Oceanographic Literature Review

(1982) 29 (5)

The citations are those received in the editorial office during the period 1-28 February, 1982. Most are accompanied by a short annotation or abstract and, when obtainable, by the first author's address. The citations are classified under six main headings and about 130 sub-headings (see the table of contents). Subject and author indexes are published for the first three quarters of the year with an annual cumulation. See the preface for additional explanatory material.

A. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

A10. Apparatus and methods 82:2033

Frisch, A.S. and James Leise, 1981. A note on using continuity to extend HF radar surface-current measurements. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): 11,089- 11,090.

Use of the equation of continuity to extend HF radar surface current measurements across the base- line of two radars, and in regions where only single radar coverage is available, is demonstrated. NOAA, ERL, Wave Propagation Lab., Boulder, Colo. 80303, USA.

82:2034 Hendricks, P.J. and George Rodenbusch, 1981.

Interpretation of velocity profiles measured by freely sinking probes. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1199-1213.

Three physical effects that influence the way these probes measure horizontal current velocity were modeled: (1) vehicle motion, (2) a sensor offset from the vehicle's center of mass, and (3) a vertical distribution of drag. Results were used to correct data from SCIMP profilers and were in good agree- ment with simultaneous measurements from an instrument whose performance did not depend upon vehicle motion. Sci. Appl., Inc., 13400B Northrup Way, Suite 36, Bellevue, Wash. 98005, USA. (mwf)

82:2035 Hodgins, D.O. and B.N. Lea, 1981. A spar buoy

design for oceanographic data telemetry. A tmos. Ocean, 19(2): 158-171.

A spar buoy was designed to be light enough for launch and recovery from a small boat and sturdy enough to function in open ocean wave conditions. It was used to power current meters and the

256 A Physical Oceanography OLR (I 982) 29 (5)

telemetry transmitter, preprocess the metered data, and serve as a stable base for the antenna. The buoy withstood 45 kt winds and 20 ft seas. Seaconsult Mar. Res. Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada. (rjs)

82:2036 Holbrook, J.R. and A.S. Frisch, 1981. A comparison

of near-surface CODAR and VACM measure- ments in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11):10,908-10,912.

Mean speed and direction differences were less than 7 cm/s and 10 °, respectively. The K~ and M 2 tidal constituents agreed to within 14 cm/s with a mean difference of 5.2 cm/s. CODAR estimates of near- surface currents are comparable with conventional VACM array estimates to 10-15 cm/s. PMEL, NOAA, Seattle, Wash. 98105, USA.

82:2037 Lipa, B.J. and D.E. Barrick, 1981. Ocean surface

height-slope probability density function from Seasat altimeter echo. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): 10,921-10,930.

A numerical model for the interpretation of micro- wave altimeter data is developed which is inde- pendent of a model for either the ocean surface or the transmitted altimeter pulse. Inversion of the echo gives the surface's joint height-slope probability density function; the technique has important modeling implications. Remote Measurements Lab., SRI Intl., Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, USA. (rjs)

82:2038 Pearson, C.A., J.D. Schumacher and R.D. Muench,

1981. Effects of wave-induced mooring noise on tidal and low-frequency current observations. Deep-Sea Res., 28(IOA):1223-1229.

Summer and winter M 2 tidal current speeds meas- ured by Aanderaa current meters on subsurface moorings (Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea) were com- pared; seasonal differences were slight and in most cases not significantly correlated with measured mean wave height. Seasonally averaged low fre- quency currents measured with the float at least 18 m below the surface were not seriously contaminated by surface-wave-induced mooring motion. Pacific Mar. Environ. Lab., 3711 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, Wash. 98105, USA.

A40. Area studies, surveys

82:2039 Godin, Gabriel, Julio Candela and Ren6 de la

Paz-Vela, 1981. On the feasibility of detecting net

transports in and out of Georgia Strait [Canada- U.S., westl with an array of current meters. Atmos. Ocean, 19(2):148-157.

A careful review of previously collected data concluded that the net transport could not be determined even when the experiment included 42 current meters. Errors in transport were about equal (25,000 m3/sec) to that from an independent esti- mate from changes in sea level. Increased sampling, including direct estimates of surface current, is required for estimates of net flow. Mar. Environ. Data Serv., Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. (rjs)

82:2040 Huh, O.K. and Don DiRosa, 1981. Analysis and

interpretation of TIROS-N AVHRR infrared imagery, western Gulf of Mexico. Remote Sens. Environ., 1 !(5):371-383.

A detailed quantitative analysis is presented for radiometrically calibrated channel 4 (10.5-11.5 /tm) data of AVHRR during one satellite orbit on 5 December 1978. Many previously described ocean- ographic features were seen in detail and radiation temperatures were found accurate to within 2C °. Unexplained banding probably represents shifts in calibration coefficients. Coastal Studies Inst., Loui- siana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. (rjs)

82:2041 MOller, T.J., 1981. Current and temperature meas-

urements in the northeast Atlantic during NEADS [North-East Atlantic Dynamic Studiesl. A data report. Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Christian- Albrechts-Univ., 90:100pp.

Long-term measurements ( ~ 4 yr) at 3 sites are presented as statistics, as energy density vs. fre- quency spectra, and as time series plots. Air pressure data from 4 land-based stations and a weather ship as well as 4 XBT sections from the southern part of the region are also given. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 2300 Kiel, FRG. (mwf)

82:2042 Zubin, A.B., V.M. Slobodyanik, V.K. Sobol and V.S.

Fedorova, 1981. Hydrological conditions in the Red Sea in winter. Okeanologiia, 21(5):802-807. (In Russian, English abstract.)

A SW-NE section across the Red Sea ( ~ I S ° N ) showed a thin surface layer of Gulf of Aden water propagating northward, underlain to the west by waters originating from the gulfs of Aqaba and Suez; a subsurface temperature inversion was present.

OLR (1982) 29 (5) A. Physical Oceanography 257

Temperature and brine measurements were made in the Valdivia and Atlantis II deeps. (sir)

A50. General hydrography (distribution of common oceanic properties)

82:2043 Busalaechi, A.J. and J.J. O'Brien, 1981. Interannual

variability of the equatorial Pacific in the 1960's. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11):10,901-10,907.

The authors' 1980 model is used to describe pycnocline variability and relationship to El Niflo. lnterannual relaxation of the zonal wind stress west of 180 ° excited a large, downwelling Kelvin wave which triggered E1 Niflo onset; cessation of the normal semiannual variability of the central Pacific easterlies was also important to E1 Nifio occurrences. Mesoscale Air-Sea Interaction Group, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA. (rjs)

82:2044 Hayes, S.P.. 1981. Vertical fine structure observations

in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. geophys. Res., 86(C1 l): 10,983-10,999.

Vertical displacement and horizontal velocity fine structure were described for 110°W in the equatorial Pacific. Enhanced variance of vertical displacement was attributed to high wavenumber, equatorially- trapped inertial-gravity waves propagating through the study area. NOAA Pacific Mar. Environ. Lab., Seattle. Wash. 98105, USA. (rjs)

82:2045 Hayward, T.L. and J.A. McGowan, 1981. The

shallow salinity minimum and variance maximum in the central North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1131-1146.

Recent observations in the region of the temperature variance maximum at the main pycnocline allow detailed descriptions of the salinity, temperature and density in this depth zone. A relation was found between the variance maximum and intrusions of the shallow salinity minimum. Evidence supports the hypothesis of enhanced mixing at the variance maximum with implications for primary and sec- ondary production. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (rjs)

82:2046 Poisson, Alain, Jean Lebel and Christian Brunet,

1981. The densities of western Indian Ocean, Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean surface waters. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1161-1172.

When directly-measured densities were compared with densities calculated from the conductance salinity, differences were practically constant in the western Indian Ocean and eastern Mediterranean Sea but varied rapidly from south to north in the Red Sea. Results are 'partially explained by total alkalinity and total CO z changes.' Lab. de phys. et chim. mar., Univ. P. et M. Curie, tour 24, 4 place Jussieu, 75230 Paris, France. (mwf)

82:2047 Timchenko, I.E., S.I. Khlopushina and V.V. Knysh,

1981. Application of a dynamic-stochastic model of the density field to analysis of [EQUALANT program] observations in the tropical Atlantic. Okeanologiia, 21(5):787-793. (In Russian, Eng- lish abstract.)

A80. Circulation

82:2048 Colonell, J.M., 1981. Deep water renewal in a

subarctic fjord. J. WatWay Port coast. Ocean Div., Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 107(WW4):223-231.

Water exchange measurements (2 years) between Port Valdez, Alaska, and Prince William Sound indicated random (weather-associated), frequent, and intense flushing events; because of the depen- dence on Alaskan weather system movements, no unique residence time can be established. Wood- ward-Clyde Consultants, Anchorage, Alaska, USA. (slr)

82:2049 Douglas, B.C. and R.E. Cheney, 1981. Ocean

mesoscale variability from repeat tracks of Geos-3 altimeter data. J. geophys. Res., 86(C1 l): 10,931- 10,937.

Analysis of 14 north-going and 13 south-going sets of repeated tracks has yielded surface variability at a resolution of I ° from 25°~1°N and 60°-80°W. Observed rms variation of surface topography ranges from ~ 8 cm in the Sargasso Sea to a maximum of 48 cm in the Gulf Stream meander region, in agreement with known mesoscale ener- getics of this region. NOAA, NOS, Rockville, Md~ 20852. USA.

82:2050 Fu, Lee-Lueng, 1981. The general circulation and

meridional heat transport of the subtropical South Atlantic determined by inverse methods. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9):1171-1193.

258 A. Physical Oceanography OLR (1982) 29 (5)

Inverse methods were applied to two historical data sets (ICY and METEOR) covering the area in the South Atlantic from 8 ° to 30°S; the sets' 30 year separation allowed investigation of the time variability of the circulation. The well-determined zonally integrated mass transport was a steady circulation component. Synoptic-scale meridional circulation was similar to classical descriptions; many details of the horizontal circulation were observable. Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91103, USA. (rjs)

82:2051 Gargett, A.E., P.J. Hendricks, T.B. Sanford, T.R.

Osborn and A.J. Williams III, 198 I. A composite spectrum of vertical shear in the upper ocean. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9): 1258-1271.

Results from 3 separate velocity profilers operated nearly simultaneously in the NW Atlantic in 1975 are compared and used to form a composite shear spectrum over vertical wavelengths from 100 m down to a few centimeters. The shear spectrum is approximately flat at a WKB-scaled level from k -- 0.01 cpm through k 0 ~ 0.1 cpm, then falls a s / c ~ to a buoyancy wavenumber determined by the local average V~tisala frequency and the volume-averaged dissipation rate. Consequences of the observed shear spectral shape are explored. Inst. of Ocean Sci., Patricia Bay, Sidney, B.C., Canada V8L 4B2.

82:2052 Hanawa, Kimio and Takashige Sugimoto, 1980.

Effect of the variation of river discharge on flushing and recovery of a salt wedge. 2. Sci. Repts Trhoku Univ., (5, Geophys.)27(l): 1-17.

Salinity and temperature measurements were taken at 2 fixed stations in the Nanakita River Estuary, Japan, for nearly 1 month to analyze the salt and heat balance of the salt wedge and to study estuarine circulation. Vertical circulation and vertical eddy diffusion were responsible for longitudinal disper- sion and water renewal. Longitudinal temperature gradient in the salt wedge was small. Geophysical Inst., Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980, Japan. (mwf)

82:2053 Kreeke, J. van de and A.A. Chiu, 1981. Tide-induced

residual flow in shallow bays. J. hydraul. Res., 19(3):231-249.

Residual flows in a square bight and a semi-enclosed basin are calculated with a finite difference model to discuss the nature of residual flow and its relation to Eulerian and Lagrangian mean velocities and Stokes drift velocity. For 2-D flow, the Lagrangian mean velocity is not the residual flow divided by the mean

depth, but differences are small for a square bight. Proper boundary conditions and eddy generation are cited as difficulties in computations. Rosenstiel Sch. of Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Miami, Fla., USA. (rjs)

82:2054 Ponce, V.M. and S.B. Yabusaki, 1981. Modeling

circulation in depth-averaged flow. J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 107(HYll):1501-1518.

Physical mechanisms of circulation patterns in open channels are investigated using depth-averaged 2-D mathematical models. Proper modeling of the shear stress was necessary for resolution of steady, closed- streamline circulation. Different boundary condi- tions had significant effects on the flow patterns for a given problem. Dept. of Civ. Eng., San Diego State Univ., San Diego, Calif. 92182, USA. (rjs)

82:2055 Ryabinin, V.E., 1981. A model of baroclinic ocean

circulation under the effect of wind and heat flux from the atmosphere. Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1981(8):58-70. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Temperature and current velocity are calculated with a 2-layer model of a finite-depth ocean. Influence of wind and heat flux on gyre formation and water mass distribution is considered. (isz)

82:2056 Saint-Guily, B., 1980. [Inertial nature of upwelling

and convective motion in the sea.] Vie Milieu, 30(1):1-5. (In French, English abstract.) Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, Lab. Arago, Banyuls- sur-Mer, France.

82:2057 Stommel, Henry and George Veronis, 1981. Varia-

tional inverse method for the study of oceanic circulation. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1147-1160.

The inverse method for obtaining absolute geo- strophic circulation is formulated as a problem in the calculus of variations and is applied to several examples which illustrate some weaknesses. Three types of solutions are discussed showing common qualitative features of the method. Displacement of barotropic from relative velocities and the portion of the 'solution independent of the assumed layer of no motion' are explained. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (rjs)

A90. Cu~ems

82:2058 Abramov, A.A., A.S. Blatov and V.I. Ulyanova,

1981. Barotropic-barociinic instability of the basic

OLR (1982) 29 (5) A. Physical Oceanography 259

Black Sea flow and vortex formation in the sea. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 17(9):974-981. (In Russian, English abstract.)

A 2-layer model is applied to geostrophic instability using the 'perturbation method in linear approxi- mation.' Instability as related to topography and current velocity shear is addressed. (isz)

82:2059 Cheney, R.E. and J.G. Marsh, 1981. Oceanic eddy

variability measured by GEOS 3 altimeter cross- over differences. Eos, 62(45):743-752.

Variability and eddy energy of mesoscale oceanic features were determined from GEOS 3 altimetry data. Although relatively inaccurate (25 cm), a successful depiction of the western North Atlantic was obtained for 425 passes over a period of 1.5 years (1975-76). The crossover technique was shown to be a powerful tool in altimetry data analysis. Geodynamics Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., USA. (rjs)

82:2060 Grau, G., J.-R. Vanney, L. Dangeard and J.-P.

Barusseau, 1978/79/80. [Deep currents: meas- urements, geography, models, geological role.I Seminar 14 February 1978. Oceanis, 5(4):669- 752; 4 papers. (In French, English abstracts.)

82:2061 Harrison, D.E., 1981. Eddy lateral vorticity transport

and the equilibrium of the North Atlantic Sub- tropical Gyre. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(8):1154- 1159.

The question of whether lateral vorticity transport by oceanic eddies lends equilibrium to the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre is addressed; results indicate that such transport 'across the northern zero wind stress curl line' can equal the 'total wind stress curl vorticity input' over the gyre. Dept. of Meteo- rol., MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA. (slr)

82:2062 Kamenkovich, V.M., V.D. Larichev and B.V. Khar-

kov, 1981. Numerical barotropic model for the analysis of synoptic eddies in an open ocean region. Okeanologiia, 21(5):773-786. (In Russian, English abstract.)

'Based on the difference approximation of the vorticity equation,' the quasi-geostrophic inviscid model successively calculates interior and boundary points' (with no inflow) vorticities; a method for calculating inflow boundary points' vorticity is suggested. Vorticity, enstrophy and kinetic energy conservation laws are discussed. (isz)

82:2063 Kasahara, Junzo, Sadayuki Koresawa and Yuji

Nishi, 1981. Preliminary report of a large bottom current at the deep ocean floor inferred from ocean bottom seismic observations. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 56(1):207-221. (In Jap- anese, English abstract.)

'Sinusoidal noises' (2-3 Hz) are inferred to be common features of deep bottom currents (velocity

16 cm/s) based on pop-up OBS measurements off Japan. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo, Japan. (isz)

82:2064 Kitano, Kiyomitsu, 1981. [Kuroshio eddies and the

Kuroshio and Oyashio confluence zone: satellite infrared imagery from NOAA-6.] Bull. Hokkaido reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 46:133-143; 2 papers. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., Hokkaido, Japan.

82:2065 Kozlov, V.F. and A.Yu. Kurakin, 1981. Initial stage

in the evolution of an isolated vortex in a weakly stratified ocean. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 17(9):965- 973. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:2066 Kubo, Tadashi, 1981. Seasonal changes [in velocity,

temperature and salinity] of the coastal current and sea conditions along the southeast coast of Soya Straits IJapanl. Bull. Hokkaido reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 46:121-131. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Lab., Hokkaido, Japan.

82:2067 Schmitz, W.J. Jr. et al., 1981. A preliminary explo-

ration of the Gulf Stream system with SOFAR floats. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9): 1194-1204.

Trajectories of 5 SOFAR floats and the path of a contemporaneous surface drifter deployed 1977-79 supported the premise of a persistent, vertically coherent Gulf Stream within and above the main thermocline with more elastic flow below. The first direct measurement of eddy kinetic energies within the thermocline yielded quasi-Lagrangian values comparable to Eulerian observations. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mwf)

82:2068 Sekine, Yoshihiko, 1980. Numerical experiment for

bottom effects of the lzu Ridge on the path of the Kuroshio. II. Formation of a stationary current path with an increase in volume transport. Sci. Repts T6hoku Univ., (5, Geophys.)27(l):19-25.

260 A. Physical Oceanography OLR (1982) 29 (5)

The author extends his 1979 stationary inflow- outflow barotropic model by allowing inflow to increase at a constant rate in order to study nonstationary processes. West of the ridge, topo- graphic and Rossby (planetary wave) mode paths are generated. Increased volume transport initially concentrates energy in the Rossby mode; its slow transference to the topographic mode path may be due to the ridge's blocking of the westward- propagating planetary waves. Geophys. Inst., To- hoku Univ., Sendai 980, Japan. (sir)

82:2069 Taira, Keisuke and Toshihiko Teramoto, 1981.

Velocity fluctuations of the Kuroshio near the Izu Ridge and their relationship to current path. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1187-1197.

Relationships between velocity fluctuations and meandering of the Kuroshio were examined using current meter data obtained in the main thermocline at 250 m and below the thermocline at 1670 m. Fluctuations of nearly equal strengths were found at a period of 33 days in both the upper and lower layers. In the main thermocline, fluctuations at 100 days were present and speed increased as the Kuroshio moved eastward. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164, Japan. (rjs)

82:2070 Sekine, Yoshihiko and Yoshiaki Toba, 1980. Nu-

merical study on the path of the Kuroshio with reference to generation of small meanders south- east of Kyushu [Japan]. Sci. Repts Tbhoku Univ., (5, Geophys.)27(2):39-55.

A 2-layer, inflow-outflow numerical model demon- strates that the small meanders cannot occur in the quasi-stationary state. Results imply that a non- stationary process such as mass transport variation is required for generation. Geophys. Inst., Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980, Japan. (slr)

82:2071 Trump, C.L. and W.V. Burt, 1981. Wintertime

current meter measurements from the East China Sea. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9): 1300-1306.

Records from 3 current meters anchored the last half of February during AMTEX-75 indicated that wintertime flow was 'heavily dominated by the semidiurnal tidal current which is present as a clockwise ellipse of eccentricity 0.6.' Evidence was found for meanders, inertial energy, and Ekman veering. Environ. Sci. Div., Naval Res. Lab., Wash- ington, D.C. 20375, USA. (mwf)

82:2072 Zhang, Qinghua, 1981. A steady wind-driven current

in a coastal sea of finite depth. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 12(2): 152-171. (In Chinese, English summary.)

Sea surface slope and current velocity were calcu- lated for alongshore and offshore wind conditions; current structure and upwelling were then charted. Offshore winds caused narrower, slower upwelling regions; alongshore winds produced more intense upwelling over somewhat larger areas. Surface slope varied with wind conditions. Inst. of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, People's Republic of China. (sir)

82:2073 Zotov, Yu.G., Yu.F. Masterov and S.Ye. Saks, 1981.

Spatial variability of fields of currents in the shallow water zone of a shelf. Meteorologiya Giclrol., 1981(9):79-84. (In Russian, English abstract.)

A l l 0 . Water masses and fronts

82:2074 Garwood, R.W. Jr., R.W. Fett, K.M. Rabe and

H.W. Brandli, 1981. Ocean frontal formation due to shallow water cooling effects as observed by satellite and simulated by a numerical model. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11):11,000-11,012.

The presence of a thermal front in winter con- forming to the 20 m isobath of the Bahama Banks is regularly seen in IR satellite imagery. A simple 1-D model is derived to calculate heat and salt budgets under various atmospheric forcings. Passage of cold air over the shallow water can produce distinct temperature and moderate salinity fronts due to both increased wind speed and decreased air tem- perature. Dept. of Oceanogr., Naval Postgraduate Sch., Monterey, Calif. 93940, USA. (rjs)

82:2075 Kao, T.W., 1981. The dynamics of oceanic fronts. II.

Shelf water structure due to freshwater discharge. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9):1215-1223.

The role of buoyant water from freshwater input in cross-shelf circulation of the shallow sea of the U.S. east shelf between Cape Cod and Cape Hatteras is elucidated with the framework introduced in Part I. When the model reaches equilibrium, a frontal region that propagates steadily but slowly across the shelf can be identified and the horizontal flow field behind it is steady. Dept. of Civil Engng., Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. (mwf)

OLR (1982) 29 (5) A. Physical Oceanography 261

82:2076 Swift, J.H. and Knut Aagaard, 1981. Seasonal

transitions and water mass formation in the Iceland and Greenland seas. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1107-1129.

Winter formation in the Iceland Sea of intermediate waters--those found between surface and deep waters in summer--is described and compared with the situation in the Greenland Sea. Intermediate waters are nearly as cold as deep waters but less saline, therefore remaining above deep waters. A greater contribution of Atlantic Water produces slightly more saline intermediate waters in the Greenland Sea. Scripps Inst. of Oceanog., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (rjs)

82:2077 Welch, C.S., 1981. Mid-level intrusions at the

continental shelf edge. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): 11,013-11,019.

A midwater saline intrusion at the shelf slope front off New Jersey (summer 1976) appeared as a pycnocline thickening across the density-compen- sating front. A model using Ekman dynamics showed an interleaving pattern onshore and a geostrophic current offshore parallel to the ba- thymetry; no net cross-shelf transport resulted. Sch. of Mar. Sci.., College of William and Mary, Glouces- ter Point, Va. 23062, USA. (rjs)

A120. Convergences, divergences, up- welling

82:2078 Wyrtki, Klaus, 1981. An estimate of equatorial

upwelling in the Pacific. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9): 1205-1214.

Mass, heat, and salt budgets of the tongue of cool water extending from the Galapagos to the date line revealed an upwelling rate of ~ 5 0 million m3/s from source water only ~ 3 C ° cooler than water flowing out laterally. Cross-equatorial flow from summer to winter hemispheres was ~ 2 0 million m3/s. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (mwf)

A150. Tides and sea level

82:2079 Fang, Guohong, 1981. Nonlinear effects of tidal

friction. II. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 12(3): 195- 209. (In Chinese, English summary.)

This 3-section paper presents quantitative analyses of (1) quadratic friction-caused decay of primary waves, (2) the development and decay of frictional subordinate waves, and (3) effects on the amplitudes of the subordinate waves 'excited by the non- frictional nonlinearity.' Inst. of Oceanology, Aca- demia Sinica, People's Republic of China. (slr)

82:2080 Pugh, D.T., 1981. Tidal amphidrome movement and

energy dissipation in the Irish Sea. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 67(2):515-527.

Shifts in the position of the semidiurnal tidal amphidrome at the southern entrance to the Irish Sea have been determined from a study of sea level changes at Courtown. These results are then used to construct a simple model incorporating other tidal aspects of the Irish and Celtic seas, including nonlinear components and anomalously weak spring tidal currents. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Bidston Observ., Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, UK. (rjs)

A160. Waves, oscillations

82:2081 Battjes, J.A. and T. Sakai, 1981. Velocity field in a

steady breaker. J. Fluid Mech., 111:421-437.

Velocity field in a steady, spilling-type breaker, generated on a steady current by a submerged hydrofoil, was measured with a laser-doppler system and analyzed with respect to mean and rms values and Reynolds stresses. The turbulent flow field downstream of separation initiation at the surface resembles that in a self-similar turbulent wake. Dept. of Civil Eng., Delft Univ. of Tech., Delft, Nether- lands.

82:2082 Cardone, V. et al., 1981. The surface wave envi-

ronment in the GATE B/C scale: Phase III. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9): 1280-1293.

A general description of the surface wave envi- ronment during GATE Phase III was obtained for space scales ranging 10-100 kin. Both frequency and directional spectra were estimated from buoy and aircraft measurements; these data are thought sufficient to test a number of different numerical wave generation models. Oceanweather, Inc., White Plains, N.Y., 10601, USA. (Os)

82:2083 Cavaleri, Luigi and P.M. Rizzoli, 1981. Wind wave

prediction in shallow water: theory and appli- cations. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): 10,961-10,973.

262 A. Physical Oceanography OLR (1982) 29 (5)

A shallow water wind wave forecasting model based upon the ray technique explicitly includes wave generation, refraction, and shoaling; nonlinear dis- sipative processes (breaking and bottom friction) are introduced through a suitable parameterization. The forecast is provided (specified time, position) in terms of a directional spectrum, from which the 1-D spectrum and significant wave height are derived. A major problem exists in the correct evaluation of the wind field. Ist. per lo Studio della Dinam. delle Grandi Masse, Cons. Naz. delle Ricerche, Venice, Italy.

82:2084 Feng, Shizuo, 1981. A model of dissipative trapped-

waves on a uniformly sloping shelf of finite width. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 12(1): 1-8. (In Chinese, English abstract.)

Effects of bottom stress and shelf width on edge waves and continental shelf waves are studied with a numerical model. Turbulence damping and Coriolis force are considered. Results are compared with some edge wave observations. Shandong College of Oceanology, People's Republic of China. (isz)

82:2085 Foda, M.A. and Chiang C. Mei, 1981. Nonlinear

excitation of long-trapped waves by a group of short swells. J. Fluid Mech., 111:319-345.

A nonlinear theory is developed to study nonlinear resonance of long gravity waves on an uneven bottom with short swells incident. Resonant growth is damped by 'nonlinear radiation of second har- monics of long waves.' Bottom friction is not critical. The analysis is modified for the case of surf beat. Kuwait Inst. for Scientific Res., P.O. Box 24885, Safat, Kuwait. (isz)

82:2086 Hoga n , S.J., 1981. Some effects of surface tension on

steep water waves. 3. J. Fluid Mech., 11 O: 381-410.

Steady gravity-capillary waves are treated; the phenomenon of Wilton's ripples is resolved (these singularities are consequences of non-uniformity in ordering of the Fourier coefficients of the wave profile). Results include wave properties and pro- files; near-resonant waves are considered. An ap- pendix contains all the results in numerical form. Dept. of Appl. Math. and Theor. Phys., Univ. of Cambridge, Silver St., Cambridge CB3 9EW, UK.

82:2087 Johns, B., S.K. Dube, U.C. Mohanty and P.C. Sinha,

1981. Numerical simulation of the surge gener- ated by the 1977 Andhra cyclone. Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 107(454):919-934.

The surge resulting from the passage of an ideal cyclone with maximum wind speeds of 70 m/sec and gales extending over a diameter of ~700 km was simulated numerically for India's Andhra Pradesh coast. Three different models gave similar results; some differences due to the formulations were identified. Predicted maximum surge elevations of 4-5 m agreed well with estimates based on inland flooding. Dept. of Meteor., Univ. of Reading, UK. (rjs)

82:2088 Kozlov, S.I., 1981. Subflooring of tsunami waves on

the shore without breaking. Fiz. A tmosf. Okeana, 17(9):996-1000. (In Russian.)

82:2089 Lambrakos, K.F., 1981. Wave-current interaction

effects on water velocity and surface wave spectra. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): 10,955-10,960.

Measurements in shallow water in the Strait of Juan de Fuca indicate strong tidal current influence on waves, reflected in variation of the velocity fre- quency spectrum with direction and magnitude of the tidal current. Area under the spectrum decreases when the current propagates in the direction of the waves and increases when the current propagates against the waves, consistent with predictions of a spectral model derived from the energy balance principle. Exxon Production Res. Co., Houston, Tex. 77001, USA.

82:2090 Lee, J.-J. and R.M. Ayer, 1981. Wave propagation

over a rectangular trench. J. Fluid Mech., 110: 335-347.

A model of the 2-D propagation of linear periodic water waves over a rectangular trench embedded in a flat bottom is presented. Two sub-areas for which analytical solutions are found match at the common boundary along the bottom. Transmission and reflection coefficients show an infinite number of periods at which waves are fully transmitted. The trench has less effect on higher frequency waves. Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of So. Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, USA. (rjs)

82:2091 Leont'ev, I.O., 1981. Estimation of near-bottom wave

velocities in the coastal zone. Okeanologiia, 21(5):873-878. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Linear theory was found superior to the Stokes, cnoidal and solitary wave theories for estimating velocities. 'An empirical equation for the integral function of the maximum positive velocity distri- butions in the bottom layer' is presented. (isz)

OLR (1982) 29 (5) A. Physical Oceanography 263

82:2092 Longuet-Higgins, M.S., 1981. Trajectories of particles

at the surface of steep solitary waves. J. Fluid Mech., 110:239-247.

Theoretical calculations show that the horizontal displacement of particles in the surface of steep solitary waves exceeds that predicted by the Korte- weg-de Vries equation by as much as 100%. Exper- imental evidence supports the higher values. Dept. of Appl. Math. and Theor. Phys., Univ. of Cambridge, Silver St., Cambridge, UK.

82:2093 Novikov, E.A., 1981. Generation of surface waves by

discrete vortices [under non-resonance condi- tionsl. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 17(9):956-964. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:2094 Srokosz, M.A., 1981. A note on particle trajectories in

the highest wave. J. Fluid Mech., 111:491-495.

The series expansion procedure of Michel (1893) is used to calculate the highest wave solution and corresponding particle trajectories. Results agree reasonably with those of Longuet-Higgins' (1979) 'hexagon' approximation for the highest deep-water wave. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GL18 5UB, UK.

82:2095 Thomas, G.P., 1981. Wave-current interactions: an

experimental and numerical study. 1. Linear waves. J. Fluid Mech., 110:457-474.

A regular wavetrain interacting with an adverse current containing an arbitrary 2-D distribution of vorticity is studied with a linear model. Predictions of wavelength and particle velocities under the waves agree well with experimental data. Accurate predic- tions were obtained from an irrotational wave- current model in which the constant current has a value equal to the depth-averaged mean of the measured current profile. Changes in wave ampli- tude as current magnitude increases are predicted using an irrotational slowly-varying model; theory and experiment concur. Dept. of Math. Phys., Univ. College, Cork, Eire.

82:2096 West, B.J., 1981. Steady state spectral density of

gravity-capil lary waves. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): 11,073-11,077.

Miles and Phillips' linear coupling model for air-sea interaction is generalized to include the average effect of the nonlinear interactions in the dynamic equations for gravity-capillary waves. The linearized

dynamic equations are stochastic with solutions that have stable moments. In particular, a steady state power spectral density for the water wave field is calculated exactly in the context of the model for various wind speeds. Center for Studies of Nonlinear Dynamics, La Jolla Inst., La Jolla, Calif. 92038, USA.

82:2097 Yoon, Jong-Hwan, 1981. Effects of islands on

equatorial waves. J. geophys. Res., 86(Cll) : 10,913-10,920.

The shallow water equations are used to study effects of equatorial islands on incident transmitted and reflected waves. Modeling shows that only Kelvin waves can effectively transmit energy around an island; Rossby waves are very much reduced. Real island chains (Maldives, Gilbert Islands) did not greatly reduce the energy transmitted by Kelvin waves. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. (rjs)

A180. Internal waves and tides

82:2098 Helal, M.A. and J.M. Molines, 1981. Non-linear

internal waves in shallow water: a theoretical and experimental study. Tellus, 33(5):488-504.

A general differential system is established. The particular case of progressive and standing waves is more completely studied; development leads to a Boussinesq equation for the first-order term. A solution is found as a cnoidal wave in both cases. Laboratory experiments show that even for highly non-linear internal waves this first-order solution describes the wave shape with an accuracy better than 5%. Dept. of Math., Cairo Univ., Egypt.

82:2099 Koop, C.G. and L.G. Redekopp, 1981. The inter-

action of long and short internal gravity waves: theory and experiment. J. Fluid Mech., 111:367- 409.

'Nonlinear interaction between 2 narrow-band in- ternal-wave modes with disparate length and time scales' is examined via linearized stability analysis. Resonance is predicted between the short-wave mode and a higher-mode long wave. Experimental and analytical results generally agree. Applications to geophysical problems are considered. Fluid Mechanics Dept., TRW Systems, One Space Park, Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278, USA. (isz)

264 A. Physical Oceanography OLR (1982) 29 (5)

82:2100 Olbers, D.J., 1981. The propagation of internal waves

in a geostrophic current. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9): 1224-1233.

The WKB theory of internal wave propagation in a large-scale geostrophic mean flow with vertical and horizontal shears is presented. A mean flow with isopycnals having constant slope but arbitrary spacing is considered; behavior of waves at turning points and critical layers is discussed. Horizontal variations of the mean flow shift the critical layer to the interior of the wave guide and produce a valve effect at the critical layer which can be penetrated by a wave incident from one side; incidence from the other side results in absorption. Max Planck Inst. fur Meteorologie, Hamburg, FRG.

82:2101 Pinkel, Robert, 1981. Observations of the near-

surface internal wavefield. J. phys. Oceanogr., I 1(9): 1248-1257.

Changes in the internal wave spectrum of the upper 400 m of the ocean were detailed from repeated CTD profiles; vertical coherence of the vertical velocity field was addressed. Deep vertical coherence (below 200 m) was constant with frequency, but vertical coherence increased with increasing fre- quency as the surface was approached due to selective attenuation of the longer vertical wave- lengths. The near-constant spectrum vertical-wave- number bandwidth shows a frequency dependence in near-surface coherence estimates, causing slight variations in exact spectral form. Univ. of Calif., Mar. Phys. Lab., San Diego, Calif. 92152, USA. (slr)

82:2102 Popov, S.V. and K.D. Sabinin, 1981. Interpretation

of data on [internal] wave motions in the ocean [POLYMODE region] obtained with a moving array. Okeanologiia, 21(5):911-914. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:2103 Roth, M,W., M.G. Briscoe and C.H. McComas lII,

1981. Internal waves in the upper ocean. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9):1234-1247.

The hypothesis that internal waves in the upper ocean (above 200 m) can be represented by higher energy fluctuations superimposed on a base-state Garret t-Munk stationary spectrum is developed and tested against a number of different data sets. Sources of the excess energy are not specified, although in this case the ocean surface is an obvious point of origin; data were consistent with the hypothesis. Johns Hopkins Univ., Appl. Phys. Lab., Laurel, Md. 20810, USA. (rjs)

A210. Ice

82:2104 Hall, R.T. and D.A. Rothrock, 1981. Sea ice

displacement from Seasat synthetic aperture radar. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): I 1,078-11,082.

Promising results are reported on using SAR image- ry to measure ice movements. From an Arctic data record 865 km long with 417 data points, '3-day displacements accurate to several km and discon- tinuities accurate to 100 or 200 m' were obtained. Displacement errors increased offshore. Polar Sci. Center, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105, USA. (isz)

82:2105 Josberger, E.G. and Seelye Martin, 1981. A labo-

ratory and theoretical study of the boundary layer adjacent to a vertical melting ice wall in salt water. J. Fluid Mech., l 11:439-473.

Convection generated when ice melts in seawater is modeled for a variety of conditions. Three different flow regimes, depending on where far-field temper- ature and salinity values are found in relation to the maximum density and freezing curves, are described. For a case with oceanic parameters, the flow is laminar and bidirectional at the bottom of the ice with upward turbulent flow elsewhere. Ice Dynamics Proj., USGS, Univ. of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash. 98416, USA. (rjs)

A240. Optical properties

82:2106 Vladimirov, V.L., V.1. Man'kovsky and O.V. Marty-

nov, 1981. Short-period oscillations of hydro- optical characteristics in the photic zone of the [tropical Atlantic] ocean and their relation to thermocline oscillations. Okeanologiia, 21(5): 815-820. (In Russian, English abstract.)

A250. Electromagnetic properties

82:2107 Savchenko, V.N. and V.P. Smagin, 1980. Magnetic

induction fields of wind waves in the shore and shelf zones. Geornagn. Aeron. (a translation of Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya), 20(2):210-213.

Formulae are developed for the induced electro- magnetic fields of wind waves of wavelengths 5-200 m. Calculations are then applied to typical near- shore and continental-shelf depths for the polar, temperate, and equatorial oceans to produce mag-

OLR (1982) 29 (5) A. Physical Oceanography 265

netic induction tables. Far Eastern State Univ., USSR. (rjs)

A260. Acoustics

82:2108 Buckingham, M.J., 1981. Spatial coherence of wind-

generated noise in a shallow ocean channel. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(5):1412-1420.

A previous analytical model of wind-generated noise in an isovelocity channel is extended to include the case where sampling points within the noise field need not be separated vertically. A coherence function is obtained for noise fluctuations at two sampling points and is examined for horizontally separated transducers. Model results compare fa- vorably with those of a more general computer model. The: model is applied to a long horizontal array in shallow water. Radio and Navig. Dept., Royal Aircraft Estab., Farnborough, Hants, GU14 6TD, UK. (rjs)

82:2109 Esswein, Robert and S.M. Flatt6, 1981. Calculation

of the phase-structure function density from oceanic internal waves. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(5): 1387-1396.

Techniques for calculating the contribution to the phase-structure function density from a spectrum of oceanic internal waves include power series expan- sion, asymptotic expansion, and global approxi- mations. Physics Dept., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, USA.

82:2110 Gant, E.H. and R.D. Worley, 1981. Spectrum of

delay fluctuations in single-path underwater trans- mission over a range of 43 n.mi. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(4): 1094-1097.

Single-path transmission experiments were per- formed at 400 and 450 Hz to measure the spectrum of the fluctuations in acoustic travel-time difference between two receivers. Faster fluctuations are ascribed to reflections from the undulating ocean surface; slower ones, to slow changes in the sound- speed profile. Worley: Bell Labs., Whippany, NJ 07981, USA.

82:2111 Holford, R.L., 1981. Scattering of sound waves at the

ocean surface: a diffraction theory. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(4):1103-1 ! 15.

A phenomenological, largely qualitative theory is offered for the case of sound scattering at a rough

ocean surface wherein acoustic wavelength and surface roughness are comparable in magnitude. Sound velocity is assumed 'everywhere constant.' Applications to several problems are discussed. Bell Labs., Whippany, NJ 07981, USA. (isz)

82:2112 Holford, R.L., 1981. Scattering of sound waves at a

periodic, pressure-release surface: an exact solu- tion. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(4): 1116-1128.

Inspiration for the exact solution lies in Urusovskii's work on the general case which involves an impe- dance rather than a pressure-release boundary condition. Previous exact solutions are reviewed and found inadequate. Extension of the method to the 'case of an arbitrary incident field and a refractive medium when the surface is at rest' is discussed. Bell Lab., Whippany, N.J. 07981, USA. (isz)

82:2113 Jensen, F.B., 1981. Sound propagation in shallow

water: a detailed description of the acoustic field close to surface and bottom. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(5): 1397-1406.

Data are compared with normal-mode predictions for an isovelocity shallow-water propagation channel overlying a complicated layered bottom. Excellent agreement is obtained over the range 50-3200 Hz for ranges up to 30 km. Some problems associated with deterministic modelling, and appropriate solutions, are discussed. SACLANT ASW Res. Centre, 19026 La Spezia, Italy.

82:2114 Kurianov, B.F. and B.I. Kliachin, 1981. Theory of

depth dependence of low-frequency noises in the ocean. Dokl. Akad. Nauk S S S R , 259(6):1483- 1487. (In Russian.)

82:2115 Neubert, J.A., 1981. Effect of the sound field

structure on array signal gain in a muitipath environment. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(4):1098- 1102.

For a wide-aperture, horizontal line array receiving a low-frequency, long-range signal, sound field struc- ture can reduce performance of a conventional linear beamformer. Beamformer expressions that explicitly show the effects of amplitude nonhomo- geneity and wave-front corrugation are given. Array signal gain and side-lobe suppression relations for an ocean multipath environment are generalized from similar relations not valid in a multipath environ- ment. Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, Calif. 92152, USA.

266 A. Physical Oceanography OLR { 1982} 29 (5)

82:2116 Numrich, S.K., V.V. Varadan and V.K. Varadan,

1981. Scattering of acoustic waves by a finite elastic cylinder immersed in water. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(5): 1407-1411.

Results from a laboratory experiment on acoustic wave scattering from a finite elastic cylinder are compared with analytical solutions obtained by the T-matrix method. The T-matrix was an accurate descriptor of the backscattered acoustic field. Dept. of Eng. Mechanics, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. (rjs)

82:2117 Selin, E.A. and A.V. Fokin, 1981. Sea medium model

allowing estimation of acoustic signal fluctuations under multipath propagation. Okeanologiia, 21(5):808-814. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:2118 Toda, Kohji, Kazumi Katayama and Heijiro Urabe,

1981. An underwater sound sensor with inter- digital transducers operating at a liquid-solid interface. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70(4):936-938. Dept. of Elec. Eng., National Defence Acad., Hashirimizu, Yokosuka 239, Japan.

A290. Physical processes, properties (dif- fusion, turbulence, etc.)

82:2119 Alberi, G., P. Baxa and M.L. Princivalli, 1981.

Diffusion in a closed basin and boundary reflec- tion. Nuovo Cim., (C)4(3):324-338.

The diffusion equation is solved with the eigenvalue method for rectangular and circular basins. Peculiar pollutant accumulation phenomena emerged in the numerical investigation and are interpreted in terms of multiple reflection at the boundary. Ist. di Fisica Teorica dell'Univ., Trieste, Italy.

82:2120 Banerjee, M.B., D.C. Katoch, G.S. Dube and K.

Banerjee, 1981. Bounds for growth rate of a perturbation in thermohaline convection. Proc. R. Soc., Lond., (A)378(1773):301-304.

The problem of obtaining bounds for the complex growth of an arbitrary oscillatory perturbation is investigated for neutral or unstable conditions in thermohaline convection. Complications when boundaries are not dynamically free are resolved by a semicircle theorem. Results are shown valid for all combinations of dynamically free and rigid bound-

aries. Dept. of Math., Himachal Pradesh Univ., Simla, India. (rjs)

82:2121 de Szoeke, R.A. and M.D. Levine, 1981. The

advective flux of heat by mean geostrophic motions in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1057-1085.

The Southern Ocean's mean advective flux of heat is calculated from historical hydrographic data col- lected over a 50-yr period. By choosing a path on which the vertically averaged potential temperature is constant, the advective flux is independent of the geostrophic reference level. Little net poteward flux of heat was found to be transported by advection. Sch. of Oceanog., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA. (rjs)

82:2122 Ewart, T.E. and W.P. Bendiner, 1981. An observation

of the horizontal and vertical diffusion of a passive tracer in the deep ocean. J. geophys. Res., 86(C11): 10,974-10,982.

Observation of the dispersion of a passive tracer in deep water SW of California showed horizontal diffusion rates decreasing with depth, giving eddy diffusivities of 1150 cm2/s and 360 cm2/s at 300 m and 1000 m, respectively, for spatial scales ( 2 0 0 m. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105, USA. (rjs)

82:2123 Holyer, J.Y., 1981. On the collective instability of salt

fingers. J. Fluid Mech., 110:195-207.

A two-scale approach separates salt finger motions from long-scale internal wave perturbations and yields the stability criterion. A large Prandtl number of the fluid is assumed; the diffusivity ratio (Ks/Kr) is allowed to be any size provided K s ( Kr. This collective instability of salt fingers succeeds in transferring energy from the small salt finger scales to the long internal wave scales. Topexpress Limited, 1 Portugal Place, Cambridge, UK.

82:2124 McDougall, T.J., 1981. Fluxes of properties through a

series of double-diffusive interfaces with a non- linear equation of state. J. phys. Oceanogr., 11(9): 1294-1299.

Study of the heat fluxes and entrainment across a single double-diffusive interface indicates that, extrapolated to an oceanic case (the deep central Weddell Sea) involving many interfaces, entrain- ment would be 'a smoothly increasing function of

OLR (I 982) 29 (5) A. Physical Oceanography 267

the nonlinear extent of the equation of state.' Serial CTD casts over at least 48 hours would probably be required to evaluate the average entrainment flux of heat across horizontal interfaces in cold stratified waters. Res. Sch. of Earth Sci., Australian National Univ., Canberra 2600 ACT, Australia. (rjs)

82:2125 Zhang, Fagao, 1980. Shear diffusion from an in-

stantaneous point-source in the Ekman drift current field of the sea-surface layer. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 11(4):287-294. (In Chinese, English summary.)

Preliminary results from applying the general ad- vection diffusion equation to passive shear diffusion from a point-source in the surface drift current of a large, deep ocean support Okubo's (1971) findings and include: (1) along-wind-direction elongation, (2) elliptical distribution, (3) various maximum con- centrations at different levels, and (4) lower con- centrations in the trailing part of a patch. Inst. of Oceanology, Acad. Sinica, People's Republic of China. (isz)

A300. Fluid mechanics

82:2126 Anwar, H.O., 1981. A study of the turbulent structure

in a tidal flow. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 13(4): 373-387.

Laboratory studies of the effect of temporal varia- tions in the velocity field (non-steady flow) on turbulence parameters showed higher turbulence intensity distributions, larger eddies, and fewer but longer-lasting bursting events in decelerating flow phases; drag coefficient and roughness length were larger in accelerating flow phases. Comparison of these and other results with field study conclusions is included. Hydraulics Res. Station, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. (slr)

82:2127 Jirka, G.H., E.E. Adams and K.D. Stolzenbach,

1981. Buoyant surface jets. J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 107(HYI 1):1467-1487.

Geometric properties and mixing characteristics within the near field of buoyant surface jets released into deep stagnant or shallow receiving waters are defined via dimensional analysis. Results have applicability for investigating frontal dynamics,

designing cooling ponds, and assessing environmen- tal impacts of discharges. Sch. of Civ, and Environ. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. (isz)

82:2128 Smith, Ronald, 1981. Effect of non-uniform currents

and depth variations upon steady discharges in shallow water. J. Fluid Mech., 110:373-380.

When advection dominates diffusion, there are special directions (rays), closely related to the contaminant flux vector, along which information is carried. Ray path geometry depends upon flow velocity and cross-stream diffusivity. For a steady point discharge, contaminant concentration is great- est in shallow water and toward the outside of bends. Dept. of Appl. Math. and Theor. Phys., Univ. of Cambridge, Silver St., Cambridge CB3 9EW, UK.

A330. Books, collections (general)

82:2129 Frassetto, R. (chairman), 1981. [Physical oceanog-

raphy.] Rapp. P.-v. R~un. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer m~dit., 27(6):209pp; 36 papers. (English with some French.)

Papers are presented geographically: Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, and eastern and western Mediterra- nean. Topics include currents, circulation, atmos- pheric forcing, hydrography, water mass evolution, air-sea interactions and exchanges, upwelling, tur- bulent mixing, hydrodynamics, sea level, wind wave prediction, remote sensing, and diffusion. (isz)

A340. Miscellaneous

82:2130 Kitano, Kiyomitsu, 1981. Note on the correlation

between fluctuation in sunspot number and generation of a cold water mass off Enshunada l Japan]. Bull. Hokkaido reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 46:!45-147.

A region of cold water forms when the speed of the Kuroshio lessens and the meander off Enshunada enlarges. Correlations between appearance of the cold water and sunspot activity maxima and minima indicate 3 occurrence modes. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., Hokkaido, Japan. (rjs)