(8)

measuring the phase velocity of certain wavelength ocean waves; any significant deviation from the well-known phase velocity is then attributed to currents. The method is applied to tidal currents in the lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. NOAA/ ERL/Wave Propagation Laboratory, Boulder, Colo. 80302, U.S.A. (jav)

80:3507 Hammond, D. L. and C. R. McClain, 1980. Spec-

tral distort ion inherent in airborne profilometer measurements of ocean wave heights. Ocean Engng, 7(1): 99-108.

An analysis of the performance characteristics of an airborne profilometer shows that both the wave spectra and the dominant wave heading can be reliably determined. Advanced Space Sensing Applications Branch, Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, U.S.A.

80:3508 McClain, C. R., D. T. Chen and D. L. Hammond,

1980. Gulf Stream ground truth project: results of the NRL airborne sensors. Ocean Engng. 7(1): 55-97.

Results of' an airborne study of Gulf Stream waves show that the active microwave sensors (high- flight radar and wind-wave radar) provide consis- tent and accurate estimates of significant wave height and surface wind speed, respectively. The correlation between the wave height measurement of the high-flight radar and a laser profilometer is excellent. Code 941, Applications Directorate, Nasa/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. 30771, U.S.A.

80:3509 Tasai, F., K. Kawatate, M. Ohkusu and W.

Koterayama, 1980. A single point mooring spar buoy for measuring ocean waves. Ocean Engng, 7(1): 173-192.

A buoy system was developed which can measure ocean waves with negligible platform motion con- tamination. Good agreement was found between data obtained from the spar buoy and data acquired from a fixed platform. Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812, Japan. (jav)

2. Surveys (data reports, area studies)

80:3510 Ahumada B., Ramon and Lisandro Chuecas M.,

1979. Algunas caracteristicas hidrograficas de la bahia de Concepcion (36°40'S; 73°02'W) y

areas adyacentes, Chile. [Some hydrographic characteristics of Bahia de Concepcion (36°40'S; 73°02'W) and adjacent areas, Chile.] Gayana, (Misc.)8:56 pp.

A systematic study of the Bahia de Concepcion, from 1971-1975, revealed 4 hydrographic seasons described as 'upwelling' and 'estuarine circulation' with two transitional periods characterized by mixing processes. Departamento de Biologia y Tec- nologia del Mar, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Sede Talcahuano, Chile. (jay)

80:3511 Cartwright, D. E., J. M. Huthnance, R. Spencer

and J. M. Vassie, 1980. On the St. Kilda [Outer Hebrides] shelf tidal regime. Deep-Sea Res., 27(1A): 61-70.

Estimated pressure gradients across the shelf confirm the existence of relatively large diurnal currents, which are clearly barotropic. Diurnal elevations are markedly smaller at the coast, explained by the superposition of a Kelvin wave and a shelf wave of similar amplitude but in anti- phase. Currents corresponding to this model agree fairly well with those measured directly by Cartwright (1969), and confirm less exact calculations made by Huthnance (1973). Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Bidston, Birkenhead, U.K.

80:3512 Ellett, D. , l . , 1977/79. Some oceanographic

features of Hebridean waters. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., (B)77: 61-74.

The water types and current systems of the Hebrides are described. The tides possess a strong diurnal component not perceptible in tidal height records, and this feature is cautiously ascribed to a non-divergent continental shelf wave. Scottish Marine Biological Association, Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Scotland. (jay)

80:3513 Fonseca, T. R. and Veronica Hickmann F., 1978.

Contribucion al conocimiento de las con- diciones oceanograficas de la bahia de Valparaiso. [Oceanographic conditions in Valparaiso Bay, Chile.] Investnes mar., Valparaiso, 6(5): 73-86. Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso Centro de Investigaciones del Mar, Valparaiso, Chile.

OLR(1980)27(8) A. Physical Oceanography 507

4. Distribution of common oceanic (hydrographic) properties see Chem- ical Oceanography for basic chemical studies of salinity, chlorinity, etc.)

80:3514 Armi, Laurence and Eric D'Asaro, 1980. Flow

structures of the benthic ocean. J. geophys. Res., 85(C1): 469-484.

A near-bottom mixed layer was studied on the Hatteras Abyssal Plain. Observations of the density and velocity structure revealed a well-mixed layer 5-60 m thick in which velocity fluctuations increased in energy near the bottom. 'A benthic front was observed.' Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3515 Lozovatsky, I. D., 1979. On the spectrum of ver-

tical inhomogeneities of the temperature field in the oceanic thermocline. (In Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 15(11): 1188-1198.

A theoretical study of the spectrum of vertical inhomogeneities in the spatial interval between 1 cm and 100 m shows good agreement when compared with microstructure measurements from various regions in the ocean. (mcs)

80:3516 Osborn, T. R. and L. E. Bilodeau, 1980.

T e m p e r a t u r e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e in the equatorial Atlantic. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 66-82.

Vertical profiles of temperature microstructure provided insight into spatial and temporal variations; data on the velocity microstructure show a relationship between the two microstruc- tures. Cox numbers show a relative minimum near the center of the core with largest values in the shear region between the South Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Undercurrent. Institute of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T lW5.

80:3517 Simpson, J. H., M. R. Howe, N. C. G. Morris and

J. Stratford, 1979. Velocity shear in the steps below the Mediterranean outflow. Deep-Sea Res., 26(12A): 1381-1386.

The profile of velocity shear exhibits the same regularity as the temperature and salinity profiles with peak values of the shear S 2 ~- 10-4 s-2 in the interfaces; by contrast the velocity layers have low mean shear with S 2 -~ 10 -5 s 2. Estimates of an in-

terface Richardson number indicate the layers may be only marginally stable. Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, U.K.

5. Physical processes (diffusion, turbulence, energy exchange, dynamic heights, e tc . )

80:3518 Bryden, H. L. and M. M. Hall, 1980. Heat trans-

port by currents across 25°N latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. Science, 207(4433): 884-886.

Oceanographic observations show that the net flow of heat across 25°N in the Atlantic is 1.1 x 101~ watts northward. This transport agrees well with estimates based on charts of the energy exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3519 Caldwell, D. R. and S. A. Eide, 1980. Adiabatic

temperature gradient and potential temperature correction in pure and saline water: an experimental determination. Deep-Sea Res., 27(1A): 71-78.

Direct experimental determinations yield values of the adiabatic temperature gradient, F, for pure and saline water. From data covering the range -- 2 to 40°C, 0 to 40%0, and 0 to 1380 bar, a formula, which gives F with an estimated uncertainty of 5.5 x 10 6 °C bar i, is computed. A formula for the potential temperature correction, which confirms Bryden's (1973) formula within his stated uncertainty and yields values of less estimated uncertainty over the full range of the data, is given. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, U.S.A.

80:3520 DiPietro, N. D. and R. G. Cox, 1979. The

spreading of a very viscous liquid on a quiescent water surface. Q. Jl Mech. appl. Math., 32(4): 355-381.

Various systems of equations and their validity regimes, which describe spreading of oil on the water's surface, are presented for cases 'ranging from those where the effect of boundary-layer drag is dominant to those where it is negligible.' Depart- ment of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. (izs)


80:3521 Fischer, H. B., 1980. Mixing processes on the

Atlantic continental shelf, Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25(1): 114-125.

Physical t ransport and diffusive processes occurring in the Middle Atlantic Bight are discussed and reviewed. Current meter da ta and airborne and satell i te observations are used in conjunction with shear flow dispersion to est imate the dispersion of dissolved substances in the bight during un- stratified periods. The results, l imited to the region inshore of the shelf-break and offshore of the coastal boundary layer, es t imate the long-shelf dispersion coefficient to be 104-105 cm 2 • s ' and the cross-shelf coefficient to be 3 x 105 cm 2. s ' at mid-shelf. Depar tment of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, U.S.A. (jav)

80:3522 Foldvik, Arne and Bert Rudels, 1979. Double dif-

fusive convection into deep homogeneous layers . Rept geophys. Inst. Div. phys. Oceanogr. Univ. Bergen, 53:22 pp.

A model describes the quasi-stat ionary convection at an interface separat ing two homogeneous layers in which the upper possesses higher molecular dif- fusivity. The removal of stable fluid at the interface is not considered and thus the t ime available for diffusive cell convection is short. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. (mcs)

Two models are used to est imate the local cross- isopycnal mass flux. Turbulence is mainta ined in one by the Reynolds stress working against a t ime variable mean shear and in the other by the gravitat ional collapse of Kelvin-Helmhottz in- stabili t ies. A vertical eddy coefficient greater than 1 cm2/sec is found in recent data from the shear region between the South Equatorial Current and the Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent. Depart- ment of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T lW5. (mcs)

80:3525 Stommel, H. M. and G. T. Csanady, 1980. A rela-

tion between the T-S curve and global heat and atmospheric water transports . J. geophys. Res., 85(C1): 495-501.

Compat ibi l i ty of certain meteorologically determined meridional fluxes in the ocean of sensible heat and fresh water as functions of la t i tude and the proportion of this flux tha t each ocean basin carries separately lead to est imates of the magnitudes and distr ibution of the meridional oceanic mass flux over the sa l in i ty- temperature plane and yield some indication of the probable physical processes operating (isopycnal mixing versus large-scale advective currents). Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti tution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A.

80:3523 McLean, S. R. and J. D. Smith, 1979. Turbulence

measurements in the boundary layer over a sand wave field. J. geophys. Res., 84(C12): 7791-7808.

An originally fiat sand bed deforms into ripples, dunes or sand waves when the critical boundary shearing stress is exceeded. Experiments were conducted over a sand wave field of the Columbia River to measure the mean flow and Reynolds stress near the bed. The Reynolds shear stress was found to vary with the structure of the variance of the vertical velocity component rather than with that of turbulent kinetic energy as assumed in prior models. Form drag on the bed forms causes the shear stress to increase with distance from the bed up to a level related to bed form wave length before fal l ing off in the expected manner . Geological-Paleontological Insti tute, University of Kiel, Kiel, F.R.G. (jav)

80:3524 Osborn, T. R., 1980. Estimates of the local rate of

v e r t i c a l d i f f u s i o n f r o m d i s s i p a t i o n measurements. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 83- 89.

6. Convergences, divergences and upwelling

80:3526 Cruzado, Antonio, 1979. Coastal upwelling off

western Sahara. Investigacion pesq., Barce- lona, 43(1): 149-160.

The Canary Current coastal upwelling system sup- ports a higher fertilization than expected based on energy input and deep water nutr ient concen- trations. A thermohaline front normally found along the 75 m isobath may confine most of the primary production to its inshore side. Inst i tuto de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Paseo Nacional, s /n . Barcelona-3, Spain. (jav)

7. Circulation and circulation models

80:3527 Elahi, K. Z. and Jurgen Sundermann, 1979. Die

windgetriebene Zirkulation im nordlichen

0LR(1980)27(8) A. Physical Oceanography 509

Arabischen Meer. [Wind-driven circulation in the northern Arabian Sea.] Kuste, 34: 198- 202.

The circulation pattern in the northern Arabian Sea is presented for the south-west and the north- east monsoons. Model results show good agreement with known values. Quaid-i-Azam Univ., Islama- bad, Pakistan.

80:3528 Fischer, Karsten, 1979. Numerische Modelle fur

Tide und Salzgehaltsverteilung im Mundungs- bereich der Ems. [Numerical model of the tide and salinity intrusion in the Ems Estuary, Federal Republic of Germany.] Kuste, 34: 29-39.

Two numerical models for simulating tidal motions and salinity intrusion are described: one making use of vertically averaged state variables; the other, three-dimensional, vertical discretiza- tion. The latter represents tidal motions and salinity distribution in a satisfactory manner by using only three model parameters, the former needs a much more complicated set of parameters. Rotebergstr. 13, 6233 Kelkheim, F.R.G.

80:3529 Hickey, B. M. and Peter Hamilton, 1980. A spin-

up model as a diagnostic tool for interpreta- tion of current and density measurements on the c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f of the P a c i f i c Northwest . J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 12-24.

Practical limitations of the two-dimensional, baroclinic, time-dependent model of Hamilton and Rattray (1978) are investigated using a five-week series of density measurements on the Oregon- Washington shelf. The model is best suited as a diagnostic tool to study baroclinic responses due to local effects. Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3530 Ludington, C. A., 1979. Tidal modifications and

associated circulation in a platform reef lagoon. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 30(4): 425-430.

Comparison of tidal records from One Tree Island and Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, shows that ponding inside the reef crest at One Tree Reef holds the lagoon water level near mean water level for 5-6 h of each tide, isolating it from the surrounding ocean for half of each tidal cycle. Details of the lagoon tidal curve are described; implications for lagoon circulation, flushing and sedimentation are discussed. Coastal Studies Unit, Geography Department, University of Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia.

80:3531 Spigel, R. H., 1980. Coupling of internal wave

motion with entrainment at the density interface of a two- layer lake . J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 144-155.

An analytical solution to the case of a suddenly applied, uniform wind stress to a two-layered, rectangular basin is only valid when entrainment acts as a small perturbation on the baroclinic motions. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. (mcs)

80:3532 Yuan, Yehli, 1979. A preliminary study on the

circulation related to the cold water mass of the Yellow Sea. I. The thermal structure and characteristics of the circulation in the central part of the cold water mass . (In Chinese; English summary.) Oceanol. Limnol. sin., 10(3): 187-199.

A mode] describes the thermal structure and circulation in the cold water mass of the Yellow Sea. The flow is divergent in the upper- and convergent in the lower layers producing a weak upward circulation. Comparisons with observed data show satisfactory agreement. Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, People's Republic of China. (mcs)

8. Currents

80:3533 Camden-Smith, F. and L-A. Perrins, 1978/79.

Current meter results from the Agulhas Passage, S.W. Indian Ocean. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 36-48 + 19 pp. of figures.

From potential temperature, velocity and direction measurements and critical erosion velocity determinations in the Agulhas Passage, two components of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are iden- tified: one flowing ENE, the other W. AABW flows in this and other passages in the South Atlantic and the South Pacific are compared, emphasizing similarities. The current meter data confirm the prediction (Wust, 1938; Stommel and Aron, 1960) of an intensified northward-flowing western boundary current along southern Africa's eastern coast. Includes bathymetric and circulation maps. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (izs)

80:3534 Clarke, R. A., H. W. Hill, R. F. Reiniger and B. A.

Warren, 1980. Current system south and east


of the Grand B a n k s of Newfoundland. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 25-65.

During April-June 1972 three ships surveyed the region between the Grand Banks and the Mid- Atlantic Ridge, mapping the property dis- tributions and current field where the Gulf Stream branches. Worthington's (1962, 1976) two-gyre scheme is criticized at length in terms of the observations, and it is shown that established physics can be used to rationalize the property distribution. Includes appendix: Isopycnal Mixing in the Thermocline. Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. (jay)

80:3535 Fornshell, J. A. and W. A. Criess, 1979. Anti-

cyclonic eddy observat ions in the slope water [southeast of Nova Scotia] aboard CGC Evergreen. J. phys. Oceanogr., 9(5): 992-1000.

Drogued buoys, CTD and XBT stations were used to study an anticyclonic eddy as it propagated through the slope water over a two-month period. Estimates are given for the decrease with time of current speed, energy and horizontal and vertical eddy scale. The extent to which the New England Seamounts may have influenced eddy decay is not known. U.S. Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C. 20590, U.S.A. (jav)

80:3536 Hidaka, Koji, 1979. Interact ion between the drift

current and the s lope current. I and II. Proc. Japan Acad., (B)55(3): 99-103; (B)55(5): 225- 228.

This 2-part paper attempts a steady-state determination of the deformation (or slope) of the sea surface under prevailing wind stress. Drift and slope current relations and mass transports are considered for a north-to-south-pole-extending, constant depth ocean on a rotating globe. (izs)

80:3537 Kitano, Kiyomitsu, 1979. Recent deve lopments in

the studies of the w a r m rings off Kushiro [Japan]: a review. Bull. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 44: 109-112.

Studies of mesocale anticyclonic eddies near the Kuroshio zone of the western North Pacific are reviewed, with reference given to the corresponding phenomena of Gulf Stream rings in the western North Atlantic. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., Hokkaido, Japan. (jav)

80:3538 Kubo, Tadashi, 1979. On the coasta l current at a

nerit ic f ishing ground in the northeastern

part of the Tsugaru Strait . (In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 44: 57-65.

Direct current measurements made between Oc- tober 20 and November 5, 1975, near the coast show net flows generally towards the east and southeast. Tidal flow is parallel to the coast at speeds to 44 cm/sec. High and low tides at Hakodate correlate well with the direction and velocity of the tidal currents. (mcs)

80:3539 Richardson, P. L., 1980. Gulf Stream ring trajec-

tories. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 90-104.

A satellite-tracked free-drifting buoy experiment was conducted as part of a larger, mul- tidisciplinary study of Gulf Stream ring dynamics. The most significant findings concern the very complicated life histories of the rings and their energetic reactions with the Gulf Stream. The original concept of rings slowly decaying in the Sargasso Sea is no longer valid. Includes ring trajectories and conceptual ring coalescence models. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (jav)

80:3540 Roed, L. P., 1980. Curvature effects on hy-

draul ical ly driven inertial boundary currents. J. Fluid Mech., 96(2): 395-412.

This work applied Gill's (1977) analysis of the 'hydraulic'-type problem to the inertial boundary layer by considering a single-layer inviscid fluid flowing under gravity along a rotating irregular wall. Due to variations in the curvature of the wall the boundary current may be controlled or blocked in the hydraulic sense at sections along the wall. The effect that variations in bottom topography have on controlling or blocking the flow is also discussed. Geophysical Institute Division A, Universi- ty of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. (jav)

80:3541 Silva S., Nelson and Steve Neshyba, 1979. On the

southernmost extens ion of the Peru-Chi le Undercurrent . Deep-Sea Res., 26(12A): 1387- 1393.

The Peru-Chile undercurrent can be traced to 48°S off Chile by the association of a subsurface maximum in the southward geostrophic flow profile with the salinity maximum and oxygen minimum properties characteristic of Equatorial Subsurface Water. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar y de los Alimentos, Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile.


80:3542 Tang, Chung-Muh, 1979. The influence of deep

layer and cross-stream bottom topography on the instability of a baroclinic ocean current. Meteorol. Rdsch, 32(6):161-168.

A model of baroclinic instability of stratified shear flow is extended to include a cross-stream bottom slope. The bottom topography increases the wave length of the most unstable wave by about 30% when no deep quiescent layer is present but has lit- tle effect when one exists. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3543 Zenk, Walter, 1980. The Sub-Mediterranean

Undercurrent . (Letter.) Deep-Sea Res., 27(1A): 97-98.

Supporting evidence is provided for the 1979 suggestion by Ambar and Howe of a countercurrent (at approximately 1500 m depth) beneath the westward-flowing Mediterranean Outflow. Undercurrent flows appear to be 'polarized by bottom topography' with reversals occurring in < 6 h. A theoretical concept of the countercurrent's dynamics remains obscure. I n s t i t u t fur Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 2300 Kiel, F.R.G. (izs)

9. W a t e r m a s s e s a n d f ront s

80:3544 Gregg, M. C. and T. B. Sanford, 1980. Signatures

of mixing from the Bermuda Slope, the Sargasso Sea and the Gulf Stream. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 105-127.

S imul t aneous soundings of t empe ra tu r e microstructure and velocity shear indicate that mixing adjacent to islands is of minor global im- portance. Within the Gulf Stream, high shear does not appear to inhibit the formation of double- diffusive structures. University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3545 Wadhams, P., A. E. Gill and P. F. Linden, 1979.

Transects by submarine of the East Greenland Polar Front. Deep-Sea Res., 26(12A): 1311-1327.

Horizontal sound velocity measurements in the East Greenland Polar Front between 67 m and 125 m show steep thermal fronts, high frequency structures and warm water patches. In the laboratory, a current obtained along the eastern side of a radial barrier in a rotating basin showed many of the features of the East Greenland Current. Includes a

satellite image of an ice margin eddy. Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cam- bridge, CB2 1ER, U.K. (mcs)

12. T i d e s a n d s ea l eve l

80:3546 Chen, Zongyong, 1979. A model for tidal har-

monic analysis and prediction. (In Chinese; English abstract.) Oceanol. Limnol. sin., 10(3): 230-237.

The model for tidal prediction is based upon D. E. Cartwright's (1971, 1973) computations of the tide- generating potential, and applies the Rayleigh criteria to the main constituent frequencies to determine whether or not to include them in the analysis. Harmonic constants are more accurately determined with W. Horn's formula and tabulated corrections than with. those of Darwin, Shuremen and Doodson. Shandong College of Oceanology, Shandong, People's Republic of China. (jav)

80:3547 Fang, Guohong, 1979. Dissipation of tidal energy

in the Yellow Sea. (In Chinese; English abstract.) Oceanol. Limnol. sin., 10(3): 200- 213.

The solution of a progressive long wave under the action of non-linear friction is derived. It is shown that the amplitude ratio of neap tide to spring tide will increase in the direction of wave propagation, and the amplitude ratio of $2 to M~ will decrease accordingly. Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, People's Republic of China. (jay)

80:3548 Gordon, A. L. and T. N. Baker, 1980. Ocean tran-

sients as observed by Geos 3 coincident orbits. J. geophys. Res., 85(C1): 502-506.

Ocean mesoscale transients are determined from the differences within 5 groups of coincident orbits in the western subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. The difference of each orbit from the group mean contains sea level transients and instrumental noise; the steady state geoid is removed. Noise dominates the spectrum below 200 km wavelength; ocean mesoscale transient features dominate above 200 km. At the low frequency end, time separation of the orbits may attenuate the signal of the long wavelength t rans ien ts . L a m o n t - D o h e r t y Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A.

80:3549 Heath, R. A., 1979. Transmission of tidal energy

over a plateau. Dr. hydrogr. Z., 32(6): 289- 296.


The response to an incident long wave on an idealized step funct ion plateau is considered as a function of the angle of incidence. Only for large angles is there a substant ia l change in the modulus of the ampl i tude ratio of the t ransmi t ted wave to the incident wave. The modulus of the ampl i tude ratio of the tide on the pla teau to tha t of the incident wave varies substant ia l ly with the angle of incidence. For a net increase in depth in the direction of the wave across the pla teau zero transmission can occur at large angles of incidence, the angle being independent of the frequency. New Zealand Oceanographic Insti tute, Depar tment of Scientific and Industr ial Research, P.O. Box 12-346, Wellington, New Zealand. (jay)

80:3550 Nielsen, P. B., 1979. On empirical orthogonal

functions (EOF) and their use for analysis of the Baltic Sea level. Rept Inst. fys. Oceanogr. Kobenhavns Univ., 40:37 pp.

EOF properties, which are useful for analysis of mult ivar ia te da ta matrices, are reviewed. Analyses of the sea level field of the Baltic and adjacent Danish waters are discussed. Between 95 and 99~ of the total variance of the sea level anomalies can be accounted for by reducing the number of variables; the reduced set of variables allows the interpretat ion of sea level variations as at- mospherically forced oscillations. Inst i tute of P h y s i c a l O c e a n o g r a p h y , U n i v e r s i t y of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. (jav)

80:3551 Purga, N., F. Mosett i and E. Accerboni, 1979.

Tidal h a r m o n i c c o n s t a n t s for some Mediterranean harbours. Boll. Geofis. teor. appl., 21(81): 72-81.

A new method to separate a large number of t ide components by very selective filtering operations provided constants which indicated tha t the tide waves (mostly those of greater ampli tude) in the Tyrrhenian Sea are pract ical ly synchronous. Univers i ta di Tr ies te , Ca t t ed ra di Misure Oceanografiche, Trieste, I taly.

80:3552 Sandstrom, H.; 1980. On the wind-induced sea

level changes on the Scotian Shelf. J. geophys. Res., 85(C1): 461-468.

Analysis shows tha t at synoptic t ime scales sea level changes are more correlated with variations in the alongshore component of wind than with wind stress. Regression analysis indicates seasonal differences in sea response to wind stress. A simple barotropic model shows tha t bot tom friction becomes important at synoptic t ime scales; quadrat ic friction law yields sea level correlations

with wind. Observed phase lags agree with the model. Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bed- ford Inst i tute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

80:3553 Verbitsky, M. Ya, 1979. Changes in the level of

the World Ocean as dependent on the atmospheric temperature regime. (In Russian.) Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 15(11): 1225-1228.

13. Ice

80:3554 Zotikov, I. A., V. S. Zagorodnov and Iu. V.

Raikovskii, 1979. Discovery of freezing at the base of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 249(6): 1454-1457.

14. Waves and osci l lations

80:3555 Barthel, Volker, 1979. Sturmflutseegang in einem

Astuar. [Storm tide swell in an estuary.] Kuste, 34: 104-117.

First results of a wave investigation program in the Outer Weser (German Bight of the North Sea) indicate tha t under storm conditions higher waves can occur in the outer estuary than are calculated by normal prediction methods. In the inner estuary higher waves mainly occur as swell. The probabil i- ty of runs of waves with H>HI/3 was investigated for normal and storm surge conditions; results were compared with theoretical investigations. Am Radar turm 1, 2850 Bremerhaven, F.R.G.

80:3556 Boyd, J. P., 1980. The nonlinear equatorial

Kelvin wave. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 1-11.

Using the method of strained coordinates, a uni- fbrmly valid approximation to the nonlinear equatorial Kelvin wave is derived. Nonlinear effects are negligible for the Kelvin waves associated with the Gulf of Guinea upwelling; Kelvin waves in E1 Nino, however, are significantly distorted both in shape and speed. Depar tment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A.

80:3557 Busching, Fritz, 1979. Anomale Dispersion zur

Darstellung der kustennahen Wellenverfor- mung. [Anomalous dispersion in nearshore wave deformat ion. ] Kuste, 34: 159-183.


Water level deflections have been measured syn- chronously at several positions in a beach profile on the Isle of Sylt (North Sea) during severe storm surge conditions and under conditions of attenuated wave action. A steadily increasing wave period in the upbeach direction is in accordance with the result of Fourier syntheses. Nearshore wave deformation is explained by anomalous dispersion of the f requency componen t s . Thedinghausenstr. 7, 3300 Braunschweig, F.R.G.

80:3558 Christiansen, Hermann and Winfried Siefert, 1979.

Grundzuge eines neuen Sturmflutvorhersage- Verfahrens fur die deutsche Nordseekuste. [Basic principles of a new storm tide prediction method for the German North Sea coast.[ Kuste, 34: 1-9.

A method of predicting storm surges based on exact wind data from a coastal station and data from two tide gauges is described. The method, tested retrospectively on all storm tides since 1965, allows 5 to 6 hours advance forecasts of high water levels on the German North Sea coast with a high accuracy. Lentzkai, 2190 Cuxhaven, F.R.G. (jay)

80:3559 Dolata, L. F. and Manfred Engel, 1979. Sturmflut-

vorhersagen mit mathematisch-physikalischen Modellen. [Storm surge prediction with mathematical-physical models.] Kuste, 34: 203-224.

The motivation and basics of the work by the Special Research Area in Oceanography at the University of Hamburg on a numerical storm surge prediction system are described; first results and experiences are discussed. Heimhuder Str. 71, 2000 Hamburg 13, F.R.G.

80:3560 Dysthe, K. B., 1979. Note on a modification to the

nonlinear Schrodinger equation for applica- tion to deep water waves . Proc. R. Soc., Lond., (A)369(1736): 105-114.

The ordinary nonlinear Schrodinger equation for deep water waves, found by perturbation analysis to O(e 3) in the wave-steepness ~ = ka, is shown to compare rather unfavorably with the exact- calculations of Longuet-Higgins (1978) for e > 0.15. A significant improvement can be achieved by taking the perturbation analysis one step further O(O). The dominant new effect introduced to order ~4 is the mean flow response to non-uniformities in the radiation stress caused by modulation of a finite amplitude wave. Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Tromso, Norway.

80:3561 Efimov, V. V. and Yu. P. Soloviev, 1979. Disper~

sion relation and frequency-angular spectra of wind waves . (In Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 15(11): 1175-1187.

Wind wave multipoint synchronous measurements, frequency spectra peculiarities, frequency- wave number spectra, and estimates of angular energy distribution functions for various frequency ranges are considered. A direct experimental check of the dispersion relation has been performed and deviations from a linear relation are discussed.

80:3562 Fuhrboter, Alfred, 1979. Wahrscheinlichkeiten und

Hauf igke i ten yon E x t r e m s t u r m f l u t e n . [Probabilities and frequencies of extreme storm tides.] Kuste, 34: 40-52.

Conceptual models are developed to illustrate how the frequencies and probabilities of severe storm surges are changing with time and weather patterns in the shallow North Sea. Beethovenstr. 51a, 3300 Braunschweig, F.R.G. (mcs)

80:3563 Haring, R. E. and J. C. Heideman, 1980. Gulf of

Mexico rare wave return periods. J. Petrol. Technol., 32(1): 35-47.

Estimates of rare wave heights and crest heights in the Gulf of Mexico were derived from hindcasts of 22 severe hurricanes since 1900. Results obtained with an industry-sponsored Ocean Data Gathering Program (ODGP) show that rare wave height estimates are not dependent on the choice of statistical method, and that no practical differences exist over three separate geographical sectors of the Gulf. SPE-AIME, Exxon Production Research Co. (jav)

80:3564 Hogan, S. J., 1980. Some effects of surface ten-

sion on steep water waves . II. J. Fluid Mech., 96(3): 417-445.

A continuation of a study of the effects of surface tension on steep water waves in deep water finds that when surface tension is present gravity waves have non-monotonic integral properties. Future work will consider the question of parasitic capillary waves. Applied Mathematics Depart- ment 101-50, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3565 Jonsson, I. G. and J. D. Wang, 1980. Current-

depth refraction of water waves. Ocean Engng, 7(1): 153-171.


Surface gravity waves propagating on large-scale currents over a gently sloping sea bed are considered. Assuming irrotational flow a general proof is given of the existence of a mean energy level, leading directly to the current wave set-down. The complete set of conservation equations is presented and solved in two special situations, and a case with a rotat ional current is considered; dissipation is neglected. Inst i tute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering (ISVA), Technical Univer- sity of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.

80:3566 Kohlhase, Soren, K.-F. Daemrich, Udo Berger,

Ehrhard t Tautenhain and Ole Burkhardt , 1979. Mathemat isches Verfahren zur Ermit t - lung der Wellenhohenverteilung in einem Hafen. [Mathematical method for the deter- minat ion of the wave he ight distribution in a harbor . ] Kuste, 34: 184-186.

A linear superposition method, using a modified S o m m e r f e l d s o l u t i o n for a s e m i - i n f i n i t e breakwater, is devised to calculate wave heights in harbors caused by diffraction and reflection. Reflections of the harbor boundaries are taken into account using a geometric mirroring principle. Gorlitzer Str. 7, 3000 Hannover, F.R.G.

80:3567 Krauss, Wolfgang, 1979. Inertial waves in an in-

f inite channel of rectangular cross section. Dt. hydrogr. Z., 32(6): 248-266.

In a channel of finite width, inertial waves consist of' two different systems. A suddenly imposed wind produces Ekman currents and inertial waves in a surface layer. The wind also permanent ly deflects the sea surface, thus producing a geostrophic current which generates a second set of inertial waves in the lower layer, out of phase by 180 ° . The two systems cancel each other in the vertically in- tegrated equations. Ins t i tu t fur Meereskunde an der Universi tat Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 120, 2300 Kiel F.R.G. (jav)

80:3568 Lindzen, R. S., Brian Farrell and Ka-Ki t Tung,

1980. The concept of wave overreflection and its appl icat ion to barocl inic instabi l i ty . J. atmos. Sci., 37(1): 44-63.

Examinat ion of baroclinic instabil i ty in terms of the overreflection of vert ically propagating Rossby waves yields est imates of growth rates and phase speeds of unstable modes for arbi t rary distr ibutions of zonal velocities. Prevention of the overreflection mechanism removes the instabi l i ty though only a small part of the available potential

energy is el iminated. Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3569 Niemeyer, H. D., 1979. Untersuchungen zum See-

gangsklima im Bereich der Ostfriesischen Inseln und Kuste. [Invest igat ions of sea swel l in the area of the East Fr is ian Is lands, North Sea.] Kuste, 34: 53-70.

Wave measurements on the northwestern shore of one of the East Frisian Islands show that much of the energy is dissipated on the bar thus preventing breaking waves from spreading over the t idal flats. High correlation between maximum wave formation and wind speed is seen when winds are lagged three hours. An der Muhle 5, 2982 Norderney, F.R.G. (mcs)

80:3570 Odulo, A. B., 1979. On long nonl inear waves in a

r o t a t i n g ocean of v a r i a b l e depth . (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 248(6): 1439-1442.

80:3571 Ramamonjiarisoa, A. and E. Mollo-Christensen,

1979. Modulat ion character is t ics of sea surface waves . J. geophys. Res., 84(Ct2): 7769- 7775.

Observations show that ocean surface waves under steady wind conditions do not obey a linear dispersion relation. Mechanical ly generated waves of near-breaking ampl i tude follow a similar dispersion relation. This behavior is suggested to be due to a combined ampl i tude and phase modulation of Stokes waves, but with a lag between modulat ions of phase and ampli tude. This method of descrip- tion is suggested as a possible theoretical treatment of near-breaking surface wave dynamics. L ' Ins t i tu t de Mecanique Stat is t ique de la Tur- bulence, Universite d 'Aix-Marseil le, Marseille, France. (jay)

80:3572 Saint-Guily, Bernard, 1979. Ondes de frontiere

dans une mer stratifiee dont le fond est incline. [Edge waves in a stratif ied sea wi th a s loping bottom.] C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, (B)289(9): 177-180.

Three-dimensional solutions, which represent linear waves t rapped on a sloping shelf and along a recti l inear coast in a rotating and stratif ied sea, have been obtained. The existence of these waves is restricted towards the low frequencies; the cut- off frequency is the product of the Vaisala frequency and the sine of the bottom slope. The proper-


ties of these waves depend on the relative value of this cut -off f requency to the iner t ia l one. Laboratoire d 'Oceanographie Physique, Museum nat ional d 'Histoire naturelle, 43, rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.

80:3573 Siefert, Winfried, 1979. Sturmflutanalyse und

-vorhersage uber die Windstaukurven. [Storm surge ana lys i s and predict ion with surge curves.] Kuste, 34: 87-101.

E x a m i n a t i o n of the so-cal led surge curves (Windstaukurven) opens new possibilities of analysis and predict ion of storm surges. Basic principles involved are explained; some examples are presented. Lentzkai , 2190 Cuxhaven, F.R.G.

80:3574 Squire, V. A. and S. C. Moore, 1980. Direct mea-

surement of the a t tenuat ion of ocean waves by pack ice. Nature, Lond., 283(5745): 365- 368.

'Pack ice can significantly a t tenua te incoming ocean waves, par t icular ly those of shorter period. ' Wave decay experiments conducted in the Bering Sea during spring 1979 show tha t the energy decay of waves in pack ice is exponential with an a t tenuat ion coefficient increasing with decreasing wave period. Scott Polar Research Inst i tute, University of Cambridge, U.K. (jay)

80:3575 Stewart , R. H. and Calvin Teague, 1980. Deka-

meter radar observat ions of ocean w a v e growth and decay. J. phys. Oceanogr., 10(1): 128-143.

Scat tered radio waves were used to measure the energy density of single wave components along lines projecting radial ly away from a point on shore. I t was found tha t (1) 80-meter waves grow as the cosine of the angle to the wind, (2) growth rates measured as a function of t ime by a wave staff are numerical ly the same as growth measured as a function of distance by the radar, (3) decay rates are much smaller than growth rates under the same conditions, and (4) on a gently sloping beach, --- 1% of the incident wave energy is reflected back to sea. Scripps Inst i tu t ion of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (jav)

80:3576 Stiassnie, Michael, 1978. Wave h indcas t ing ver-

sus [wave] observat ion for a heavy storm on the Israel Medi terranean coast . Israel J. Earth-Sci., 27(3/4): 133-135.

A comparison between the observed and hindcast wave parameters (breaker height and period) for a

heavy storm is presented. The satisfactory correlation obtained should increase confidence in the Ashdod wave observation da ta set and in the appl icabi l i ty of the wave spectra forecasting method for the eastern Mediterranean. Technion- Israel Inst i tute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

80:3577 Thorpe, S. A. and P. N. Humphries, 1980. Bubbles

an d b r e a k i n g w a v e s . Nature, Lond., 283(5746): 463-465.

Evidence is presented for a causal relat ionship between breaking waves and clusters of micro- bubbles acoustically detected beneath the water 's surface. The relationship between the average distance separat ing breaking waves and the mean frequency of wave breaking at a fixed point is discussed and the use of 'narrow-beam upward- p o i n t i n g s o n a r ' to r e s o l v e wave s u r f a c e characterist ics during breaking is suggested. Inst i tute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey, U.K. (izs)

80:3578 Vanden-Broeck, J . -M., 1980. Nonl inear stern

waves . J. Fluid Mech., 96(3): 603-611. Depart- ment of Mathemat ics , Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. 94305, U.S.A.

80:3579 Zschau, Jochen, H.-J. Kumpel , Rudolf Meissner

and Uwe Carow, 1979. Eine neue geophysikal- i s c h e M e t h o d e zu r V o r h e r s a g e von Sturmfluten. [A n ew geophys ica l method for predict ing storm surges.] Kuste, 34: 71-78.

The addit ional water mass of a storm surge causes a deflection of the local vertical as well as a t i l t of the crustal surface. Cross correlations were carried out to determine the influence of non-t idal sea level variations on 3 vertical pendulums; measured t i l t preceded the surge in the German Bay by up to 12 hours. Ti l t meter records were used to s imulate a forecast of the storm surge series of Nov. /Dec. 1973; all 9 storm surges within this period were predicted remarkably well. Olshausenstr. 40-60, 2300 Kiel, F.R.G.

17. Underwater acoustics

80:3580 Bird, J. F., 1980. Sonomagnet ic pulses from un-

derwater explos ions and implos ions . J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(2): 491-495.

The magnetic field generated by the sound field of a t ransient acoustic source immersed in electrically conducting fluid in the presence of ambien t


magnetism is calculated; a general solution for the sonomagnetic pulse emitted by an arbitrary transient source is derived in terms of the acoustic pressure field. For a representative underwater explosion/implosion pulse, the solution is reduced to tabulated functions. The sonomagnetic shock, precursor and relaxation waves are analyzed and illustrated. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Md. 20810, U.S.A.

80:3581 Bjorno, L., J. Folsberg and L. Pedersen, 1979.

Parametr ic arrays in sha l low water. J. Phys. (Fr.), 40(11)(Suppl., Colloque C8): 71- 82.

The use of parametric acoustic arrays for exciting the lowest normal mode in shallow water areas is supported by results of a laboratory experiment in which bottom slope and bottom materials were varied and obstacles of various geometry were placed in the acoustic ray path. Department of Fluid Mechanics, Technical University of Den- mark, Building 404, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. (jav)

80:3582 Eliseevkin, V. A., 1979. Fluctuat ions of the angle

of arrival at a l ine array by a plane wave propagat ing in the ocean. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation ofAkust. Zh.), 25(4): 355-356.

Variances of the fluctuations in the arrival angle of a plane wave which has been multiply reflected from a rough sea surface and scattered by turbulent inhomogeneities are calculated for a linear array with constant sensitivity. Effects of acoustic refraction are ignored and it is assumed that only a single ray arrives at the array. N. N. Andreev Acoustics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, U.S.S.R. (mcs)

80:3583 Ewart, T. E., 1980. A numerica l s imulat ion of the

effects of oceanic f inestructure on acoust ic transmiss ion. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(2): 496- 503.

A simple, first-order, numerical model is proposed which includes the effects of oceanic finestructure together with previously developed theoretical treatments of the effects of internal waves on acoustic transmission. The predictions of the phase

fluctuations remain unaffected by the presence of finestructure and the predicted power spectrum of the amplitude is in good agreement with observations. University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A. (jav)

80:3584 Foote, K. G., 1980. Averag ing of f ish target

strength functions. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(2): 504-515.

A model for averaging the acoustic target strength function of fish accounts for the influences of spatial distribution and orientation, geometric perspective and beam patterns on observations of the target strength. 'Estimates of the mean ratio of the averaged-squared and squared-averaged backscattering cross sections are presented.' Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Bergen, 5014 Bergen, Norway. (mcs)

80:3585 Fridman, V. E., 1979. Comparison of empirical

and theoret ical laws of parameter variat ion of explosion waves in the sea. J. Phys. (Ft.), 40(ll)(Suppl., Colloque C8): 62-67.

Good agreement is found between theoretical and empirical methods for determining the amplitude and energy variation in an explosive wave in the ocean. Differences in the time constant and momentum variations may result from not considering gas bubble pulsation. Radiophysical Research Institute, Lyadov Street, 25/14, Gorky, U.S.S,R. (mcs)

80:3586 Hsieh, D. Y., 1979. Forced osci l lat ions of non-

spherical bubbles. J. Phys. (Ft.), 40(11) (Suppl., Colloque C8): 279-284.

The general formulation, linear spherical oscillation, corresponding variational treatment, nonlinear subharmonic spherical oscillations, nonspherical oscillation, the nonlinear Mathieu equation and experimental implications of the nonlinear coupling of subharmonic spherical oscillation and nonspherical oscillation are discussed. Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown Universi- ty, Providence, R.I. 02912, U.S.A.

0LR(1980)27(8) A. Physical Oceanography 517

80:3587 Leung, R. and H. A. DeFerrari, 1980. ¢ and A

computations for real and canonical oceans. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(1): 169-176.

Numerical methods are formulated to compute the strength and diffraction parameters using either simple exponential or more realistic Brunt-V~iisiilii profiles. The qualitative features of the diffraction parameter versus range are the same for both flat and steep rays. Each shows peaks as the receiver approaches ray foci. No range dependence was seen after two or three ray cycles. University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, U.S.A. (mcs)

80:3588 McKemie, M. J. and C. M. McKinney, 1980. An

experimental investigation of the parabolic reflector as a nearfield calibration device for underwater sound transducers. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(2): 523-529.

The use of thin metal parabolic reflectors to form underwater quasiplane wave regions in the nearfield of the reflector was investigated. The quasiplane wave volume was then used to calibrate underwater sound transducers. Test transducers were calibrated both in the nearfield of the reflector and in the farfield by conventional techniques and the results were compared; there was excellent agreement for the major lobe and acceptable agreement for the minor lobe. The comparatively in- expensive parabolic reflector technique is con- cluded to have useful accuracy for many applications. Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Tex. 78712, U.S.A. (jay)

Mechanics Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va. 24061, U.S.A. (jav)

80:3590 Stumpf, F. B. and A. M. Junit, 1980. Effect of a

spherical scatterer on the radiation reactance of a transducer at an air-water surface. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(2): 715-716.

Radiation reactance of a small magnetostrictive transducer was measured in the presence of a hollow and a solid sphere placed in the water directly below the transducer and on its radiation axis. A measurable effect is observed for sphere depths of two wavelengths or less. Physics Depart- ment, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, U.S.A.

80:3591 Urabe, Yasumasa, Takahiko Otani and Keiichi

Komatsu, 1979. Experimental investigation on nonlinear reflection of short impulsive underwater sound at the water's surface. J. Phys. (Fr.), 40(ll)(Suppl., Colloque C8): 315-318.

Interactions of cavitation bubbles and the water surface are studied photographically; it is con- cluded that transmission and reflection of a high intensity underwater compressional pulse at the free surface are linear, and 'the limitation of negative pressure observed in the reflected pulse must be due to the onset of cavitation.' Engi- neering Dept., Doshisha University, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602, Japan. (smf)

80:3589 Nayfeh, A. H. and D. T. Mook, 1979. Nonlinear

response of a spherical bubble to a multi° frequency excitation. J. Phys. (Fr.), 40(11) (Suppl., Colloque C8): 310-314.

The nonlinear symmetric response of a spherical gas bubble to an incident pressure wave is considered. Existing single frequency models are extended to the case of multiple frequency pressure waves. In addition to the primary and secondary resonances expected from single frequency excitation, this analysis reveals the existence of combina- tion and simultaneous resonances for which a large bubble response exists. Engineering Science and

80:3592 Weston, D. E., 1980. Ambient noise depth-

dependence models and their relation to low-frequency attenuation. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 67(2): 530-537.

A deterministic dipole model and the law of con- jugate depths are applied to study depth dependence of low-frequency ambient noise in the main sound channel; reasonable agreement with experiment is obtained. Scattering or diffusion models for the region below critical depth agree well with experiment. Complete area and line source models for the ambient level are derived and low-frequency attenuation predicted. Includes appendix: Leakage attenuation. Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment, England.


18. Fluid mechanics

80:3593 Berhault, Christian, 1980. An integro-variational

method for interior and exterior free surface flow problems. Appl. Ocean Res., 2(1): 33-38.

An integro-variational method which uses the ad- vantages for both the finite element and boundary integral equation methods is developed for solving l inea r p o t e n t i a l flow p r o b l e m s . The new variational formulation is found to discretize the contour of the fluid domain with isoparametric e lements , and resul ts so ob ta ined compare favorably with those of prior, costlier methods. Inst i tut Francais du Petrole, Rueil-Malmaison, France. (jav)

80:3594 Jeffrey, D. J. and J. D. Sherwood, 1980. Stream-

line patterns and eddies in low-Reynolds- number flow. J. Fluid Mech., 96(2): 315-334.

Streamline pat terns of simple two-dimensional Stokes flows are used to predict s treamlines in flows containing eddies. New eddy pat terns and unexpected regions of blocked flow are deduced in shear flow bounded by a moving wall and containing a s tat ionary cylinder touching the wall. D e p a r t m e n t of A p p l i e d M a t h e m a t i c s and Theoretical Physics, Silver Street, Cambridge, England. (mcs)

80:3595 Jimenez, J., 1980. On the visual growth of a tur-

bulent mixing layer. J. Fluid Mech., 96(3): 447-460.

Two models are compared to account for the motion of the concentration interface in turbulent mixing layers. The first model t reats the interface as a vortex sheet and studies its roll-up. The second model allows a row of vortex cores to entrain a passive concentration interface with no vorticity. Both give values of spreading rate in approximate agreement with observations. IBM Scientific Center, Castel lana 4, Madrid 1, Spain. (jav)

80:3596 Jonsson, I. G., 1980. A new approach to os-

cillatory rough turbulent boundary layers. Ocean Engng, 7(1): 109-152.

Measurements of velocity in an oscillating water tunnel and over an oscillating wall are used to demonstrate the velocity and phase relations in rough, turbulent boundary layers. Predictions are made of the phase shift between the maximum velocity in the free s tream and the maximum shear

stress at the wall. Includes ca. 75 references. Ins t i tu te of H y d r o d y n a m i c s and Hydrau l i c Engineering (ISVA), Technical University of Den- mark, Building 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. (mcs)

20. Miscel laneous

80:3597 Beamish, D., R. C. Hewson-Browne, P. C. Ken-

dall, S. R. C. Malin and D. A. Quinney, 1980. Induction in arbitrarily shaped oceans. IV. ~1 for a simple case. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 60(3): 435-443.

World curves of electric currents induced in electrically insulated oceans by Sq using a perfectly conducting sphere to simulate the underlying man- tle are valid everywhere away from those coastal regions at which the sea bed rises steeply (in such cases an edge correction may be needed). Com- putat ions are for periods of 6, 8, 12 and 24 hr and comparison is made with results obtained by others; circulation conditions around the island are ignored . I n s t i t u t e of Geo log ica l Sc iences , Geomagnetism Unit, Murchinson House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, U.K.

80:3598 Di Pietro, N. D. and R. G. Cox, 1980. The contain-

ment of an oil sl ick by a boom placed across a uniform stream. J. Fluid Mech., 96(3): 613- 640.

The thickness profile of an oil layer entrained behind a cross channel barrier is best determined when the effects of the surface tension region are considered. Good agreement is found with experimental studies of unsteady spreading on quiescent water in a channel. SNC/Fos te r Wheeler Ltd., 1 Complex Desjardins, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (mcs)

80:3599 Schwarze, Horst and Wilfried Falldorf, 1979. Uber

den Einfluss yon Tidezyklen und Sturmfluten auf die Temperaturerhohungen in Tideflussen infolge der Einleitung von Abwarme. [The influence of tidal cycles and storm tides on temperature increases of tidal f lows resulting from the introduction of waste heat.] Kuste, 34: 132-139.

A thermal hydraulic model showed no higher temperature increases during t idal cycles or storm surges than those which occurred under mean t idal conditions. Nienburger Str. 4, 3000 Hannover, F.R.G.

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